下辽河平原新近系地下水开采的动态变化特征

新近系地下淡水是下辽河三角洲地区的盘锦市和辽河油田主要供水水源。地下水处于封闭到半封闭环境，包括明化镇组(Nm)和馆陶组(Ng)两个含水岩组。天然状态下，地下水位接近或高于地表；开采条件下，地下水位逐年下降，形成区域性降落漏斗，地下水流场均发生显著变化，形成汇向开采区的向心流场。开采明化镇组地下水为主的盘东水源地，开采初期水位下降速率为1.61～5．19m／a，至1996年降至0．63～1．03m／a；馆陶组地下水为主的各水源地，开采初期水位下降速率为2．10～4．21m／a，至1996年减至1．49～2．05m／a。这是由于地下水流场变化，导致明化镇成水体内侵和下移所致，该地地下水中Cl^-的不断增高也证明了这一点。至1998年。平面上，成水体每年增加3．18km^2，盘东水源南部，成水体内侵速率已达每年220m。垂向上成水体年下移速率一般每年0．5～1．67m。进行新近系地下水动态特征和演化趋势研究，将为合理开发利用宝贵的淡水资源提供科学依据。     

辽河三角洲地下潜水现状及变化规律研究

在辽河三角洲地区,布设10个地下水监测点,通过3年的动态监测,得到第四系孔隙潜水水质动态变化规律.辽河三角洲地区地下水矿化度普遍较高,范围介于1~31 g/L.西部山前倾斜平原,地下水矿化度较小,水质较好.南部滨海低平原区,矿化度介于12~31 g/L,地下水为盐水.东北部冲积平原区地下水矿化度介于1~3 g/L,为微咸水.在地下水化学类型方面,HCO₃-Na型地下水主要分布于西部山前倾斜平原区;Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在南部滨海低平原地区;Cl-Na·Ca型地下水主要分布在北部和东部的冲积平原区;HCO₃·Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在东北部的冲积平原区.山前倾斜平原地区,地下水水质基本保持着良好的状态,大部分地区水质变化不大.南部低平原区,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺及矿化度持续升高,高矿化度、氯化物型和钠型水分布面积增大,向周边扩散.北部冲积平原地区,地下水的各组分及矿化度略有起伏,变化不大并趋于稳定.     

云应盆地东北部含水层结构特征及地下水转化模式

云应盆地东北部属鄂北贫水地区,赋存于古近系—第四系含水层中的地下水是当地生产、生活用水的主要来源,亟需查明含水层的结构、含水层间地下水的转化关系等基本条件,为研究区内合理开发利用地下水提供依据。本研究通过野外水文地质调查、水文地质钻探工作,将研究区划分为单层含水层与双层含水层结构两个亚区（6个小区）。并通过地下水水位动态长期监测,获取了区内不同含水层的水位动态变化特征,分析各含水层之间的水力联系,建立了区域地下水转化的概念模式,即:研究区地下水以接受山前降雨入渗及风化裂隙水侧向径流补给为主,主要以水平径流的形式经古近系孔隙-裂隙含水层及第四系孔隙承压含水层往澴水方向运移,而后进入第四系孔隙潜水含水层。地下水和地表水在不同季节补排模式不同,雨季地表水（澴水）补给地下水,旱季地下水向地表水（澴水）排泄。古近系孔隙-裂隙水与上覆第四系孔隙水联系密切互为补给,共同构成具有统一水力联系的垂向多层结构的含水系统。独特的含水层结构决定了区内地下水接受降水补给的条件较差,地下水可开采资源量总体较贫乏,建议重点利用区域地表水资源,适度开发地下水资源,推进农业节水灌溉工程,实现水资源可持续利用。     

三江平原地下水资源潜力评价

三江平原地区第四系松散堆积物厚度一般为100～200m,最厚达：300m,为结构单一、大厚度的砂、砂砾石含水层,储存运移着巨量的孔隙水(部分为微承压水)。含水层疏导功能与富水性强,单井涌水量多在1000m^3／d,且水质为矿化度小于lg／L的淡水。依据含水层的地质时代和贮水介质类型,将三江平原地下水系统划分成第四系孔隙含水层亚系统、第三系孔隙裂隙含水层亚系统、基岩裂隙含水层亚系统。其中第四系孔隙含水层亚系统进一步分成更新统含水层次级亚系统和全新统含水层次级亚系统;第四系更新统含水层次级亚系统又细分为下、中、上更新统含水层。根据盆地浅部区域地下水分布的主要控制因素(流域水系、地质构造、地貌条件、含水层结构及地下水补、径、排条件),对三江盆地地下水系统进行了系统的描述;各地下水动力亚系统受外部动力条件(降水、蒸发、地表水、地下水)的制约,同时受内动力条件(含水介质循环条件)的控制,形成了独特的地下水动力场;论述了含水层系统的特征、边界条件、输入特征、输出特征、内部功能特征等。最后对三江平原的地下水资源潜力进行了计算与评价：依据水均衡原理,充分地考虑了计算区及计算单元在开采状态下多年补、排均衡的基础上,利用长系列的气象、水文资料,应用三维模型模拟计算了丰、平、枯水年各计算单元的地下水补给量和可开采量,进而求得了多年均衡条件下全区地下水可开采资源量。     

以控制地面沉降为约束的地下水资源评价——以上海地区为例

以上海市区第V承压含水层(埋深约350m )以上的整个第四系松散沉积层为研究体,将上海地下水系统作为一个完整且不可分割的系统来研究。由于开采地下水资源引起地下水系统内部物质能量变化,因而产生一系列的环境地质问题(如地面沉降、地下水位下降、资源开采条件恶化等)。根据研究区地下水系统特征和已有的研究程度,在技术方法和途径上,着重研究上海地区第四系含水层结构、水文地质工程地质条件,建立水文地质工程地质概念模型; 在此基础上建立以地下水资源开采量最大、水位降幅及地面沉降较小、社会经济效益较好为目标的地下水拟三维渗流一维地面沉降的评价与管理模型,并为我国大中城市(特别是在诸如开采地下水引起的地面沉降问题的地区)的地下水资源评价与管理提供可借鉴的经验和方法。      

北京市西山地区地下水数值模拟及预测

北京西山地区地下水资源丰富,水质优良,是北京市重要的地下水供水水源地之一。长期过量开采地下水已经引起了区域地下水水位下降等环境问题。南水北调客水进京后,将会改变区域用水结构,逐步实现对含水层系统的涵养目的。采用有限差分方法进行区域含水层系统数值模拟,分析不同开采条件下含水层系统响应特征。取得如下认识:西山地区地下水开采总量达到3.546 2×108m3/a,为达到可持续开采目的,需要将开采量压至2.798 8×108m3/a,实现采补平衡;维持现状开采至2030年,岩溶水水位下降22m,第四系承压水水位下降约28m,部分地区第四系潜水含水层出现疏干现象;南水北调进京后,按照规划压采方案实施,2030年末岩溶水水位平均恢复约5m,第四系承压水水位下降约6m。区域岩溶含水层恢复贮水0.185 4×108m3,第四系含水层系统贮水损失2.782 8×108m3。     

辽河西部凹陷南段致密砂岩地层水特征及其成因

<正>研究区位于渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段,总面积约700 km2。从下到上发育古近系沙河街组、东营组,新近系馆陶组、明化镇组和第四系。在沙河街组的致密砂岩中发现了工业气流,双202井日产气2.5×104 m3。在中国其他盆地致密砂岩气储层中地层水矿化度一般较高,水型为Ca Cl2型[1];但研究区沙河街组的地层水矿化度较低,水型以Na HCO3为主。地层水的特征是盆地内水-盐反应的综合体现。因此,致     

辽河三角洲地区环境地质问题探究

辽河三角洲处于陆地和海洋的结合部,蕴含丰富的资源,具有十分重要的战略地位。项目通过三年的时间,查明辽河三角洲地区主要的地质环境问题为:海水入侵、地下水超采、地面沉降、湿地退化及土壤盐渍化。针对海水入侵,提出建立、完善地下水动态监测网,实现地下水位和水质的实时监控的对策;针对地下水超采,注重水资源合理配置,适当减少新近系地下水资源的开采,充分利用地表水资源的对策。针对地面沉降问题,提出加强地面沉降监测工作,进行地面沉降机理研究的对策;针对湿地退化与土壤盐渍化问题,提出加强湿地环境监测,完善生态环境监测体系的对策。     

吉林省乾安县水文地质特征分析及地下水资源评价

吉林省乾安县位于松嫩低平原中央凹陷带,受继承性沉降运动影响,白垩纪晚期以后,在断裂构造的基底上沉积了新近系的弱胶结地层和第四系松散堆积物,为地下水赋存提供了有利条件.全县主要取水水源为地下水,局部地区(县中心)地下水受集中开采影响,形成地下水位降落漏斗,导致地下水质受到污染.为进一步查明该区地下水赋存,分布以及水质变化规律,本文对该区水文地质特征进行全面分析,进而对地下水资源进行了评价,研究结果可为地下水合理开发利用提供依据.     

新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水特征对天然植被的影响分析

依据实际观测资料和前人研究成果,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水特征对天然植被的影响进行分析.结果表明:受农业生产活动影响,研究区近10a间地下水位及水质发生了明显变化,地下水位约下降了1m左右,地下水矿化度平均降低0.54g·L-1,地下水变淡与地下水水位下降有着较好的相关性.由于地下水埋深较浅,渭干河-库车河冲积扇下部荒漠区矿化度较大,地表积盐,地下水水质成为天然植被的限制因素.由于防治土壤盐渍化,灌溉排泻地下水,在绿洲区大量开采利用地下水,以及河水对地下水补给不断减少等原因,造成三角洲下部绿洲外围荒漠区的地下水位逐渐下降,致使绿洲周边天然灌丛及草本植物的衰退.     

地下水科学调控与增效利用

地下水参与自然界的水分循环,同时又独立参与自身的补给、径流、排泄小循环,具有再生性.只要把握地下水资源的客观规律,充分利用地下含水空间和多年调节功能,准确调控地下水资源开发利用的尺度,地下水将会发挥更大的效益.从地下水循环机理的层面上,阐明地下水超采区是动态的,是某一时期的产物,阐述地下水科学调控的合理水位标限,提出了增效利用的措施.     

江苏姜堰孔隙承压地下水资源评价三维数值模拟

通过建立符合该地区承压地下水赋存条件和渗流特征的地下水三维数值模型,并在模型识别、验证的基础上,根据各承压含水层的水位控制要求,调整现有地下水的开采布局,以乡镇为单位,确定出各含水层的地下水可开采资源量及最优开采布局,并预测2011—2020年底逐年地下水水位动态变化情况。     

干旱条件下平谷盆地地下水资源变化与恢复调控措施

北京市王都庄应急水源地和中桥应急水源地均位于平谷地区,充分说明其在北京市应急供水体系中所占的重要地位。本文基于平谷区第四系地下水动态监测成果和资源计算数据,分析了其地下水资源概况及存在问题,回顾了持续干旱和应急开采对平谷地下水资源的影响。研究表明平谷盆地存在地下水降落漏斗、资源亏损、水环境恶化等地质环境问题,可实施地下水调蓄与开采调整措施恢复平谷区地下水资源的战略储备,提高其应急供水保障能力。     

Characterization of an island aquifer from tidal response

Growing demand for potable water for various needs has lead to indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater resources, particularly, in the terrain where surface water resources are negligible. One such area is an island where groundwater is the only source of fresh water. Groundwater is the prime source of fresh water on most of the atolls in the world. Groundwater on these islands is in the form of thin fragile floating lens and is often vulnerable to overexploitation, draught, tidal waves, tsunami and cyclone resulting in seawater ingress. Sustainable development of this meager source of fresh groundwater for a longer time becomes a more difficult task on small atolls with a large population depending on this vital resource. To develop a sustainable management scheme and identify the vulnerable part of aquifer, characterization of the aquifer system on islands is imperative. Groundwater on an atoll is extremely vulnerable to seawater mixing through natural as well as human activities. One such natural process is the tides of the ocean. The response of sea tide to the water table on the island offers valuable data as well as cost-effective means to characterize an aquifer system. Such characterization is vital for the management of groundwater resources on an atoll. The obtained results have compared well with the parameters obtained through a conventional pumping test. Therefore, the use of tidal response to the water table, which can easily be recorded, provides a rapid and cost-effective means to characterization of the aquifer system on the island.     

北京某拟建再生水厂地下水环境影响研究

研究区位于潮白河冲洪积扇中上部,第四系松散孔隙含水层颗粒粗大,易接受补给,地下水固有防污性能处于差和较差,地下水水质整体良好。采用数值模拟方法,建立了三维地下水流数值模型,对孔隙度、弥散系数进行了率定,利用GMS中的MT3DMS模块建立了溶质运移模型。选取COD作为模拟指标,根据模型对水厂投产30年后两种不同情景方案下地下水水质状况进行了预测分析。结果显示,在正常工况和处理流程出现故障两种条件下,再生水厂对周围地下水环境有一定程度影响,但重点研究区内地下水模拟浓度远小于《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类水标准,污染物浓度虽低,影响距离却很远,因此要建立覆盖全厂区的地下水长期监控系统,避免污染事故。     

Evolution of the groundwater environment under a long-term exploitation in the coastal area near Zhanjiang, China

Aquifers consisting of unconsolidated sediments in the coastal area near Zhanjiang in southern China are grouped into the shallow, middle-deep and deep aquifer systems. Groundwater exploitation began in the 1950s in this district and has increased from year to year since 1980. Measurements of groundwater levels and monitoring data of groundwater chemistry at some 60 wells since 1981 are examined to analyze the evolution of hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry in the coastal aquifers. The results indicate that groundwater levels in the middle-deep and deep aquifer systems have fallen continuously and the extents of the depression cones in water levels have increased in the past two decades, even though the water levels recovered to some degree during the period of 1997–2001. In 2004, the lowest water levels in the middle-deep and deep aquifer systems were 23.58 and 21.84 m below sea level, respectively. The groundwater has TDS ranging from 40 to 550 mg/L, and is of low pH, commonly varies between 4 and 7. Concentrations of total iron and manganese exceed the concentration limits of the drinking water standards. The hardness is in the range of 10–250 mg/L. Chloride contents of the groundwater range from 10 to 60 mg/L. The chloride and TDS do not show systematically increasing trends. Although the water levels in the exploitation center near the coast are significantly lower than the sea level and the depression cones of water levels in the middle-deep and deep aquifer systems have expanded to the sea, sea water intrusion has not been observed until recently. This phenomenon is quite unique in the coastal area near Zhanjiang.     

Review on transboundary aquifers in People’s Republic of China with case study of Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin

Groundwater, as a precious resource hidden underground, is an important component of the global water system. Transboundary aquifers containing substantial amount of groundwater often carry crucial ecological and social implications. Yet, it is unfortunate that transboundary aquifers have hardly been in the forefront of political and scientific discussions, and have not received due attention by policymakers. This article attempts to summarize the investigation on the eight transboundary aquifers that China shares with the neighboring countries. An overview on the groundwater resources in China, including its distribution, exploitation and challenges is also provided. Hydrogeological condition of the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin aquifer, which is one of the eight major aquifers, is further elaborated. Cooperative activities carried out by China and Russia on monitoring and management of this aquifer are also presented.     

Groundwater flow modeling of Quaternary aquifer Ras Sudr,Egypt

Recently, Ras Sudr (the delta of Wadi Sudr) area received a great amount of attention due to different development expansion activities directed towards this area. Although Quaternary aquifer is the most prospective aquifer in Ras Sudr area, it has not yet completely evaluated. The present work deals with the simulation of the Quaternary groundwater system using a three-dimensional groundwater flow model. MODFLOW code was applied for designing the model of the Ras Sudr area. This is to recognize the groundwater potential as well as exploitation plan of the most prospective aquifer in the area. The objectives were to determine the hydraulic parameters of the Quaternary aquifer, to estimate the recharge amount to the aquifer, and to determine the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the aquifer. During this work, available data has been collected and some field investigation has been carried out. Groundwater flow model has been simulated using pilot points’ method. SEAWAT has been also applied to simulate the variable-density flow and sea water intrusion from the west. It can be concluded that: (1) the direction of groundwater flow is from the east to the west, (2) the aquifer system attains a small range of log-transformed hydraulic conductivity. It ranges between 3.05 and 3.35 m/day, (3) groundwater would be exploited by about 6.4 × 10⁶ m³/year, (4) the estimated recharge accounts for 3 × 10⁶ m³/year, (5) an estimated subsurface flow from the east accounts for 2.7 × 10⁶ m³/year, (6) the increase of total dissolved solids (TDS) most likely due to dilution of salts along the movement way of groundwater from recharge area to discharge area in addition to a contribution of sea water intrusion from the west. Moreover, it is worth to note that a part of TDS increase might be through up coning from underlying more saline Miocene sediments. It is recommended that: (1) any plan for increasing groundwater abstraction is unaffordable, (2) reliable estimates of groundwater abstraction should be done and (3) automatic well control system should be made.     

Groundwater level monitoring-importance global groundwater monitoring network

The paper illustrates the concept, methodology, essential components and importance of groundwater level monitoring in terms of various aquifers such as multiple aquifer, karst aquifer and other aquifers. The groundwater resources in Mekong countries including Cambodia, Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have also been reviewed. Finally, the author briefly presents Global Groundwater Monitoring Network