古巴推覆构造带周边盆地充填序列及其构造演化

根据古巴群岛地层特征,将古巴推覆构造带及其周边划分为尤卡坦、巴哈马、中部火山岛弧及南部火山岛弧四个区域。尤卡坦构造单元为古陆残留盆地,以侏罗纪陆相沉积为特征,巴哈马构造单元属于被动陆缘,以侏罗纪碳酸盐岩台地沉积为特征,中部火山岛弧为白垩纪火山岛弧,由拉斑玄武岩–钙碱性玄武岩、喷出岩及火山碎屑岩组成,南部火山岛弧为古近纪火山岛弧,以古近系火山岩地层为主。通过与周缘地区地层进行对比、分析,认为侏罗纪–早白垩世时期组成古巴的四个地层分区起源于不同的古板块位置,分别位于北美板块边缘及古加勒比弧,其中尤卡坦构造单元起源于尤卡坦台地,巴哈马构造单元起源于巴哈马台地,中部火山岛弧构造单元起源于古加勒比弧白垩纪岛弧部分,南部火山岛弧构造单元起源于古加勒比弧古近纪岛弧部分。在K-T界线时期,加勒比板块与北美板块的碰撞作用导致了古加勒比海槽的逐步消亡,推动了古加勒比弧与北美大陆边缘的碰撞拼合。此次碰撞作用将古巴不同地区拼合在了一起,控制了古巴群岛褶皱推覆带和各个盆地的演化与沉积充填过程。     

东秦岭陡岭古岛弧和武当古弧后盆地及其地质意义

丹凤－信阳蛇绿混杂带作为秦岭－大别碰撞造山带主缝合带，其南部属于扬子板块北部大陆边缘。研究区域位于东秦岭南翼，是扬子板块北部大陆边缘的一部分。①晚元古－中震旦世，扬子板块北缘为活动型大陆边缘，发育陡岭岛弧和弧后盆地；②晚震旦－－早古生代，扬子板块北缘转为被动型大陆边缘，陡岭岛弧构成边缘地块，武发古弧后盆地演化为边缘盆地；③早古生代晚期，华北板块南缘的秦岭岛弧首先与扬子板块北缘的陡岭国缘地块（古岛弧     

大地构造对上扬子区志留纪生物礁分布及发育的控制

根据上扬子板块的基底特征，及板块边缘特征等不同大地构造单元演化特征入手，分别对上扬子板块基底地貌、板块边缘构造及板内不同构造单元控制志留纪古沉积环境及生物礁发育演化进行了论述。在上扬子板块的北缘（南秦岭构造带），为被动大陆边缘，沉积环境适于生物礁发育，类型较多。而板块西缘（金沙江构造带）为主动大陆边缘，在岛弧区发育部分点礁以及生物层；板块内部受古隆起影响的地区（川西北、川东南、黔北），形成缓坡沉积环境，在浅缓坡区生物礁十分发育，类型众多；但是板内深断裂（龙门山，二郎山-攀西裂谷带）边缘生物礁不甚发育，仅见生物层-小型点礁组合。志留纪时，上扬子板块受全球海平面变化的影响明显，至Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后，大部分地区因海平面下降而无沉积。但是在板块边缘凹陷区，因区域构造的影响，全球海平面波动对其影响不大，Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后继续接受沉积且发育生物礁。     

华北地台北缘东段晚太古——早元古宙地质特征

华北古陆自晚太古晚期开始与西伯利亚古陆发生分离,早元古宙形成了古蒙古洋板块,在古华北板块北缘出现了古老的弧沟系,其中海沟俯冲带构成了优地斜,在古俯冲带上盘古大陆壳出现了火山岛弧带,此时华北地台北缘有着与现代太平洋型大陆边缘特点相似的构造格局。本文仅对华北地台北缘东段优地斜、火山岛弧带的地质特征讨论如下。     

东秦岭陡岭古岛弧和武当古弧后盆地及其地质意义

丹凤—信阳蛇绿混杂带作为秦岭—大别碰撞造山带主缝合带，其南部属于扬子板块北部大陆边缘。研究区域位于东秦岭南翼，是扬子板块北部大陆边缘的一部分。①晚元古—中震旦世，扬子板块北缘（东秦岭段）为活动型大陆边缘，发育有陡岭岛弧和武当弧后盆地；②晚震旦—早古生代，扬子板块北缘转为被动型大陆边缘，陡岭古岛弧构成边缘地块，武当古弧后盆地演化为边缘盆地；③早古生代晚期，华北板块南缘的秦岭岛弧首先与扬子板块北缘的陡岭边缘地块（古岛弧）碰撞，造成武当边缘（古弧后）盆地的闭合，并形成刘岭前渊和二峪沟前陆盆地；④由于岛弧—边缘地块碰撞加之弧后和边缘盆地的存在，因此在早古生代末期，秦岭—大别山并未大规模隆起，造山带只具雏形。直至中生代早期，华北与扬子两个板块间进一步的陆内俯冲作用才使秦岭—大别山大规模隆起。陡岭古岛弧和武当古弧后盆地的确认合理地解释了秦岭—大别碰撞造山带“加里东碰撞不造山，印支造山不碰撞”的“矛盾”现象。     

南海后扩张期大陆边缘闭合过程及成因机制

南海是西太平洋海域最大的边缘海,然而南海扩张终结后动力学过程研究仍较为薄弱.通过构造变革界面识别、褶皱冲断带沉积记录等方面的系统研究,揭示南海南部和东部陆缘在南海后扩张期的演化历程.研究表明南海南部和东部边缘经历了多个微板块从俯冲到碰撞的演变历程,形成了陆-陆碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、洋-弧俯冲等多个特征迥异的板块边界.南海南部陆缘属于古南海俯冲拖曳构造区,婆罗洲西北沙捞越-曾母地块率先碰撞,随后经历了婆罗洲东北沙巴-南沙地块碰撞、西南巴拉望-卡加延岛弧碰撞.南部多个微板块碰撞导致古南海呈剪刀式从西向东逐渐关闭和消亡,总体形成了以微地块碰撞、深海槽发育和造山带前缘巨厚沉积充填为特色的碰撞陆缘.东部陆缘属于菲律宾海俯冲-碰撞构造区,南海东部洋壳自中新世开始向菲律宾海板块俯冲,弧-陆碰撞仅局限于东部陆缘南北两端.澳洲-印度板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块相互作用控制了南海边缘海闭合过程,南海正在进行的关闭过程主要集中在东缘和南缘,东缘呈现了以南海洋壳消亡为特征的闭合过程,而南缘则呈现以微陆块碰撞为特征的古南海闭合过程.显然,南部后扩张期陆缘演变可为边缘海闭合过程研究提供极佳的范例,同时对我国海洋权益保护和南海大陆边缘动力学研究具有重要意义.      

柴达木盆地北缘早古生代沉积—构造事件耦合关系

柴达木盆地北缘地区在泛非-祁连期经历了复杂的洋陆转化阶段,于寒武纪-奥陶纪发育了汇聚板块边缘的沟-弧-盆体系,形成了NWW-SEE向展布的柴北缘构造带早古生代岛弧及弧后盆地,沉积了一套碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩-火山岩建造。在此期间,柴北缘古洋壳的俯冲消减作用及欧龙布鲁克微地块和柴达木地块的汇聚作用与欧龙布鲁克微地块南缘沉积类型的发展演化之间存在有机的联系,构成了完整的盆-山耦合体系,引发了一系列构造事件、火山喷发事件及多种类型的事件沉积等。其中欧龙布鲁克微地块整体位于滩间山岛弧北部,在早古生代发生构造背景的转变,由被动大陆边缘转为活动大陆边缘,并诱发了多期火山喷发事件,在柴北缘构造带内形成多套火山岩、火山碎屑岩以及变碎屑岩夹层,同时陆-弧碰撞造山导致的陆壳基底的隆升及大量岛弧物质为稍后期的盆地内部碎屑岩沉积提供了重要物源。与此同时,欧龙布鲁克微地块由稳定型浅水碳酸盐岩台地沉积陷落为深水斜坡环境,在盆地内早奥陶世晚期系有规律地集中发育碳酸盐岩滑塌沉积及重力流沉积（海底扇,浊积岩等）。在此之后,由于岛弧物质向盆地内部提供大量碎屑物质,且陆-弧碰撞触发的火山及地震活动导致了同时期大量的碎屑重力流沉积的发育,并触发相对深水区沉积物向更深水区移动,使得其沉积类型转化为浊流沉积。统计表明上述事件沉积发育的时间与柴北缘地区构造活动相对活跃期基本一致,因此这些早奥陶世晚期厚层、多期次、非稳定性的重力流砂体为柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆-弧碰撞背景下形成的,它们之间存在耦合关系。     

华北板块北缘中元古代造山带的确立及其构造演化

华北板块北缘发育一条中元古代晚期大陆边缘碰撞造山带 ,它由内蒙西部狼山起向东延伸到辽西和吉林东部一带 ,全长 2 0 0 0余km。造山带内部发育了不同类型变质的沉积岩、火山沉积岩 ,以及各种类型深成侵入岩。在 1.0Ga左右 ,由西伯利亚板块和华北板块对接碰撞 ,形成了巨大陆缘碰撞造山带。这次构造事件是Rodinia超大陆拼合事件的一部分 ,表明了在Rodinia超大陆时期华北板块和西伯利亚板块是连在一起的。     

华北板块东缘晚古生代火山活动及其大地构造含义

在华北板块东缘,从皖北,鲁西到冀中,辽东,分布着一条长达千余ｋｍ的晚古生代北北东向火山活动带,已发现的火山岩主要为正常火山碎屑岩和沉积火山碎屑岩,岩石化学分析表明为钙碱系列中（酸）性火山岩,在华北晚古生代煤系中记录了这种强烈的火山活动,包含有丰富的火山碎屑以及由火山灰堆积蚀变而成的煤矸层（ｔｏｎｓｔｅｉｎ）。作者认为,在晚古生代,华北板块东缘可能存在一火山弧链,即华北板块东缘为一主支大陆边缘。     

东天山板块构造基本特征

依据沉积建造、构造岩石组合、变形、变质、古生物分区、地壳结构、地球物理、地球化学等特征重新划分了东天山的板块构造格局，并对区内５个二级板块单元的基本特征进行了对比总结。康古尔塔格—喀尔力克岛弧系发育泥盆—石炭系岛弧拉斑玄武岩—安山岩，为活动大陆边缘产物；阿奇山—雅满苏岛弧系发育石炭系，４个火山—沉积旋回表明其为典型的活动边缘，无序地层苦水组为海沟区浊积岩；北山可二分，北部与中天山可对比，为早古生代岛弧，南部可与南天山对比，为晚古生代弧后盆地。康古尔塔格—黄山深断裂为准噶尔板块与塔里木板块的分界线，沿断裂发现有巨型韧性剪切带、混杂岩、海沟杂砂岩、大洋岩残片、无序拼合混杂带、碰撞花岗岩等，表明康—黄断裂为南北两板块的俯冲—碰撞带。     

中祁连北缘奥陶纪岩浆弧地层

奥陶纪是祁连山加里东期构造带俯冲-碰撞格局奠定时期。通过区域填图和沉积环境分析及岩石地球化学研究,系统分析了沉积及岩浆作用过程, 认为在肃北县野牛台地区的晚奥陶世地层是中祁连地块西段北缘岩浆弧的组成部分。该地层为一套浅变质的基性-中性火山岩、碎屑岩及少量含化石灰岩组合,由下部海相安静深水还原环境向上部近岸水下河道-滨岸过渡,上部夹有冲积扇-河流相沉积,物源区为近源的岩浆弧和古老结晶基底,反映出自下向上水体变浅、盆地收缩的进积序列。其中的火山岩自下向上由基性向中性转变、由岛弧拉斑-钠质碱性玄武岩向钾质碱性玄武岩过渡,反映出与挤压构造环境相关的成熟岩浆弧火山岩组合特点。晚奥陶世岩浆弧地层、侵入岩与其北的同期构造蛇绿混杂岩带的相伴产出,暗示北祁连西段该时期洋壳在北部向北俯冲的同时,南部还向南俯冲并形成汇聚大陆边缘。     

Geodynamic settings and formation conditions of crystalline complexes in the south Altai and south Gobi metamorphic belts

The Hercynian mobile belts in Central Asia comprise the Hercynian proper and the Late Hercynian (Indosinian) belts separated by the South Gobi microcontinent, the origin of which is related to the evolution of the South Mongolian and Inner Mongolian basins with the oceanic crust. Crystalline complexes within these belts occur as tectonic sheets of a variety of sizes. At the early stages, the metamorphic grade of these complexes reached conditions of high-temperature subfacies of amphibolite and locally developed granulite facies. In tectonic terms, the Hercynian belt of metamorphic rocks is situated at the margin of the North Asian Caledonian continent and extends from the southeast to the northwest along the southern slope of the Gobi, Mongolian, and Chinese Altai to East Kazakhstan, where metamorphic rocks are localized in the Irtysh Shear Zone. All these rocks are combined into the South Altai metamorphic belt of more than 1500 km in extent. Another belt of isolated outcrops of crystalline rocks conventionally combined into the Indosinian South Gobi metamorphic belt is traced along the junction of the Hercynides with the South Gobi microcontinent. The high-grade metamorphic rocks within both belts are not fragments of an ensialic Caledonian or older basement. These rocks were formed 390–360 and 230–220 Ma ago as a result of the closure of the Tethian South Mongolian and Inner Mongolian oceanic basins (Paleotethys I and Paleotethys II). The spatial position of the South Altai and South Gobi metamorphic belts is caused by the asymmetric structure of the Tethian basins, where active continental margins are expressed most distinctly along their northern parts, while passive margins extend along the southern parts (in present-day coordinates).     

Mesoproterozoic Continental Arc Type Granite in the Central Tianshan Mountains: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Geochemical Analyses

The Central Tianshan belt in northwestern China is a small Precambrian block located in the southern part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, which is considered as ＂the most voluminous block of young continental crust in the world＂ that comprises numerous small continental blocks separated by Paleozoic magmatic arcs. The Precambrian basement of the central Tianshan Mountains is composed of volcanic rocks and associated volcano-sedimentary rocks that were intruded by granitic plutons. Geochemical analyses demonstrate that the granitic plutons and volcanic rocks were generated in the Andean-type active continental arc environment like today＇s Chile, and the zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating indicates that they were developed at about 956 Ma, possibly corresponding to the subduction of the inferred Mozambique Ocean under the Baltic-African super-continent.     

The Xiong'er volcanic belt at the southern margin of the North China Craton: Petrographic and geochemical evidence for its outboard position in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent

The Xiong'er volcanic belt, covering an area of more than 60,000 km² along the southern margin of the North China Craton, has long been considered an intra-continental rift zone and recently interpreted as part of a large igneous province formed by a mantle plume that led to the breakup of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. However, such interpretations cannot be accommodated by lithology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of the volcanic rocks in the belt. Lithologically, the Xiong'er volcanic belt is dominated by basaltic andesite and andesite, with minor dacite and rhyolite, different from rock associations related to continental rifts or mantle plumes, which are generally bimodal and dominated by mafic components. However, they are remarkably similar to those rock associations in modern continental margin arcs. In some of the basaltic andesites and andesites, amphibole is a common phenocryst phase, suggesting the involvement of H₂O-rich fluids in the petrogenesis of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks. Geochemically, the Xiong'er volcanic rocks fall in the calc-alkaline series, and in most tectono-magmatic discrimination diagrams, the majority of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks show affinities to magmatic arcs. In the primitive mantle normalized trace-element diagrams, the Xiong'er volcanic rocks show enrichments in the LILE and LREE, and negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies, similar to arc-related volcanic rocks produced by the hydrous melting of metasomatized mantle wedge. Nd-isotope compositions of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks suggest that 5–15% older crust has been transferred into the upper lithospheric mantle by subduction-related recycling during Archean to Paleoproterozoic time. Available SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age data indicate that the Xiong'er volcanic rocks erupted intermittently over a protracted interval from 1.78 Ga, through 1.76–1.75 Ga and 1.65 Ga, to 1.45 Ga, though the major phase of the volcanism occurred at 1.78–1.75 Ga. Such multiple and intermittent volcanism is inconsistent with a mantle plume-driven rifting event, but is not uncommon in ancient and existing continental margin arcs. Taken together, the Xiong'er volcanic belt was most likely a Paleo-Mesoproterozoic continental magmatic arc that formed at the southern margin of the North China Craton. Similar Paleo-Mesoproterozoic continental magmatic arcs were also present at the southern and southeastern margins of Laurentia, the southern margin of Baltica, the northwestern margin of Amonzonia, and the southern and eastern margins of the North Australia Craton, which are considered to represent subduction-related episodic outbuilding on the continental margins of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. Therefore, in any configuration of the supercontinent Columbia, the southern margin of the North China Craton could not have been connected to any other continental block as proposed in a recent configuration, but must have faced an open ocean whose lithosphere was subducted beneath the southern margin of the North China Craton.     

Dip variations of the North American and North Caribbean Plates dominate the tectonic activity of Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and adjacent areas

The M 7.0 Haiti earthquake of 2010 in the Greater Antilles is a reminder that the northeastern Caribbean is at a high risk for seismic and tsunami hazards. The Greater Antilles consist of the Hispaniola microplate to the west and Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands to the east and are situated between two subduction zones with the Puerto Rico Trench to the north and the Muertos Trough to the south. Although there is no active volcanism on Puerto Rico, earthquake depths and previous seismic tomography results imply that the slabs of Caribbean and North American Plates exist at depth. However, how far the east Muertos Trough subduction of the North Caribbean Plate has extended has not been fully addressed. In addition, the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands are bounded by extensional regimes to both the west (Mona Rift) and east (Anegada Passage). The cause of the extension is still under debate. In this paper, we use new 3D seismic tomography and gravity data to carry out an integrated study of the geometry of the subducting slabs of the North American and North Caribbean Plates in the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands area. The results indicate that both slabs have an increase of dip westward, which is strongly controlled by the subduction rollback of the North American Plate. These variations affected the tectonic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands. Thus, the results of this research advance our understanding of the kinematic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and associated natural hazards. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry and origin of volcanic rocks of the Andes (26°–28°S)

Mesozoic to Recent volcanic rocks from a transect of the Central Andes between latitudes 26 ° and 28 ° South in northern Chile and Argentina show chemical and temporal zonation with respect to the Peru-Chile trench. Jurassic to Eocene lavas occur closer to the trench and are comparable to calc-alkaline rocks of island arcs. Eastwards they are followed by Miocene to Quaternary sequences of typical continental margin calc-alkaline rocks which have higher contents of K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr, and REE and also higher K/Na and La/Yb ratios. The rocks occurring farthest from the trench have shoshonitic affinities. The distribution of major and trace elements is consistent with a model in which magmas were derived by anatexis of an upper mantle source already enriched in LILE and located above the descending oceanic slab. It is suggested that the chemical variations across the volcanic belt reflect systematic changes in the composition of the magmas due to a decreasing degree of partial melting with increasing depth, and probably also due to the heterogeneity of the source materials.     

苏、浙、皖地区沉积-大地构造演化

中国南部近东西延伸的扬子板块形成于距今800Ma 前。自震旦纪开始,在其东缘苏、浙、皖地区形成了两个呈北东东向展布的并在其东端相联的裂陷槽。其沉积厚度达万米。沉积演化晚期形成了复理石与磨拉石。复理石堆积于晚奥陶世,此时裂陷槽为两个向东开口的海湾,碎屑物来自盆地南北两侧的扬子古陆。磨拉石堆积的时代从晚奥陶世末到中泥盆世,碎屑物     

华南新元古代盆地开启年龄及沉积演化特征--以赣东北江南次级盆地为例

最新地质调查与研究表明,赣东北江南次级盆地新元古界南华系是一套沉积超覆于基底变质岩系之上的裂谷系“楔状地层”。桃源组陆相火山岩及火山碎屑岩是该“楔状地层”的最低层位,代表了南华裂谷系江南次级盆地新一轮沉积旋回的起点。取自桃源组流纹岩样品的结晶锆石SHRIMP U Pb同位素年龄为803±9 Ma,这一年龄值基本上代表了该次级盆地新元古代盆地的开启时间。沉积相研究表明,江南次级盆地沉积作用主要由四个沉积相组合构成:（1）陆相火山岩组合;（2）冲洪积相及河湖相组合;（3）滨浅海-次深海相组合;（4）冰碛岩相组合。与扬子东南缘其它次级盆地相比,江南次级盆地沉积作用以陆相为主,但两者的剖面沉积演化序列非常相似,都经历了一个由陆相至海相的沉积超覆演化过程,代表了新元古代南华期华南古大陆解体之后扬子地块东南缘典型的裂谷盆地演化特征。     

Jurassic guyots on the Southern Iberian Continental Margin: a model of isolated carbonate platforms on volcanic submarine edifices

During the middle Jurassic on the Southern Iberian Continental Margin (at the westernmost end of the northern Tethys) isolated carbonate platforms developed over volcanic edifices, forming guyots. The volcanic edifices were composed of K-rich pillow-lavas and pyroclastic rocks with a radiometric age ≈ 170 Myr. Such phenomena have not been described until now in this continental margin nor in other passive continental margins of Alpine domains. The presence of a shallowing-upward megasequence (Bajocian–Bathonian) with hummocky cross- stratification strata below oolitic shoals, shows that very shallow isolated carbonate platforms developed above the volcanic edifices, with similar facies to those recognized in other guyots, but with a different age and geodynamic context.     

Geochemistry and early Palaeogene SHRIMP zircon ages for island arc granitoids of the Sierra Maestra, southeastern Cuba

The Palaeogene volcanic arc successions of the Sierra Maestra, southeastern Cuba, were intruded by calc-alkaline, low- to medium-K tonalites and trondhjemites during the final stages of subduction and subsequent collision of the Caribbean oceanic plate with the North American continental plate. U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of five granitoids yielded ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U emplacement ages between 60.5±2.2 and 48.3±0.5 Ma. The granitoids are the result of subduction-related magmatism and have geochemical characteristics similar to those of magmas from intra-oceanic island-arcs such as the Izu Bonin-Mariana arc and the New Britain island arc, Lesser Antilles. Major and trace element patterns suggest evolution of these rocks from a single magmatic source. Geochemical features characterize these rocks as typical subduction-related granitoids as found worldwide in intra-oceanic arcs, and they probably formed through fractional crystallization of mantle-derived low- to medium-K basalt.