从太平洋中部热液矿物的表现探讨热液活动的广泛性

位于太平洋中部的克利帕顿和克拉里昂断裂带之间的研究区处于远离大陆的远洋深水环境，区内断裂构造和火山活动非常发育，热水活动强烈，由此形成一系列与热液活动及蚀变沉积有关的矿物，如磷灰石、碳磷灰石、稀土磷灰石、磷铝锶石、重晶石、碳酸钡矿、泡饿矿及非晶质ＳｉＯ２球。这都说明大洋中热水溶液活动并不仅限于洋脊轴部和裂谷地区，只要有较大规模的断裂存在，就会有热水溶液活动或海底热泉出现，随之后形成一系列与热液活动     

滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿热液矿物地球化学

滇黔桂卡林型金矿是产于热水沉积岩及碎屑岩系的热液矿床，载金矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂等热液矿物，而石英、碳酸盐、萤石及粘土等矿物则是主要的热液蚀变矿物。矿化产于蒙脱石、高岭石粘土到伊利石、绿泥石粘土矿物的转变带，成矿深度在2000m以上，成矿热液来源于粘土矿物脱水产生的异常高压流体或沿断裂带天水循环形成的成矿流体。这种流体形成的热液矿物稀土元素分配显示中稀土富集的分配模式，并明显富元素钇，这种流体中形成的黄铁矿中Co／Ni值显示沉积到热液成因的过渡类型，因此与砂岩铜矿中热液矿物的稀土分布模式有某些一致性。     

高松山浅成低温热液金矿床同位素地球化学特征及成因分析

高松山浅成低温热液金矿床,赋存于下白垩统安山岩等中酸性火山岩中。矿体受围岩中断裂破碎带的控制,呈脉状产出。同位素地球化学研究显示,该矿床成矿溶液系大气降水补给的地下热水;金属组分来自含矿的火山岩内;矿石铅H-H单阶段模式年龄平均值为73.5 Ma,成矿时代属燕山晚期。矿床的形成与地下热水的活动密切相关。当大气降水下渗,经加热并持续溶滤火山岩层中的成矿物质,最终构成含矿地下水热液。含矿地下水热液在环流过程中进入减压带—断裂破碎带时,由于温度、压力、Eh值和pH值等物理化学条件的改变而使热液发生卸载,矿质得以沉淀析出。     

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩热液岩溶的特征及地质模型

随着塔中地区下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探地持续深入,分别在野外露头,塔中地区相关探井奥陶系储层中发现有萤石、闪锌矿、天青石、重晶石、硬石膏、焦沥青及热液石英等一系列热液矿物及其组合,越来越多的地质资料表明热液岩溶储层可能是塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探中被忽视的一个重要储层类型。〖JP2〗通过总结近6年大量的针对野外露头热液岩溶现象地实地观察测量,以及通过对塔中82井区—24井区奥陶系储层发育段大量的岩石薄片观察、矿物能谱测定、地层水锶同位素测试,断裂性质的分析,深入研究热液溶蚀流体的活动特点以及对形成优质储层的控制作用,最终建立了热液岩溶储层的地质模型。研究表明,热液矿物主要沿断裂伴生的构造溶蚀缝和溶蚀孔洞发育,断裂是热液运移的主要通道,是形成优质储层的重要控制因素。塔中地区沿海西期走滑断裂附近的奥陶系灰岩将广泛发育热液溶蚀改造形成的储层,为塔中西部上奥陶统沿走滑断裂向内带拓展油气勘探打下了基础。     

热液型铀成矿氧化还原条件研究：来自特征矿物的指示

通过对典型热液型铀矿床铀-赤铁矿型、铀-黄铁矿型铀矿石矿物组合特征、时空分布特征的研究,探讨了热液型铀成矿的氧化还原条件。相山矿田碱交代成因的铀-赤铁矿型矿石矿物组合为沥青铀矿-赤铁矿-钠长石-磷灰石-碳酸盐;长江矿田酸交代成因的铀-赤铁矿型矿石矿物组合为沥青铀矿-赤铁矿-微晶石英。铀-黄铁矿型矿石矿物组合为沥青铀矿-黄铁矿-微晶石英-萤石。铀-赤铁矿型较铀-黄铁矿型形成早,两种类型铀矿石在矿田深部及浅部均有大量富集,垂向上呈现相互叠置的分布特征。沥青铀矿形成并能稳定存在的氧化还原条件为黄铁矿至黄铁矿与赤铁矿共存区,黄铁矿存在有利于沥青铀矿富集,完全的赤铁矿区不利于沥青铀矿的形成及保存。     

江西银山金铜多金属矿床构造动力热液与火山岩浆热液双重藕合成矿作用

该文根据江西银山金铜多金属矿床特征及与邻区矿床的对比，论证了构造动力热液成矿作用在银山矿床形成过程中的意义；提出了矿区火山岩浆热液成矿作用的新认识，即：火山岩浆热液成矿与石英斑岩岩浆演化阶段关系更为密切，矿化与深部大斑岩体有关，形成内带斑岩型Ａｕ、Ｃｕ矿，外带脉型Ａｕ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ａｇ矿的成矿系列。根据两种成矿作用之间相互时空关系，作者认为银山矿床是构造动力热液与火山乐热液双重藕合成矿的产物     

成矿热液系统中水的多来源研究综述

成矿热液系统中水是多来源的,有岩浆水、下降的天水、同生水、海水、变质水及地幔初生水等,这些水都各有不同的氢、氧同位素组成。岩浆水由岩浆结晶分出面形成岩浆热液及其有关矿床;下降天水和同生水受热循耳可形成独立的合矿热液,也可与上升岩浆热液混合或从深部进入岩浆房参加热液成矿系统;在海底成矿环境中海水循环热液系统是海相热液—沉积矿床的主要成矿介质;变质水则是含矿变质热液的主体并趋向于在变质前锋区及前锋区前成矿;地幔初生水可沿深大断裂自动上升到地壳浅部成矿,也可随岩浆熔体上升或进入变质带进而参加热液成矿系统。在地壳中,有单一热波形成的矿床,两种或多种流体混合形成的矿床也不乏其例。     

岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的若干特征

摘　 要　 在内生成矿作用中成矿流体有 3 种:岩浆、 热液和岩浆 热液过渡性流体。 从地质研 究、 矿物包裹体、 成矿实验 3 个方面简介了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床研究的进展。 指出岩浆 热 液过渡性流体有 2种形成方式:一是在岩浆结晶过程中挥发分不断集中而形成, 另一是由熔 离作用所形成。 并从矿体与岩浆岩的关系、 矿体与围岩的关系、 矿石的结构构造、 围岩蚀变、 分带现象、 矿物包裹体 6 个方面总结了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的特征。     

银额盆地哈日凹陷下白垩统热水沉积岩特征及成因

银额盆地哈日凹陷下白垩统具有独特的沉积构造和矿物组成.通过开展岩石矿物和地球化学研究,论证其热水成因,探讨沉积环境和形成模式.研究区下白垩统发育方沸石、菱铁矿和白云石等矿物,富含Fe、Mn和Ba等元素,具有高∑REE、LREE富集和负Eu异常的稀土元素特征.结合Fe vs.Mn vs.（Cu+Co+Ni）×10和Ni vs.Co vs.Zn三角图解,证实下白垩统普遍含有热液成分.微量元素及碳氧同位素分析指示热水沉积岩形成于缺氧、封闭的咸水湖泊环境;氧同位素计算形成温度为43.94~86.08 ℃.研究表明,丰富的断裂系统为湖水下渗和热液喷流提供通道,湖水与热液的对流活动为湖盆持续输入热量和成矿离子.此类湖相热水沉积持续时间长、影响范围广,主要受物源供给和热液性质控制,代表一类特殊的沉积模式.      

方山——小丹阳构造岩浆带浅成热液金、银矿床控矿因素及找矿前景

控制宁芜盆地东侧边界的区域性方山－小丹阳深大断裂，中生代发生强烈活动，成为岩浆上升通道，主要控制着龙王山旋回的火山喷发，喷溢、岩浆侵入活动及与其相关的成作用。断裂活动派生的牵引褶皱及次级张性裂隙，为浅成热液金、银矿床的控矿、储矿构造，根据地貌、地质、物探异常特征，确认该构造岩浆带上，有环状和射状断裂构造，有良好成矿、控矿的塌陷式破火山口，是寻找浅成热液型金、银矿床的有望地段。     

Geochemistry and Genesis of Iron-apatite Ore in the Khanlogh Deposit, Eastern Cenozoic Quchan-Sabzevar Magmatic Arc, NE Iran

The Khanlogh deposit in the Cenozoic Quchan-Sabzevar magmatic belt, NE Iran, is hosted by Oligocene granodioritic rock. The Khanlogh intrusive body is I-type granitoid of the calc-alkaline series. The orebodies are vein, veinlet, massive, and breccia in shape and occur along the fault zones and fractures within the host rock. Ore minerals dominantly comprise magnetite and apatite associated with epidote, clinopyroxene, calcite, quartz, and chlorite. Apatites of the Khanlogh deposit have a high concentration of REE, and show a strong LREE/HREE ratio with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. Magnetites have a high concentration of REE and show weak to moderate LREE/HREE fractionation. They are comparable to the REE patterns in Kiruna-type iron ores and show an affinity to calc-alkaline magmas. The Khanlogh deposit is similar in the aspects of host rock lithology, alteration, mineralogy, and mineral chemistry to the Kiruna-type deposits. Field observations, hydrothermal alteration halos, style of mineralization, and the geochemical characteristics of apatite, magnetite, and host rock indicate that these magnetite veins have hydrothermal origin similar to Cenozoic Kiruna-type deposits within the Tarom subzone, NW Iran, and are not related to silica-iron oxide immiscibility, as are the major Precambrian magnetite deposits in central Iran.     

航空高光谱CASI-SASI数据蚀变矿物信息提取与应用 ——以甘肃省敦煌市小金窝子地区为例

航空高光谱遥感数据具有“空谱合一”的优势,深入挖掘并应用高光谱数据中蕴含的蚀变矿物地质信息具有重要意义。本文应用航空高光谱CASI-SASI数据,建立了基于“整体谱形-特征参量协同”的蚀变矿物信息提取流程,并在甘肃省敦煌市小金窝子地区开展了蚀变矿物信息提取、地质涵义分析和野外查证。基于高光谱CASI-SASI数据成功提取了褐铁矿、绿泥石、绿帘石、短波云母、中短波云母、中长波云母、长波云母共7种蚀变矿物。高光谱CASI-SASI数据提取的大面积区域性分布的蚀变矿物多为区域热液作用产物,小范围定向分布的蚀变矿物与断裂、岩脉等成矿热液活动关系密切,局部产出且具定向性的中短波云母与断裂构造及酸性脉体关系密切,基于野外地质调查和ASD光谱实测的蚀变矿物野外查证工作证实蚀变矿物提取结果可信。褐铁矿+中短波云母的蚀变矿物组合具有金矿化指示意义,为基础地质调查和矿产资源勘查提供了重要的遥感信息。     

Gold-bearing Quartz Veins and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Paleozoic Epithermal System in the Francis Creek Area, North Queensland, Australia

Abstract. The Francis Creek area located at the Sybil graben in North Queensland, Australia, has some features of epithermal gold mineralization such as gold-bearing quartz vein and silica body hosted in rhyodacitic rocks of the Late Carboniferous Hells Gate Formation. In order to understand the nature of the paleo-hydrothermal activity in this area and to aid exploration for an economic gold deposit in this area, we carried out hydrothermal alteration mapping surrounding the veins and silica body, over an area of about 7 times 5 km².
We defined two alteration zones and inferred the center of hydrothermal activity. Fluid inclusion shows the boiling feature, and the microthermometry analysis resulted in the trapping temperature of 240°C and low salinity. This temperature is consistent with the formation temperature of clay mineral in the host rocks. On the basis of whole-rock composition, the silica body was identified as silicified rocks. Precious metal minerals such as electrum and acanthite coexist with sulfide minerals. Iodagylite was identified as a product of weathering. The sulfide minerals imply that the low-sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization occurred in the Francis Creek area.     

诸广南部产铀花岗岩长江岩体中的绿泥石和铀源矿物研究

长江岩体是诸广南部地区重要的产铀花岗岩体之一,此次研究运用电子探针和扫描电镜对长江岩体新鲜花岗岩和 蚀变花岗岩中的绿泥石和有关含铀矿物进行了精细对比,揭示花岗岩中铀的活化与成矿前期或早期致使花岗岩发生绿泥 石化的还原性热液蚀变作用关系密切,黑云母等的绿泥石化蚀变,使其中包裹的一些含铀副矿物也发生蚀变,导致原来 以类质同象形式存在于副矿物中的惰性铀转变成活性铀,并在绿泥石附近沉淀成铀石等铀含量高且在成矿期低度氧化性 热液作用下容易释放铀的矿物。长江岩体中的副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、褐帘石、铀石-钍石、晶质铀矿、独居石等,其 中,晶质铀矿、铀石、铀钍石中铀含量高且铀容易释放,是长江岩体的主要铀源矿物;独居石中铀含量较高,当其周围 矿物绿泥石化时,独居石蚀变形成直氟碳钙铈矿并释放铀,因而也是长江岩体的潜在铀源矿物;锆石中铀含量虽高,但 因其结构稳定,铀难以释放,因此它不是长江岩体中重要的铀源矿物;磷灰石、褐帘石中铀含量均低于检测限,作为铀 源矿物的可能性很小。     

Alteration paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the Tjårrojåkka apatite–iron and Cu (-Au) occurrences, Kiruna area, northern Sweden

The northern Norrbotten area in northern Sweden, is an important mining district and hosts several deposits of Fe-oxide Cu-Au-type. One of the best examples of spatially, and possibly genetically, related apatite–iron and copper–gold deposits in the region is at Tjårrojåkka, 50 km WSW of Kiruna. The deposits are hosted by strongly sheared and metamorphosed intermediate volcanic rocks and dolerites and show a structural control. The Tjårrojåkka iron deposit is a typical apatite–iron ore of Kiruna-type and the Tjårrojåkka copper occurrence shows the same characteristics as most other epigenetic deposits in Norrbotten. The host rock has been affected by strong albite and K-feldspar alteration related to mineralisation, resulting in an enrichment of Na, K, and Ba. Fe and V were depleted in the altered zones and added in mineralised samples. REE were enriched in the system, with the greatest addition related to mineralisation. Y was also mobile associated with albite alteration and copper mineralisation. The Tjårrojåkka iron and copper deposits show comparable hydrothermal alteration minerals and paragenesis, which might be a product of common host rock and similarities in ore fluid composition, or overprinting by successive alteration stages. Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the alteration minerals (apatite, scapolite, feldspars, amphiboles, and biotite) indicate a higher salinity and Ba/K ratio in the fluid related to the alterations in the apatite–iron occurrence than in the copper deposit, where the minerals are enriched in F and S. The presence of hematite, barite, and in SO₄ in scapolite suggests more oxidising-rich conditions during the emplacement of the Tjårrojåkka-Cu deposit. From existing data it might be suggested that one evolving system created the two occurrences, with the copper mineralisation representing a slightly later product.     

Hydrothermal alteration and K–Ar ages of Neogene‐Quaternary magmatic‐hydrothermal systems at Toyoha‐Muine area in southwest Hokkaido,Japan

This paper presents a review of hydrothermal alteration and K–Ar age data from the Toyoha‐Muine area (TMA), where the Toyoha polymetallic (Ag–Pb–Zn–Cu–In) deposit is located near the Pliocene andesitic volcano that formed Mt Muine. Systematic prospect‐scale mapping, sampling, X‐ray analysis and microscopic observation show that hydrothermal alteration is divided into two groups: acid‐pH and neutral‐pH alteration types. The former is further divided into mineral assemblages I, II and III, while the latter into mineral assemblages IV and V. Different mineralogical features in five mineral assemblages are summarized as follows: (I) Quartz (silicified rock); (II) Pyrophyllite or dickite; (III) Kaolinite or halloysite ± alunite; (IV) Sericite or K‐feldspar; and (V) Interstratified minerals (illite/smectite and chlorite/smectite) and/or smectite. K–Ar radiometric ages determined on twenty‐eight K‐bearing samples (whole volcanic rocks and separated hydrothermal minerals) mainly fall into one of three periods: Early Miocene (24.6–21.4 Ma), Middle–Late Miocene (12.5–8.4 Ma) and Pliocene–Pleistocene (3.2–0 Ma). These three periods are characterized as follows. Early Miocene: A minor hydrothermal activity, which might be genetically related to the intermediate or felsic magmatic activities, formed mineral assemblage IV at 24.6 Ma in the northern part of the TMA. Middle to Late Miocene: The basaltic intrusion, andesitic eruption, and granodiorite intrusions induced hydrothermal activities between 12.5 and 8.4 Ma, resulting in the formation of a mineral assemblage IV with some base metal mineralization. Pliocene–Pleistocene: An andesitic eruption formed Mt Muine between 3.2 and 2.9 Ma. The andesitic activity was associated with acid‐pH mineral assemblages I, II and III locally around the volcano. Latent magmatic intrusions subsequent to the andesitic eruption generated hydrothermal activities that formed mineral assemblages IV and V between 1.9 and 0 Ma in the southern and southeastern parts of Toyoha deposit at depth, overprinting the Middle to Late Miocene alteration. The hydrothermal activities also formed mineral assemblages I, II and III along the Yunosawa fault (east of the Toyoha deposit) and assemblage III in the south and southeast of the Toyoha deposit near the surface.     

Fluid–Sediment Interaction in a Marine Shallow-Water Hydrothermal System in the Wakamiko Submarine Crater, South Kyushu, Japan

The Wakamiko submarine crater is a small depression located in Kagoshima Bay, southwest Japan. Marine shallow‐water hydrothermal activity associated with fumarolic gas emissions at the crater sea floor (water depth 200 m) is considered to be related with magmatic activity of the Aira Caldera. During the NT05‐13 dive expedition conducted in August 2005 using remotely operated vehicle Hyper‐Dolphine (Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology), an active shimmering site was discovered (tentatively named the North site) at approximately 1 km from the previously known site (tentatively named the South site). Surface sediment (up to 30 cm) was cored from six localities including these active sites, and the alteration minerals and pore fluid chemistry were studied. The pore fluids of these sites showed a drastic change in chemical profile from that of seawater, even at 30 cm below the surface, which is attributed to mixing of the ascending hydrothermal component and seawater. The hydrothermal component of the North site is estimated to be derived from a hydrothermal aquifer at 230°C based on the hydrothermal end‐member composition. Occurrence of illite/smectite interstratified minerals in the North site sediment is attributed to in situ fluid–sediment interaction at a temperature around 150°C, which is in accordance with the pore fluid chemistry. In contrast, montmorillonite was identified as the dominant alteration mineral in the South site sediment. Together with the significant low potassium concentration of the hydrothermal end‐member, the abundant occurrence of low‐temperature alteration mineral suggests that the hydrothermal aquifer in the South site is not as high as 200°C. Moreover, the montmorillonite is likely to be unstable with the present pore fluid chemistry at the measured temperature (117°C). This disagreement implies unstable hydrothermal activity at the South site, in contrast to the equilibrium between the pore fluid and alteration minerals in the North site sediment. This difference may reflect the thermal and/or hydrological structure of the Wakamiko Crater hydrothermal system.     

安徽庐江砖桥科学深钻内的铀钍赋存状态研究

2012年深部探测项目SinoProbe-03-06在安徽省庐江县砖桥地区实施了2012 m科学深钻,在钻孔深部正长岩中发现铀钍异常,局部已达工业边界品位。系统的岩芯观测、显微镜下研究以及电子探针分析揭示,铀钍的赋存状态主要有2种：一种呈铀钍的独立矿物如铀钛矿、铀钍石、晶质铀矿形式存在;另一种以类质同象形式赋存于锆石、磷灰石、金红石等副矿物中。独立铀钍矿物主要呈2种形式产出：一种呈自形赋存于钠长石中,常与锆石在空间上伴生;另一种主要呈微细颗粒散布于金红石、磷灰石、硬石膏等热液蚀变矿物中。与铀钍矿化相关的蚀变主要有钠长石化、电气石化、硬石膏化等高温热液蚀变。砖桥深钻距庐枞盆地南缘铀矿床（点）不远,且均与正长岩有关,虽然两者的铀钍矿化、铀钍比值、赋存状态、蚀变矿化等一系列特征均存在差异,但两者之间可能存在成因联系,科学深钻所揭示出的铀钍矿化可能代表了铀钍在盆地深部岩体中的高温成矿样式。     

基于GF-5高光谱数据的蚀变矿物填图及地质应用——以甘肃省瓜州县花牛山地区为例

[研究目的]"图谱合一"的GF-5 AHSI国产卫星高光谱数据可以根据光谱精细特征进行蚀变矿物的直接识别,一次过境成像即可获取宽幅大面积高光谱数据,能够为陆域自然资源调查提供重要的数据支撑,本文开展了GF-5高光谱数据蚀变矿物提取、分析与验证研究,以期推动国产卫星高光谱数据在地质领域的深化应用.[研究方法]建立了GF-...     

Hydrothermal alteration and magnetic properties of rocks in the Carolina de Michilla stratabound copper district,northern Chile

In the Carolina de Michilla district, northern Chile, stratabound copper mineralization is hosted by Jurassic volcanic rocks along the trace of the Atacama fault system. In this study, we present the overall effects of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetic properties of rocks in this district. Two types of metasomatic alteration associations occur, one of regional extent and the other of local hydrothermal alteration associated with copper mineralization (e.g., Lince–Estefanía–Susana). Regional alteration is interpreted as a low-grade “propylitic association” characterized by an epidote–chlorite–smectite–titanite–albite–quartz–calcite association. The local hydrothermal alteration is characterized broadly by a quartz–albite–epidote–chlorite–calcite mineral assemblage. The most pervasive alteration mineral is albite, followed by epidote and, locally, actinolite. These minerals contrast sharply against host rock minerals such as chlorite, calcite, zeolite, prehnite, and pumpellyite, but alteration is constrained to mineralized bodies as narrow and low contrast alteration halos that go outwards from actinolite–albite to epidote–albite, to epidote–chlorite, and finally to chlorite. Hydrothermal alteration minerals, compared to regional alteration minerals, show iron-rich epidotes, a lower chlorite content of the chlorite–smectite series, and a nearly total albite replacement of plagioclase in the mineralized zones. Opaque minerals associated with regional alteration are magnetite and maghemite, and those associated to hydrothermal alteration are magnetite, hematite, and copper sulphides. We present paleomagnetic results from nine sites in the Michilla district and from drill cores from two mines. Local effects of hydrothermal alteration on the original magnetic mineralogy indicate similar characteristics and mineralogy, except for an increase of hematite that is spatially associated with the Cu–sulphide breccias with low magnetic susceptibilities. Results indicate that it is impossible to magnetically differentiate mineralized bodies from unmineralized lavas, except for pyrite-rich hydrothermal breccias. In conclusion, for stratabound copper deposits of the Michilla type, the overall effect of hydrothermal alteration on the paleomagnetic properties of rocks is of low contrast, not clearly discernable even at a small scale. From an exploration point of view, magnetic exploration surveys should not discern mineralized bodies of Cu–sulphide breccias except in detailed ground surveys due to the small size of contrasting bodies. Unoriented drill cores with primary ore mineralization record a characteristic remanent magnetization of reverse polarity. Taking into account the azimuth and dip of the drill cores, we were able to compare the magnetization of the mineralized bodies with the characteristic directions from sites drilled in situ from Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous intrusives mostly. The characteristic direction recorded by the Pluton Viera is similar to the magnetization of the ore bodies of the Estefania mine. If copper mineralization mostly postdates the tilt of the volcanic flows, the low paleomagnetic inclinations suggest an age for the mineralization near 145 Ma, the time of the lowest paleolatitude for the South American plate during the Mesozoic.