冀北梁头岩体年代学和地球化学特征及对古亚洲洋闭合时限的启示

华北板块北缘古亚洲洋闭合时间一直存在较大分歧,冀北张北梁头二长花岗岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,毗邻古亚洲洋构造域东南缘,对揭示古亚洲洋闭合时限具有重要启示。本文以梁头岩体为研究对象,开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U- Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb测年表明,梁头岩体的侵位年龄为262. 5±2. 6 Ma,形成时代为晚二叠世。岩石学和岩石地球化学研究表明,梁头岩体具有较高的SiO2(70. 27% ~ 73. 89%),Na2O(4. 2% ~ 4. 55%),K2O(3. 87% ~ 4. 64%),Sr(417×10-6 ~ 827×10-6)含量,较低的Yb(0. 286×10-6~ 0. 518×10-6),Y(2. 74×10-6 ~ 6. 98×10-6)含量。岩石富集Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Ti、P、Nb、Ta等高场强元素和HREE,轻重稀土分馏明显(LaN YbN=15. 6 ~ 67. 3),具有弱的正Eu 异常。该岩石显示高锶低钇中酸性岩（Adakite, 埃达克质岩）的地球化学特征,形成于陆缘弧环境,为陆弧岩浆岩。锆石的εHf(t)值为-17. 50 ~ -11. 12,模式年龄tDM2为1989~2390 Ma。结合华北克拉通北缘晚石炭世—早二叠世陆弧岩浆岩的时空分布与演化特征,梁头陆缘弧二长花岗岩体的存在表明古亚洲洋在晚二叠世(262. 5±2. 6 Ma)可能仍处于向华北克拉通北缘的俯冲消减过程中,古亚洲洋闭合时间可能应在晚二叠世末。     

贺根山缝合带晚石炭世TTG岩浆事件:奥长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学制约

本文以贺根山缝合带呼都格奥长花岗岩体为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学研究,讨论岩石成因、构造环境、TTG岩浆事件及古亚洲洋俯冲消亡过程。岩石地球化学研究表明,呼都格岩体富硅(SiO₂=66.27%~71.59%)、高铝(Al₂O₃=15.23%~15.94%)、富钠(Na₂O=4.13%~6.59%)、低钾(K₂O=1.72%~2.53%),相对高锶(Sr=196.60×10^-6~465.40×10^-6)、低钇(Y=5.70×10^-6~12.63×10^-6),富集Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素和HREE,无明显Eu异常。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,呼都格岩体属于以奥长花岗岩为主的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩TTG岩石组合。这套TTG组合除Sr、Mg、Ni和Cr含量相对较低之外,与高Si埃达克岩的地球化学特征相类似,形成于大洋俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为俯冲洋壳脱水熔融成因。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年获得两组年龄为306.3±1.9Ma和315.5±1.9Ma,表明该岩体侵位于晚石炭世,反映了贺根山缝合带晚石炭世大洋俯冲带TTG岩浆事件。结合其与梅劳特乌拉-高力罕蛇绿岩-TTG岩带前弧玄武岩、高镁安山岩/高镁闪长岩、埃达克岩、TTG、富铌弧玄武岩/辉长岩的岩石构造组合,认为古亚洲洋二连-贺根山洋盆在晚石炭世可能处于洋壳俯冲消减、TTG岩浆活动和新生陆壳生长洋陆转换过程中。     

内蒙古化德地区二叠纪—三叠纪侵入岩年代学及地球化学特征：对古亚洲洋东段构造演化的制约

本文对华北克拉通北缘中段内蒙古化德地区二叠纪—三叠纪5个花岗质侵入体进行了岩相学、地球化学、锆石U Pb年代学以及Sr Nd Hf同位素研究。结果表明本次所研究的岩体主要起源于华北克拉通古老下地壳的部分熔融,八音察汗岩体形成于早二叠世（276±1 Ma）,在岩浆上升过程中发生了岩浆混合作用;白音特拉岩体形成于中二叠世（270±1 Ma）,为地壳加厚作用下变质杂砂岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩;毛忽庆岩体形成于晚二叠世（254±1 Ma）,为I型花岗岩;张万良岩体与康家地岩体分别形成于早三叠世（248±1 Ma）和晚三叠世（229±1 Ma）,两者均为A型花岗岩。综合前人研究,本文认为研究区在早二叠世—晚三叠世经历了古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲、俯冲 同碰撞、持续碰撞以及造山后的伸展4个阶段,古亚洲洋东段在研究区的闭合时间应为中二叠世晚期。     

二连—贺根山缝合带晚石炭世埃达克岩的发现及古亚洲洋洋内俯冲作用

内蒙古二连—贺根山缝合带额很傲包图英云闪长岩体,出露于西乌旗梅劳特乌拉SSZ型蛇绿岩带北侧。为了确定该岩体的岩石成因类型,探讨其构造环境及古亚洲洋俯冲消亡过程,对该岩体进行了岩石学、地球化学和LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。额很傲包图英云闪长岩高硅富铝,富钠贫钾,高锶低钇,富集Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素和HREE,无明显Eu异常。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,该英云闪长岩体为高Si埃达克岩(HSA),形成于岛弧环境,具有洋内俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应成因特征。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,额很傲包图英云闪长岩体的侵位年龄为(305.6±1.5)Ma,形成时代为晚石炭世。结合二连—贺根山缝合带石炭纪蛇绿岩、石炭纪—二叠纪岛弧型岩浆岩的时空分布与演化特征,认为古亚洲洋二连—贺根山洋盆在石炭纪—早二叠世处于以洋内俯冲为特征的大洋俯冲消亡过程中。     

兴蒙造山带南段白音图嘎地区A型花岗岩地球化学特征及其对古亚洲洋演化的制约

关于兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世A型花岗岩成因及其形成构造背景目前仍存在分歧。本文针对兴蒙造山带南段白音图嘎地区二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学以及全岩地球化学研究,从而探讨其岩石成因以及对晚古生代该区构造演化的制约。分析结果显示:二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄分别为312±2Ma和294±2Ma,为晚石炭世和早二叠世岩浆活动产物。两者具有相似的地球化学组成,都有高硅(SiO_2=70.83%～73.85%)、高钾(K_2O=5.66%～7.97%)、高碱(Na_2O+K_2O=9.87%～13.29%)、低铝(Al_2O_3=10.72%～12.93%)、低钙镁(CaO=0.19%～1.22%,MgO=0.10%～0.26%)和低磷钛(TiO_2=0.01%～0.25%, P_2O_5=0.03%～0.21%)的特征,均强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Eu,弱亏损Nb、Ta等元素,具有较弱的轻重稀土元素分异以及强负Eu异常((La/Yb)N=2.4～5.8,Eu/Eu*=0.05～0.66),岩石类型都为过碱质A型花岗岩。此外,岩石还富K贫Na,低Ga、Ce,高Y,低Rb/Ba、K/Rb值。岩石地球化学特征显示其为新生下地壳熔融,源区富含辉石和钾长石,缺乏石榴子石和黑云母,形成于后碰撞伸展背景中,而古亚洲洋在312Ma年前就已闭合。综合区域构造演化史以及同时代岩浆岩的年代学和地球化学特征表明,由于早石炭世古亚洲洋俯冲板片后撤和弧后拉张作用的影响,贺根山洋在白音宝力道弧后打开。在晚石炭世造山后伸展大背景下还存在着小规模的晚石炭世-早二叠世俯冲-碰撞造山运动,从而导致区域上晚石炭世-早二叠世同时存在钙碱性岛弧火山岩以及后碰撞A型花岗岩。     

内蒙古狼山地区石炭纪-三叠纪岩浆作用及其构造意义

华北地块北缘广泛发育石炭纪-三叠纪岩浆岩,岩浆岩的时空展布及反映的构造背景对研究古亚洲洋的俯冲增生作用具有重要的意义.然而,目前的研究集中在华北地块北缘中东部,该期岩浆活动的向西延伸有待深入研究.通过对狼山地区近年来获得的晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素数据的综合分析,结果表明该区经历了早石炭世-晚二叠世、中-晚三叠世两期构造岩浆作用.其中,早石炭世-晚二叠世岩浆活动时限在338~251 Ma,岩性主要为辉长岩、角闪辉长岩、闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩及二长花岗岩,辉长岩类的微量元素蛛网图及稀土元素配分型式与岛弧火山岩的曲线类似,花岗岩类具高Sr（>250×10-6,平均值为425×10-6）低Y（6.89×10-6~24.30×10-6）的特点.中-晚三叠世岩浆活动时限在245~228 Ma,岩性主要为正长花岗岩,花岗岩具高K₂O/Na₂O（1.48~1.58）、低Sr（154×10-6~49×10-6）低Yb（1.01×10-6~1.38×10-6）的特点,稀土配分曲线表现为轻稀土略富集、Eu负异常中等-强（Eu*=0.54~0.23）、重稀土平坦的近似海鸥型,总体反映了后造山花岗岩的地球化学特征.结合构造判别图解及区域地质资料,结果表明狼山地区早石炭世-晚二叠世为俯冲挤压的构造背景,中-晚三叠世则进入了后造山伸展的构造阶段.狼山地区晚古生代-早中生代发育的两期构造岩浆作用与华北陆块北缘中东部（330~265 Ma及250~200 Ma）类似,古亚洲洋的向南俯冲形成了华北陆块北缘近东西向延伸的晚古生代岩浆岩带,华北陆块与其北缘增生造山带拼贴作用的时限为二叠纪末-三叠纪初.      

内蒙古巴林右旗晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩特征及其地质意义

内蒙古东南部巴林右旗地区发育晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩,岩石组合为安山岩、粗安岩、英安岩及辉石安山岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为256.7±2.7Ma,指示其形成于晚二叠世。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩属准铝质-弱铝质中钾钙碱性岩石系列,具富Si(SiO_256%)、高Al(Al_2O_315%)、富Na、贫K、高Sr、低Yb和Y等特征,Na_2O/K_2O值为2.33~3.90,Mg~#值为35.3~60.8;稀土元素总量为96.69×10~(-6)~192.4×10~(-6)、轻重稀土元素分馏较明显((La/Yb)_N值为6.27~13.82),具正的Eu(δEu=1~1.67)异常,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,为O型(大洋型)埃达克质火山岩地球化学特征。综合区域资料,巴林右旗埃达克质火山岩是残留在地幔中的古亚洲洋残余洋壳部分熔融并受到地幔橄榄岩混染形成的,暗示晚二叠世存在古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲消亡事件。     

阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用成因及构造意义

阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用的成因研究，对理解阿拉善地块与古亚洲洋相互作用过程至关重要。本文在阿拉善地块中部新识别出一中志留世花岗岩体(噶顺花岗岩),其锆石U-Pb年龄为432Ma,以高Sr低Y为特征，属弱过铝质、中钾-高钾钙碱性花岗岩，ε_Hf (t)=-8.8～-19.4,形成于古老下地壳岩石的部分熔融。本文同时总结了阿拉善地块其他晚奥陶世-早泥盆世岩浆岩的成分特征，发现阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆岩在成因上可分为两类：类型I,侵位于晚奥陶世-早中志留世，为典型幔源弧岩浆岩，形成于俯冲流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融；类型II,侵位于中晚志留世-早泥盆世，普遍高Sr低Y,形成于古老中基性地壳岩石的部分熔融。纵观阿拉善地块整个早古生代的岩浆作用，在晚奥陶世-早中志留世→中晚志留世-早泥盆世→中晚泥盆世期间，阿拉善地块的岩浆作用从幔源弧岩浆岩过渡到壳源高Sr低Y型花岗岩再到岩浆作用逐渐消失，反映了阿拉善地块陆缘弧从相对伸展环境向挤压弧的转变。这一岩浆作用演化记录了区域构造作用从典型洋陆俯冲到俯冲作用逐渐减弱(直至停止)或者俯冲角度(从陡俯冲向平俯冲)的转变过程；总体上，阿拉善地块早...     

江南造山带东段东源含钨岩体的岩石化学、矿物学特征研究

东源岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩构成。长石绢云母化、碳酸盐化作用较强,黑云母发生白云母化和轻微绿泥石化蚀变。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得岩体的成岩年龄为晚侏罗世-早白垩世((146.7±4.1)Ma);含有大量新元古代的继承锆石,加权平均年龄为(770.2±9.7)Ma。岩体中黑云母为镁质黑云母,显示寄主岩为壳幔混合来源。岩石地球化学特征总体表现为高钾钙碱性系列-橄榄粗玄岩系列,准铝质-过铝质,相对高的Sr、Ba含量,低Y和Yb,弱的Eu异常(δEu=0.74~0.83),富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素。初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.7124,εNd(t)值为–5.53。东源岩体的地球化学特征表现出埃达克质岩的亲缘性,类似于加厚下地壳部分熔融产生的熔体。锆石εHf(t)值为–13.0~–7.0,变化较大。结合区域地质和构造演化,认为在晚侏罗世-早白垩世(约146.7 Ma),古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲使先前交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,幔源岩浆底侵到壳幔过渡带附近,导致下地壳部分熔融,可能与少量的幔源岩浆发生岩浆混合作用,形成了东源岩体。     

东昆仑山脉晚志留世-早侏罗世花岗类岩石中锆石微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义

为了更深入的认识东昆仑山脉岩浆作用和构造演化历史,本文采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)方法对东昆仑山脉中部和东部不同时代的花岗类岩石中锆石进行了系统的微量元素分析。东昆仑山脉晚志留世二长花岗岩和晚二叠世、晚三叠世、早侏罗世花岗岩中绝大多数锆石Th/U0.5,锆石的球粒陨石标准化REE配分曲线均为HREE相对于MREE和LREE富集,并且具有Ce正异常和Eu负异常,为典型的岩浆锆石。晚志留世二长花岗岩和晚二叠世、晚三叠世花岗岩锆石具有低的Ce正异常,高的Eu负异常;早侏罗世花岗岩锆石则具有高的Ce正异常,高Nb、Ta含量,低Eu负异常;晚二叠世花岗岩锆石还具有高∑REE、Y、Th、U含量;而晚三叠世花岗岩锆石则在所有样品中具有最高的Hf含量,是演化程度高的岩浆产物。除此之外,晚志留世、晚二叠世、晚三叠世和早侏罗世样品中部分锆石呈现LREE富集,说明它们在岩浆晚期可能遭受LREE富集热液的改造。根据锆石Ti温度计,计算出所有样品的结晶温度小于800℃,说明它们很有可能形成于富集流体的俯冲带环境。结合前人研究资料和所分析锆石的U-Pb年龄数据,对东昆仑山脉中古-中生代多期的构造-岩浆事件提供了新的约束:(1)晚志留世二长花岗岩的形成可能与一个小型洋盆的俯冲作用有关,其岩浆源区是地壳浅部的沉积基底;(2)晚二叠世花岗岩可能是在古特提斯洋向北俯冲过程中由于幔源岩浆使浅层地壳发生熔融形成;(3)晚三叠世-早侏罗世花岗岩在羌塘和昆仑-柴达木同碰撞过程形成。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.