青海锂矿成矿特征及找矿潜力

锂资源是高新产业发展的保障性资源和战略性资源之一。青海省锂矿资源丰富，锂矿床类型以盐湖卤水型储量巨大，硬岩型次之，硬岩型锂矿以伟晶岩型为主。盐湖锂矿集中分布于柴达木盆地，硬岩型主要在柴达木盆地北缘、三江北西青海段；成矿时代主要是新生代、中生代两个时期。本文通过对分布于柴达木盆地盐湖型锂矿床察尔汗盐湖、东台台吉乃尔盐湖、南翼山富钾锂卤水矿；分布于柴达木盆地北缘硬岩型的茶卡北山锂铍、三江北西青海段草陇锂铍矿五个典型矿床的赋矿特征、成矿作用及机理的探讨，建立了青海省锂矿成矿系列，在分析了区域的不同类型锂矿找矿远景基础上，认为盐湖卤水型和花岗伟晶岩型锂矿应该作为重点预测类型，并对成矿潜力进行了分析，为今后的锂矿找矿工作提供了理论依据。     

盐湖卤水型锂矿基本特征及其开发利用潜力评价

【研究目的】近年来,新能源发展势头强劲,锂电池需求旺盛,锂矿资源争夺激烈。相比于目前主要开发的硬岩型锂矿,盐湖卤水型锂矿有着“量大、绿色、经济”的优势,随着卤水提锂工艺的不断进步,盐湖型锂矿的产能将进一步得到释放;中国是盐湖卤水型锂矿的主要分布国家之一,占世界总资源量的比例排在第五位。在世界锂资源争夺战愈演愈烈的情况下,总结盐湖卤水型锂矿的分布特征、水化学类型分类和矿物组合,估算潜在资源量以及提出评价盐湖卤水型锂矿的方法,对合理安排勘查和开发投入,以及规划国家新能源资源具有重要意义。【研究方法】搜集已公开发表或出版的盐湖卤水型锂矿资料,从分布、成矿地质条件方面分析基本特征,并对潜在资源量估算以及开发利用潜力评价进行评述。【研究结果】全球盐湖卤水型锂矿资源丰富,但分布不均,主要集中在南美安第斯高原、美国西部高原和中国青藏高原3个盐湖聚集区,其形成主要受大地构造背景、断层活动断裂以及气候海拔等条件控制。中国青藏高原盐湖卤水型锂矿资源不同于另两大盐湖聚集区的是,其构造背景属于陆陆碰撞,而非洋壳俯冲。由南到北还可进一步分为西藏和青海两个盐湖地区,青海地区镁锂比较高,不适用于传统的蒸发沉淀法,新...     

伟晶岩型锂矿成矿构造背景研究

锂是银白色的、自然界最轻的金属,广泛应用于纺织、陶瓷、冶金、核能、新能源等领域,有“高能金属”、“21世纪的能源金属”之称。锂矿床按成因类型可分为内生和外生两种类型,内生型可具体分为花岗伟晶岩型、花岗岩型、云英岩型和岩浆热液型,外生型则包括盐湖型及地下卤水型（赵一鸣等,2004）。伟晶岩型锂矿主要开采锂辉石、透锂云母、锂云母、磷铝锂石等,是锂矿资源的重要来源。     

全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术

【研究目的】为明确锂矿的找矿方向与勘查部署重点工作,矿床类型的合理划分非常重要。【研究方法】本文按照锂资源赋存性质,对其详加厘定和划分,尝试把锂矿床（资源）按内、外生成因进行划分。【研究结果】将全球锂矿床按照内外生成因划分为10种类型和5个亚类。【结论】国外已查明新生代外生锂矿床的形成与分布主要受控于板块碰撞带,主要物质来源与深部洋壳重熔岩浆有关,形成时代主要在中新世和古近纪后期;具有偏酸性的岩浆专属性,盐湖型、地热型、火山沉积型锂矿与含锂凝灰岩和热水密切相关,且锂盐湖具有趋低性迁聚,超常富集机制,但对晚古生代黏土亚型和深部卤水物质来源,有待进一步查明;由于锂矿床（资源）类型多,成因复杂,它们是在多圈层相互作用形成的,建议要用构造地球化学、古大气环流和盐类学相结合研究的路线,开展外生锂矿床（资源）成矿作用研究。     

中国锂矿十年来勘查实践和理论研究的十个方面新进展新趋势

中国锂矿资源丰富,其中盐湖锂矿虽然储量巨大,但开发利用技术尚待发展,目前开发的主要是硬岩型锂矿。硬岩型锂矿以伟晶岩型为主,集中分布在新疆和四川等地;成矿时代以中生代最为重要;成矿背景以强烈造山运动之后相对稳定的构造环境最为有利。经过十年来的勘查实践与理论研究,中国锂矿的类型已不再单一,卤水型从地表卤水扩展到浅部卤水与深部卤水并重,硬岩型从花岗伟晶岩型一枝独秀到蚀变花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、角砾岩筒型、沉积型等多种类型并重;成矿时代从中新生代拓展到古生代等多个期次;成矿区带从12个增加到16个,并在川西的甲基卡、可尔因及新疆的大红柳滩、砂锂沟等地探获了一批新的矿产地,新的资源格局正在形成;找矿方法与勘查技术也从单一的地表踏勘填图发展到遥感定区（远景区）—地质定型（类型）—化探定性（矿种）—物探定位（孔位）—钻探定量（资源量）及生物找矿、深穿透深部探矿等新技术新方法成体系化的新时代。鉴于战略性新兴产业快速发展对于锂资源的刚性需求,建议加强对以锂云母为主要工业矿物的新类型锂资源及以含锂黏土为主的沉积型锂资源的调查研究与开发利用;除了中生代之外,加强对古生代乃至前寒武纪锂矿的研究与找矿;加强阿尔金、喜马拉雅、冈底斯、大兴安岭西坡等新的锂矿成矿区带的勘查力度;加强对市场经济条件下锂资源动态管理的新机制研究;加强对锂同位素作为可控核聚变原材料的超前研究与资源储备,为开发高端矿业作出示范和引领。      

全球锂资源开发利用形势分析及启示

锂是一种对国民经济及国防安全具有重要战略意义的能源金属。随着锂在新能源、新材料等领域应用的快速发展,锂作为战略性矿产的重要地位日益凸显。本文概述了全球锂矿的矿床类型和资源分布,对比了主要国家锂矿的地质特征,分析了主要锂矿生产国锂资源开发利用形势,指出盐湖型锂矿是未来全球锂矿开发的主要类型,也是我国未来锂资源开发的首选,提出加大盐湖提锂技术科技攻关,综合开发盐湖资源等4条对策建议。     

国外锂矿找矿新进展(2019~2021年)及对我国战略性矿产勘查的启示

2019年至今,全球范围锂矿找矿力度依旧未减,热点地区不断取得新进展,成果丰硕。本文对2019年至2021年期间国外一些重点锂矿项目的找矿勘查进展情况及动向进行概述。总体来看,锂矿的全球分布格局相对稳定,盐湖型锂矿和伟晶岩型锂矿仍占据主导地位,并在相应热点地区取得重大进展。此外,沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的勘查工作在美国及欧洲等地区也取得了一系列新进展。较国外而言,我国取得的找矿进展和实际增加的资源储量依然有限。通过借鉴国外锂矿勘探项目的新进展,认为国内应树牢安全意识,加大对锂等战略性矿产资源的调查评价与勘查投入;进一步加强对伟晶岩型、盐湖型等传统类型以及岩体型、沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的调查研究,不断拓展找矿新区域、新空间;加速国内锂矿产业化进程,不断健全锂业产业链,在上游加强国内锂资源找矿勘查的同时,要注重下游高端产品的研发。     

中国花岗伟晶岩型锂矿特征和研究进展

花岗伟晶岩型锂矿是中国锂资源的重要类型之一。本文基于全国87处花岗伟晶岩型锂矿研究资料,通过与全球典型伟晶岩型锂矿的对比分析,梳理总结中国花岗伟晶岩型锂矿的时空分布规律、矿石矿物组合特征、成矿成岩温压条件、演化历史和锂同位素分馏特征,以期为今后找矿工作提供理论依据。研究表明中国花岗伟晶岩锂矿空间分布相对集中,主要分布在8个锂成矿带,主成矿期为三叠纪;含锂矿物相与花岗岩-伟晶岩体系中的H_2O、P、F和Li等挥发性元素密切相关;与国外典型花岗伟晶岩锂矿相比,中国大型-超大型伟晶岩锂矿具有成矿温度相似和成矿压力较大的特征;不同于以Harding伟晶岩为代表的侵位后P-T两阶段演化轨迹,中国花岗伟晶岩锂矿存在以川西扎乌龙为代表的单阶段快速降温降压型演化轨迹;结晶分异是花岗伟晶岩最可能的岩石成因,该地质过程中锂元素和重锂同位素富集于花岗伟晶岩;未矿化伟晶岩全岩比锂辉石矿化伟晶岩全岩更富轻锂同位素的特征表明锂成矿过程发生在流体出溶之后。     

世界盐湖卤水型锂矿特征、分布规律与成矿动力模型

卤水锂矿在世界探明的锂矿总资源量中占比达65％,由于其易于开采,成本较低,其锂盐产品占总锂盐产品的75％左右.世界卤水锂矿主要产于现代盐湖,这些盐湖分布于世界三大高原:中国青藏高原、南美西部安第斯高原和北美西部高原,形成了三大盐湖卤水锂成矿区.中国青藏高原盐湖主要包括西藏中北部和柴达木盆地盐湖,卤水锂(LiCl)资源量为2330万t;南美西部安第斯高原盐湖,涵盖玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷盐湖,锂(Li2 O)资源量为2300万t;北美西部高原盐湖卤水锂矿(Li2 O)资源量为550万t.同时,中国华南地区在中生代晚期可能也是高原环境,高原地貌孕育了大量盐湖,并形成了一些富锂卤水矿.这些高原的形成与隆升都起因于板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞:南美安第斯高原和北美西部高原是太平洋板块向美洲板块俯冲-增生造山形成的,中国青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲-陆陆碰撞形成的,而中国华南古高原则可能与古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲作用有关.板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞作用,一方面形成高原地貌,挡住了来自大洋的水汽,从而导致高原内部降水减少,形成干旱气候,引发强烈蒸发作用;洋壳俯冲至上地幔之后,由于脱水和部分熔融导致其中的氯、钾、锂和溴等挥发分进入岩浆并被带到地壳浅部富集;板块俯冲-碰撞作用形成大量构造盆地,同时,岩浆活动又引起大量温热泉水活动,高温水-岩反应将地壳中大量锂等成矿物质释放出来,汇入盆地并通过蒸发浓缩形成富锂盐湖.上述构造、气候和物源等成矿要素的耦合,最终导致高原盐湖卤水富锂成矿.综合世界卤水锂矿特征与成矿作用,提出盐湖卤水锂成矿动力学模式.     

中国锂矿成矿规律概要

锂资源是我国高新产业发展的保障性资源和战略性资源之一.我国锂矿资源丰富,主要集中在西藏、青海、四川和江西4省(区).锂矿床类型以硬岩型为主,盐湖锂矿虽然储量巨大,但开发利用技术尚待发展.硬岩型锂矿又以伟晶岩型为主,集中分布在新疆阿尔泰和川西甲基卡等矿集区;成矿时代以中生代最为重要;成矿大地构造背景以造山运动之后的稳定环境最具特色.本次在对全国151处锂矿矿产地资料系统梳理的基础上,深入总结了全国锂矿的成矿规律,厘定出14个以锂为主的矿床成矿系列,认为伟晶岩型、花岗岩型和盐湖沉积型3个锂矿预测类型应该作为重点预测类型,并划分出12个成锂带,圈定出5个重要勘查评价区,并编制了“中国成锂带分布图”等系列图件,为本次全国锂矿资源潜力评价预测工作和今后的找矿工作提供了理论依据.     

中国内生稀有稀土矿床的时空分布

内生稀有稀土矿床在我国广泛分布，矿床的形成时代从太古宙到喜马拉雅期。矿床类型主要有碱性岩型、花岗岩型及花岗伟晶岩型三大类型。碱性岩型矿床的形成时代从元古宙到喜马拉雅期，主要集中在中元古代及华力西－印支期。这类矿床多分布在地台稳定区的边缘，常沿深断裂或裂谷带延展方向呈群分布。花岗岩型矿床绝大多数形成于燕山期，主要见于南岭及其邻区。成矿花岗岩常是花岗岩复式岩体的晚期侵入体，沿大岩体周边或隐伏岩体上方作定向分布。花岗伟晶岩型矿床主要形成于华力西－印支期，大多数分布在地槽褶皱带内。褶皱带内的复背斜及更次一级背斜的轴部及倾没端常是矿化伟晶岩的赋存场所。以攀西裂谷带内的牦牛坪、茨达等碱性岩型矿床，赣南加里东褶皱带内的西华山、荡坪等花岗岩型矿床，闽西北加里东褶皱带内的溪源头、西坑等花岗伟晶岩型矿床为例具体地描述了三类矿床在空间上的定向分布。西部地区是找寻大型内生稀有稀土矿床极有潜力的地区。     

Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces,deposit types and tectonic framework

We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny.     

江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。     

斑岩铜-钼-金矿床：构造环境、成矿作用与控制因素

斑岩型矿床作为全球Cu、Mo、Au、Re等战略性矿产的主要来源，是国际矿床学界和矿业界长期关注的热点。最新研究表明，斑岩矿床既可以产于俯冲带岩浆弧环境，也可以产于与俯冲无关的非弧环境（主要包括碰撞造山环境、陆内造山环境以及活化克拉通边缘及内部），后者发育于中国大陆。文章在总结全球斑岩矿床时空分布规律的基础上，重点从成矿斑岩成因与成矿动力学机制、成矿金属来源、蚀变-矿化分带等方面，综述了2类斑岩矿床的研究进展，阐释并总结了控制斑岩成矿的主要因素与机制，以及相关研究方法。研究表明，全球斑岩矿床集中产于3大成矿域，形成时代以中、新生代为主。其中，环太平洋成矿域斑岩矿床时空分布不均，集中发育于美洲西海岸，主要形成于白垩纪以来较年轻的几个短暂时期；古亚洲洋成矿域斑岩矿床形成时间跨度于奥陶纪—早白垩世，具有“西Cu-Au东Cu-Mo、早Cu-Au晚Cu-Mo”的成矿特征；特提斯成矿域主要发育三叠纪以来的斑岩矿床，主体沿造山带分布，时间分布不均，同一构造带内发育不同时期的斑岩成矿作用；中国斑岩矿床与3大成矿域既显示出对应性，也有独特性和复杂性。弧环境成矿岩浆、金属Cu(Au)主要来源于交代地幔楔，大...     

The Metallogenetic Regularities of Lithium Deposits in China

Lithium resources support the development of high-technology industries. China has abundant lithium resources which are mainly distributed in Tibet,Qinghai,Sichuan and Jiangxi. Salt lakes in China have significant lithium reserves,but lithium is mainly produced from hard rock lithium deposits because the extraction from salt lakes requires further improvements. The hard rock lithium deposits mainly occur in granitic pegmatite in the Altay region of Xinjiang and the Jiajika deposit in western Sichuan Province; they mainly formed in the Mesozoic and occurred in a relatively stable stage during orogenic processes. On the basis of the information from 151 lithium deposits or spots,14 lithium metallogenic series were identified,and granitic pegmatite,granite,and sedimentary types were considered to be the main prediction types of lithium resources. Twelve lithium mineralization belts were divided and a series of maps showing the lithium metallogenetic regularity in China were drawn. We conclude that the hard rock and brine type of lithium resources possibly have a similar lithium source related to magmatism. The metallogenic features of the lithium in China were related with the distinct history of tectonic-magmatic activity in China. This study benefits the assessment of,and prospecting for,lithium resources in China.     

非洲铌钽矿地质特征、矿床类型及勘查开发现状分析

铌和钽作为重要的稀有金属矿产,被广泛应用于各种“高精尖”领域。非洲铌钽资源丰富,是全球最大的钽矿生产地。本文基于非洲铌钽矿资源状况、矿床类型、典型矿床及其勘查开发现状最新数据,得出以下认识：铌钽矿主要集中于非洲中南部地区,多数以伴生矿的形式产出,矿床类型主要包括碳酸岩型、风化壳型、碱性岩型、花岗岩型、伟晶岩型和砂矿型六种,其中花岗岩型和伟晶岩型主要富钽,而碳酸岩型和碱性岩型则主要富铌;铌钽矿床主要分布于卡普瓦尔克拉通、刚果克拉通、津巴布韦克拉通以及基巴拉、达马拉、泛非等碰撞造山带内,形成时代主要集中于太古宙、古元古代、新元古代、泛非活动期和中生代五个成矿期;非洲大部分铌钽矿山都还处于勘探开发初级阶段,受困于经济技术的落后,手工和小规模采矿仍然是铌钽矿生产开发的主要手段,未来资源潜力较大。     

东北非努比亚地盾金矿成矿地质特征与找矿标志

东北非金矿的矿床类型、成矿条件与努比亚地盾演化密切相关。努比亚地盾金矿类型,按成因可分为两大类:一类是与造山带有关的韧性剪切带金矿,即造山型金矿;另一类是弧-弧拼合过程中形成的火山成因块状硫化物金矿,即VMS型铜-金矿。受韧性剪切带控制的造山型金矿形成于闭合-碰撞造山阶段,与弧-弧碰撞缝合带展布方向一致的北东向韧性剪切带为造山型金矿的主要控矿构造,该类型矿床规模以中小型为主。沿韧性剪切带成带分布的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS型)金矿床形成于洋壳俯冲-岛弧的形成阶段,其形成环境为岛弧裂谷或弧后裂谷环境,矿床规模以大型为主,成群分布于5个矿集区内。本文总结了该地区造山带型和VMS型金矿的主要特征,并依此提出在该地区寻找此两种类型金矿的找矿标志。     

Geological characteristics,metallogenic regularity,and research progress of lithium deposits in China

China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts, with proven reserves of 4046.8×10³ t (calculated based on Li₂O) by 2021. China is also a big consumer of lithium. By 2019, China ’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×10³ t, with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%. China has become the world ’s largest importer of lithium resources, showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the prospecting, exploitation, and study of lithium resources in China. This study collected, organized, and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China, analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns, geological characteristics, and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits, and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade. The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These deposits are mostly small in scale. According to different genetic types, this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type, granite type, saline lake brine type, underground brine type, and sedimentary type, as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type, and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits. Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts. The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits, the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts, the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits, geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues, and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources. The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

芬兰北部金矿床产出环境、地质特征和成矿作用

芬兰北部的金矿床数量众多,大多数金矿床(点)产出于古元古界中央拉普兰绿岩带(CLGB)和库萨莫—帕拉波加片岩带内,主要分为3种类型:造山型金矿、铁氧化物铜-金(IOCG型)矿床及砂金矿。其中造山型金矿绝大部分分布于中央拉普兰绿岩带中部及库萨默地区和帕拉波加地区,最常见的矿石矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿,其次为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿等。围岩蚀变包括钠长石化、绢云母化、黑云母化、碳酸盐化及绿泥石化。造山型金矿床主要控制因素包括构造、岩性和造山期区域变质。IOCG型矿床主要分布在CLGB的西部克拉瑞地区,容矿围岩是钠长石-直闪石石棉型岩石,矿石中富含Fe-Cu-Au±Ag、Bi、Ba、Co、Mo、Sb、Se、Te、Th、U和轻稀土元素。围岩蚀变强烈,并且有明显的分带现象。IOCG型金矿床的形成受岩浆热液活动和构造的影响较大。砂金矿床包括古砂金矿床和现代砂金矿床,主要分布在CLGB东北部。芬兰北部金矿床的研究对北极圈及邻区的找矿勘查工作具有重要意义,也为中国胶东半岛、华北克拉通北缘、小秦岭和秦岭地区及新疆北部地区进一步金矿勘查提供参考。     

中国矽卡岩矿床找矿新进展和时空分布规律

近年来,中国矽卡岩矿床找矿取得了很大的新进展:西藏冈底斯成矿带和班公湖-怒江成矿带发现和探明了十余个大中型矽卡岩铜、金多金属矿床;在青海西部祁漫塔格成矿带发现和探明了不少铁多金属矽卡岩矿床;在东部地区发现和探明了一批大型隐伏的矽卡岩矿床,如河北白涧铁矿床、江西朱溪钨多金属矿床、湖南锡田锡钨矿床、福建上房钨矿床等。在新疆西天山发现和探明了一批大(中)型与火山-侵入活动有关的矽卡岩铁矿床。另外,在新疆发现白干湖、沙沟等大型钨矿床,在甘肃也发现和探明了大型钨矿床。学者们对上述矿床进行了较详细的研究。中国主要矽卡岩矿床最新同位素测年资料表明,矽卡岩矿床的生成时代从元古宙、古生代、中生代到新生代都有,但最重要的成岩成矿期是中生代的燕山期。在空间分布上,赵一鸣等(1990)曾划分出14个重要的矽卡岩成矿带,通过广大地质工作者的努力,在西藏、新疆和青海等省(区)找矿工作的重大进展,又新增4个矽卡岩成矿带,即西藏冈底斯成矿带、班公湖-怒江成矿带、青海祁漫塔格成矿带和新疆西天山成矿带。