运用H、O同位素资料分析地下热水的补给来源——以鲁西北阳谷-齐河凸起为例

通过对阳谷-齐河凸起地下热水的化学成分、同位素及其地热地质条件的分析,对这一地区的地下热水的补给来源进行了研究。本区地下热水的δD为-65‰～-80.67‰,δ18O为-9.2‰～-10.2‰,均分布在全球雨水线的附近,说明该区地下热水主要为大气降水成因。济南北地热田地下热水的补给高程为256m,此范围大致相当于济南南部山区及其以南的泰山北麓;聊城东地热田地下热水的补给高程为411m,此范围大致相当于泰山山脉及其周边的中山区。聊城东地热田地下热水的2H过量参数d明显低于济南北地热田,说明聊城东地热田地下热水的补给区比后者更远。     

新疆塔什库尔干县曲曼地热田地下热水同位素研究

新疆塔什库尔干县曲曼地热田位于帕米尔高原中东部的塔什库尔干谷地北段, 钻孔揭露最高温度162 ℃。文章测定了曲曼地热田地下热水和地表水样品中的氢、氧、硫、氦等同位素, 结合B、Br、Cl等地热地球化学特征, 对地热田的补给来源、补给区高程和气温、热源、循环特征等进行了分析。测试结果显示: 地下热水中δ18O为–8.00‰ ~ –10.77‰, δD为–72.50‰ ~ –82.12‰, δ34SCDT为21.10‰~23.76‰; 其他水体中δ18O为–10.50‰ ~ –13.03‰, δD为–81.68‰ ~ –93.87‰, δ34SCDT为1.16‰~7.05‰; 4He值为0.01×10–4, 3He/4He为0.397 Ra; 地下热水中B含量为2.6~13.1 mg/L。对数据进行分析后得到以下结论: (1)曲曼地热田δD-δ18O分布在大气降水线下方且具有向右上方延伸的特点, TDS值为1~4 g/L, rNa/rCl(毫克当量比值)>0.85, Cl/Br(体积分数比值)>300, 是以大气降水为主要补给来源的循环型地下热水, 补给区为地热田西南侧的高山区, 其高程约4657 m, 雨季气温–3~2 ℃; (2)曲曼地热田孔口出水温度较高、热储温度较大的ZK7、ZK22表现出较大的“氧-18漂移”量, δ18O漂移值分别为2.12‰和2.35‰, 推测其属于岩浆热源型地热系统; (3)地下热水比冷水富集D超过4‰, 34S同位素显示地下热水体具有深源硫的特点, 3He/4He具有大气和地壳混源的氦同位素组成特征, 地下热水中B的质量浓度是其他水体的27倍多, 说明地下热水循环深度较大, 同时在深循环过程中可能有少量初生岩浆水混入。     

滇西维西县铜厂箐铜矿床C-O-H同位素特征及其成因探讨

滇西维西县铜厂箐铜矿床赋存于中侏罗统花开佐组二段粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩夹泥灰岩中,受断裂构造控制呈脉状产出。本次通过研究与该矿床铜矿化关系密切的石英及方解石C-H-O同位素组成特征,揭示其成矿流体来源,进而探讨该矿床成因。研究发现,该矿床中主成矿阶段与铜矿共生的方解石样品的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值变化于-6.93‰～-6.16‰,均值为-6.69‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值变化于10.88‰～13.07‰,均值为11.98‰;与铜矿共生的石英样品的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值变化于14.22‰～16.88‰,均值为15.93‰,δD_(V-SMOW)值介于-87.0‰～-61.7‰,均值为-75.99‰,表明成矿流体主要源自岩浆水。结合区域地质背景,认为在喜马拉雅期印度-欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,由于澜沧江深大断裂和雪龙山断裂长期活动,伴有深部岩浆含矿热液沿构造裂隙充填,形成铜厂箐脉状铜矿床。     

粤北仙石铀矿床的铅、碳、硫同位素研究

仙石铀矿床位于粤北贵东复式花岗岩体东部,矿体赋存于NWW向辉绿岩与NEE向硅化带交接部位。矿床中黄铁矿以富集放射成因铀铅为特征,3组比值分别为(^208Pb／^304Pb)．=18．756—23．883,(^207Pb／^304Pb)1=15．676～15．932,(^208Pb／^204Pb),=38．530—38．938,主要位于基底变质岩铅范围内;矿床中方解石δ^18C值为-8．5‰～-3．1‰,相似于地幔值((-5±2)‰);黄铁矿δ^18C值为-10．1‰～-8．3‰,它与花岗岩中黄铁矿δ^18C值(-10．9‰--7．1‰)相似,而与辉绿岩中黄铁矿δ^18C值(-0．03‰～2．1‰)区别明显。上述同位素特征表明仙石铀矿床的成矿物质具多源特征。     

内蒙古大井矿床碳氧同位素组成及其成因意义

利用碳氧同位素组成可以很好地判别其形成的沉积环境.以内蒙古大井矿床为例,对该矿床16个菱铁矿样品进行碳、氧同位素分析,δ13CPDB变化范围为-1.8‰～-6.6‰,δ18OVPDB变化范围为-23.1‰～-17.3‰.根据矿物δ13C与δ18O值投影到δ13C-δ18O图解中,样品数据在图中的投点落入热水沉积区,说明其形成过程中具有热水沉积作用的发生.古温度可以通过T=16.998-4.52(δ18cO-δ18wO)+0.03(δ18cO-δ18wO)2计算,其形成时的温度平均值为117℃,比海底和湖底的温度要高得多,主要原因在于热水流体参与成矿.碳酸盐的成矿环境可以通过公式Z=2.048(δ13C+50)+0.498(δ18O+50)计算:Z值大于120,表示成矿环境为海水;如果Z值小于120,表示成矿环境为淡水或湖水.内蒙古大井矿床菱铁矿的Z值为100～114,结合区域地质背景,大井矿床形成的古环境为深水湖泊环境.通过对碳氧同位素的分析,结合成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征以及微量元素组成,认为在大井矿床成矿的早期阶段曾经发生过热液沉积作用,本次研究不仅有利于全面理解和认识大井矿床成矿过程的全貌,而且有益于对古湖相环境热液事件的探索.     

浙西北地区大桥坞铀矿床硫同位素特征研究

大桥坞矿床是赣杭构造-火山岩带中典型火山岩型铀矿床之一,文章旨在研究大桥坞矿床硫同位素特征及其物源示踪意义。研究表明,大桥坞矿床铀矿石δ34 SV-CDT值介于-2.18‰～-10.43‰,蚀变围岩中的δ34SV-CDT值介于6.67‰～8.63‰,两者硫同位素组成存在明显的差异。分析认为,造成铀矿石的δ34SV-CDT值一致为负,而蚀变围岩的δ34SV-CDT值一致为正的原因,可能是成矿流体本身产生的沸腾去气作用导致硫同位素分馏效应;大桥坞矿床成矿流体中的硫具有幔源属性。     

福州地下热水赋存规律地球化学特征及其热储模式

本文阐述了福州地下热水的赋存规律;地球化学特征,并从地球化学角度来论述福州地下热水的成因及其热储模式。通过氢氧稳定同位素的研究,建立了福州地区的雨水线,其线性方程为:δD(‰)=8.8δ18O(‰)+18.1,并论证福州地下热水的成因是由大气降水补给,经深循环加热形成的,其循环深度约3500米。通过地球化学温标计算,认为热储温度最高只能在150℃左右。根据放射性同位素氘分析成果计算,确定福州地下热水形成时间在40年以上。同时在综合资料的基础上,建立了福州地热田的热储模式。     

云南昌宁柯街断裂带温泉水化学特征

通过对柯街断裂带上2个温泉(梁园温泉和大地温泉)水样的阴阳离子分析,正确划分了温泉水的水化学类型;同位素数据表明,2个样品的δD和δ18 O值均在大气降水线附近,且未显示δ18 O值向右漂移现象,说明该区地下热水具有现代大气降水的氢氧同位素组成特征,推断温泉形成与火山、岩浆型热源没有直接关系。大气降水的同位素组成与海拔高程之间的耦合关系,证明了地下热水补给源区位于西部山区;通过采用SiO2温标计算得出了温泉的热储温度和热水循环深度。梁园温泉热储温度为100.1℃,热水循环深度是1 643.3m,大地温泉热储温度为79.8℃,热水循环深度是1 237.2m。柯街断裂带的构造特征及岩性特征与地下热水的水化学组成、深循环机制和冷热水的混合机制有着本质的联系。     

滇东北巧家茂租铅锌矿成矿流体中的碳来源及矿床成因浅析

巧家茂租铅锌矿是滇东北赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩地层中的代表性铅锌矿床之一,通过对5件不同产状矿体中与成矿有关的热液成因碳酸盐矿物白云石和方解石样品的C-O同位素示踪分析,发现成矿流体中的碳主要有3种来源:(1)白云石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值介于0.6‰～3.5‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于17.9‰～18.5‰,具有明显的海相碳酸盐岩去碳酸盐化来源特征;(2)方解石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值主要集中于-5.7‰～-1.95‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于13.80‰～17.5‰,来自碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;(3)下层矿的方解石δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值出现了较大负值(δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)=-28.9‰),同时较高的氧同位素值(δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)=17.6‰)显示有机物氧化来源的有机碳同位素组成特征。综合前人的研究成果,认为茂租铅锌矿的形成与二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆热液无关,成矿物质除了前人认为的来源于基底地层和赋矿地层,区域上泥盆系碳酸盐岩也是重要的铅锌源。     

粤港澳大湾区地下热水地球化学特征及其热储含义

粤港澳大湾区地热资源丰富, 但人们对区内地下热水地球化学特征的认识还存在一定争议。本文对27组地下热样品的水化学分析表明, 研究区内陆地热水的水化学相主要为重碳酸盐型, 沿海地热水则主要呈氯离子型。地热水的δ2H和δ18O值分别为–30‰ ~ –48‰和–5.2‰ ~ –7.5‰。内陆地热水的δ2H和δ18O值沿当地大气降水线(LMWL)分布, 表明内陆地热水来源于当地大气降水补给。沿海地热水的δ18O值偏离当地大气降水线并向海水数据点靠拢, 沿海地热水的δ18O值与Cl–含量呈强正相关, 表明沿海地热流体源于当地大气降水和海水混合补给。经典地球化学温标、多矿物平衡状态模拟、硬石膏-玉髓矿物对饱和指数模拟以及硅-焓混合模型揭示的粤港澳大湾区地热系统热储温度为104~156 ℃。内陆地热水中的地下冷水的混入比例为52%~84%, 沿海地热水中海水的混入比例高达37%。内陆和沿海地热水的最大循环深度分别为3300~4800 m和3200~4200 m, 没有显著差别。水化学组成与氢氧同位素研究均表明, 水岩反应和混合作用共同控制着研究区地下热水的地球化学特征。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.