液化后砂土流体特性测试装置的研发及试验研究

为研究液化砂土的流动变形特征,开展了液化砂土的流体特性试验研究。基于边界层理论研发一套液化砂土表观黏度测试装置,主要由调速电机、电机调速器、圆柱转子、扭矩传感器等部分组成,该装置能有效测试液化砂土的表观黏度;开展了不同孔压比、转速下饱和砂土表观黏度及圆柱转子所受摩擦力矩特性研究,着重分析了液化后砂土的表观黏度特性。结果表明,液化前孔压发展及液化后孔压消散阶段摩擦力矩均受到孔压比及转速的影响;液化后砂土孔压逐渐消散,强度恢复,流动能力衰减,表观黏度升高,表观黏度与孔压比呈现出一定的线性相关性;表观黏度随着剪应变率的增大而降低,且两者呈现出幂函数关系,表明液化后砂土具有典型幂律型剪切稀化非牛顿流体特征。     

动扭剪试验中砂土液化后流动特性分析

土体在初始液化后仍然可能承受动荷载作用发生大变形。引入流体力学中的剪应变率和表观黏度的概念,对振动扭剪试验中饱和砂土液化后的流动特性进行了分析。分析中将砂土的状态分为0有效应力状态和非0有效应力状态。结果表明,砂土在0有效应力状态下表现出与静扭剪试验类似的“剪切稀化”非牛顿流体的特征,表观黏度随着剪应变率的增大而减小。加载周数对“剪切稀化”状态下的剪应变率幅值有影响,随着加载周数的增加,剪应变率幅值逐渐增大,而对流动曲线的形状没有影响。在非0有效应力状态下,砂土的表观黏度随应变的增大而增大,随孔压比的减小而增大,且所有的试验得到的表观黏度与孔压比具有一致关系。     

基于自由场大型振动台试验的饱和砂土固-液相变特征研究

基于饱和砂土自由场地大型振动台试验,利用加速度记录的线性方法反演得到模型地基土动剪应力-动剪应变,并根据流体动力学相关理论,引入非牛顿流体中的表观黏度、零剪切黏度等概念,对场地液化后的剪切稀化特征进行探讨,研究了饱和砂土在地震荷载下的固-液相变特征。研究结果表明:大震激励时,饱和砂土层上部土体孔压比达到1,饱和砂土液化,从动剪应力-动剪应变曲线变化中可知液化后的砂土动剪切模量下降明显,这表明土体逐渐软化;从动剪应力、动剪应变推导得出的饱和砂土剪应力-剪应变率变化趋势与非牛顿流体的流变曲线相近,且饱和砂土上部液化土层的表观黏度大幅下降,液化后砂土表现出"剪切稀化"的假塑性流体特性。     

大型石化地基振冲碎石桩处理现场试验研究

针对大型炼厂工程地基处理的复杂性,开展了振冲碎石桩的现场试验。利用静力触探试验检测桩体密实度和判别饱和砂土液化。基于旁压试验、标准贯入试验和重型动力触探试验结果,分析了施工前后地基承载力和土体工程特性变化情况。以单桩和复合地基载荷试验结果验证了桩间土、单桩及复合地基的承载性能。研究结果表明,振冲碎石桩对桩长范围的砂土具有明显的挤密效应,工程特性和场地的均匀性在处理后有了明显改善和提高,有效地消除了桩长范围内砂土的液化可能性。静载荷试验结果表明,振冲碎石桩复合地基承载力能达到设计要求;振冲碎石桩对砂土层下卧黏性土层的加固作用不明显,部分深度范围内土体强度降低;当地面以下10 m内不存在厚度大于5 m的软土夹层时,较薄的软土夹层状对挤密加固其余深度的砂土未产生明显影响,对地基承载力影响亦较小。     

基于现场液化试验的饱和砂土孔压增量计算模型

采用现场液化试验,研究水平场地孔压增长模式,提出孔压增量计算模型。通过不同密实度砂土的液化试验,以加速度、埋深、砂土密实度等现场参数为指标构建孔压增量模型,发现现场和室内试验孔压增长模式的区别和联系,并验证该孔压模型的可靠性。研究结果表明：等幅循环荷载下,与现有动三轴等土单元试验的孔压增量随作用次数一直呈单调递减模式不同,现场试验孔压增量随作用次数呈现出先增大后减小的规律,中间存在阈值;通过参数分析和试验实例验证,构建的孔压增量计算模型,可更方便地用于随机荷载下水平场地的饱和砂土孔压计算。     

考虑黏性的液化土中水平振动桩基桩顶阻抗研究

建立了三维黏性流体-桩-土体相互作用分析模型,对简谐激振水平动荷载作用下的液化土中桩基振动响应问题进行解析研究。将桩周液化土体视为黏性不可压缩流体,建立流体运动方程,利用亥姆霍兹分解和分离变量法并结合流体边界条件和桩-流体位移、速度连续条件及桩身边界条件,求得了黏性流体动压力及流体速度势解析表达式,从而得到桩身阻力表达式。用饱和多孔介质模型模拟饱和未液化土层,在已有饱和未液化土层振动响应解析解的基础上,推导得出上覆黏性液化流体,下层土体为饱和未液化土中水平振动桩基桩顶阻抗解析解。与已有的水中悬臂梁自由振动解析解对比,验证提出的模型解的正确性,最后分析了流体黏滞系数、桩长、桩土模量比对桩顶阻抗的影响。结果表明,忽略液化土体的黏性特征会高估桩基础桩顶的刚度阻抗,低估其阻尼阻抗。     

利用旁压试验的砂土初始状态反演分析

讨论了砂土旁压试验的反分析问题。建议利用旁压试验实测数据反演确定土体的初始状态而非材料参数,材料参数可以通过实验室常规试验确定。主要利用了新型的亚塑性本构模型参数不受土体状态影响的特点。主要内容包括：建立有限元数值模型,利用文献中的试验数据确定了特定砂土的材料参数;通过模拟砂土的实验室旁压试验,验证了数值模型;通过改变土体初始应力状态和相对密实度进行数值计算,并利用数值计算成果,建立了可适用于砂土初始状态反演分析的实测旁压荷载和土体中应力与相对密度的数学关系。     

含细粒珊瑚土抗液化特性试验研究

珊瑚土作为新兴的热带地区岛礁与港口工程的首选土工材料,宽级配是其结构组成的主要特征。由于相关工程面临较高的地震风险,珊瑚土的抗液化能力正逐渐引起重视。为探究含细粒珊瑚土的抗液化能力,以东太平洋某热带港口工程的实际珊瑚土场地为背景,通过大粒径循环三轴液化试验测试了设计相对密实度为0.4～0.8的3组代表性级配试样及剔除细粒的两组试样的饱和不排水动强度。试验结果表明：幂函数可以模拟含细粒珊瑚土的循环应力比与液化所需振次关系;细粒的存在与相对密实度的提高不会显著提高珊瑚土抗液化能力;珊瑚土液化过程的超静孔压发展模式与砂土相近,两参数或三参数的反正弦模型可以较好地模拟含细粒珊瑚土的液化超孔压发展过程。研究表明,含细粒珊瑚土仍然属于可液化土类。以背景工程为例,同类型工程在设计施工及使用阶段都需要考虑对地震液化灾害的设防,该研究为珊瑚土液化防治工作提供了技术支持。     

黄河三角洲地区砂土路基液化机理探讨及处置

从砂土路基液化机理人手,结合黄河三角洲地区地基土工程地质特征,对该地区路基砂土液化做现场振动试验,找出影响砂土路基液化的影响因素,主要内因有土体的密实度、含水量和土体中是否存在软弱区;主要外因有荷载的大小、作用时间和荷载频率。并针对砂土液化的内外因,结合青银高速公路强夯处理案例展开分析,提出了处理方法。     

双层黏弹性地基一维固结分析

软土具有黏滞性,对其固结和变形会产生一定程度的影响。采用现有基于广义Voigt流变模型的单层黏弹性地基一维固结问题求解方法,获得各土层的孔压通解表达式。根据两层土体接触面处孔压和流量连续条件及边界条件,给出了系统的正交关系,进而确定通解中待定系数。广义Voigt模型反映了土体应力应变关系在不同时期的特征,因此该解有广泛的适用性。采用岩土工程中应用较广的Merchant流变模型对一工程算例进行了分析。分析结果表明,土体的黏滞性降低了土体的固结速度,且深度越深,影响幅度越大。     

Pore pressure generation in silty sands during cyclic loading

Recent developments in studies of soil response to earthquake loadings have made it possible to incorporate the rates of pore water pressure build-up in soils in to nonlinear response analyses of the grounds. Such pore pressure changes help in computing the changes in stress-strain behaviour of soils in the deposit progressively as the earthquake progresses. The rate and magnitude of pore pressure generation in soils during seismic loading will have important effects on the shear strength, stability, and settlement characteristics of a soil mass, even if the soil does not liquefy. The results in terms of pore pressure response in soils from a series of experimental investigations using strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests on soils samples collected from liquefied sites are presented in this paper. The effect of relative density, amplitude of cyclic shear strain, number of loading cycles, confining pressure and frequency of cyclic loading on the pore pressure build-up are studied. Analytical expressions are proposed using regression analysis to define mean relationships between normalized pore water pressure and normalized cycles for the prediction of pore water pressure build-up in silty sands. Also, the pore water pressure build-up in soils is independent of frequency of loading.     

A macroscopic model for predicting the relative hydraulic permeability of unsaturated soils

A macroscopic model for predicting the relative hydraulic permeability of unsaturated soils is proposed. In this model, pores in unsaturated soils are considered to be parallel flow tubes. The water flow in the pores is assumed to take place in the water film on the inside wall of the flow tubes. The viscosity of pore water is considered to be different from the viscosity of pure water and variable with the variation of degree of saturation. The values of tortuosity factor and pore shape factor of unsaturated soils are estimated theoretically. The theoretical model is verified using experimental data for 32 different soils. For application in engineering practice, the value of viscosity of pore water in different soils is proposed.     

Flow analysis of liquefied soils based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics

To overcome the disadvantages of traditional flow analysis methods for liquefied soils that exhibit fluidization and large deformation characteristics, Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is adopted in this study to analyze the flow processes of liquefied soils. Bingham model with the use of the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, the concepts of equivalent Newtonian viscosity, and the Verlet neighbor list method are introduced into the framework of SPH to build an algorithm for the analysis of flowing liquefied soils. This modeling involves a simulation of physical model test of flowing liquefied soils that can be compared with numerical results. In addition, a shaking table test is selected from the literature for SPH analysis to verify the validation of the SPH method and extend its applications. The SPH simulation can reproduce the flow processes of liquefied soils and constrain estimates of the horizontal displacement, vertical displacement, and velocity of soils after liquefaction. According to the dynamic behaviors of the materials involved, designs can be implemented to improve the seismic safety of structures.     

水平圆柱强迫振荡水动力特性的数值模拟

为了研究处于自由面以下完全淹没状态的水平圆柱在强迫振荡运动时的水动力特性,采用基于黏性流理论建立的二维两相流数值波浪水槽模型,对不同液相黏性条件下强迫振荡水平圆柱的受力进行计算,并对压力、黏性切力和圆柱运动之间的相位关系特征进行对比和分析,进而结合流场分析解释黏性影响机理。结果表明:黏性切力和涡旋压力对流体作用力的贡献差别是导致不同流体黏性下流体作用力结果差异的主要原因;涡旋运动相对圆柱振荡运动的滞后性受流体黏性影响显著,导致不同流体黏性下压力之间有相位差;流体水质点相对于圆柱的滞后运动在大黏性流体中更为显著,这导致了其黏性切力的相位超前现象。     

水平圆柱强迫振荡水动力特性的数值模拟

为了研究处于自由面以下完全淹没状态的水平圆柱在强迫振荡运动时的水动力特性,采用基于黏性流理论建立的二维两相流数值波浪水槽模型,对不同液相黏性条件下强迫振荡水平圆柱的受力进行计算,并对压力、黏性切力和圆柱运动之间的相位关系特征进行对比和分析,进而结合流场分析解释黏性影响机理。结果表明:黏性切力和涡旋压力对流体作用力的贡献差别是导致不同流体黏性下流体作用力结果差异的主要原因;涡旋运动相对圆柱振荡运动的滞后性受流体黏性影响显著,导致不同流体黏性下压力之间有相位差;流体水质点相对于圆柱的滞后运动在大黏性流体中更为显著,这导致了其黏性切力的相位超前现象。     

Numerical prediction of liquefied ground characteristics from back-analysis of lateral spreading centrifuge experiments

In this paper, liquefied and laterally spreading soils triggered by seismic shaking are modeled as viscoplastic Bingham media characterized by two rheological parameters: the undrained residual shear strength and the Bingham viscosity coefficient. Since the precise evaluation of these two characteristics directly by appropriate in situ or laboratory experimental tests remains a very difficult task, an identification procedure is developed to assign numerically realistic values to both rheological characteristics from back-calculation of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading using centrifuge experiments. The proposed numerical procedure is applied successfully to two series of reported centrifuge tests where lateral displacements data during shaking were available.     

Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples

The effects of liquefaction in saturated sand bodies under a variety of driving forces are described from shaking table experiments, and structures from the geological record are presented which are analogous to the experimental structures. The collapse of sloping heaps of cross-bedded sand under a gravitational body force generates low-angle, essentially uncontorted stratification. A basal zone of shearing may be present, with steepened and folded foresets. Stretching of foresets may be accommodated on normal faults, and bottomsets may be contorted into inclined folds. In natural systems the substrate may also liquefy, causing deformation driven by an unevenly distributed confining load. Stratification in the surface bedform is flattened, and stratification in the substratum contorted. Experiments failed to produce relative displacement at the interface between stacked sand bodies. Liquefaction of gravitationally unstable systems in sands generates load structures comparable to those from sand-mud systems. Recumbent-folded deformed cross-bedding is formed by current shear over a liquefied bed, as has been inferred from field and theoretical analyses. Shear of nonliquefied sand forms angular folds. Other deformation mechanisms, such as fluidization or seepage, may generate structures similar to all of these. Local water-escape structures driven by fluidization occur in the upper parts of some liquefied sand bodies. They include cusps, sand volcanoes and clastic dykes. Transient cavities formed in some experiments and seemed to be preserved as breached cusps. Although the experiments tried to isolate individual driving forces, driving forces may operate together, and there may be a continuum between deformation driven by water escape and deformation driven by loading. Different structures from those described here may form where liquefaction develops in a buried layer as opposed to at the sediment surface.     

Piles in fully liquefied soils with lateral spread

The paper provides a new analysis procedure for the assessment of the lateral response of isolated piles/drilled shafts in saturated sands as liquefaction and lateral soil spread develop in response to dynamic loading such as that generated by the earthquake shaking. The presented method accounts for: (1) the development of full liquefaction in the free-field soil that could trigger the lateral spread of the overlying crust layer; (2) the driving force exerted by the crust layer based on the interaction between the pile and the upper non-liquefied soil (crust) layer; and (3) the variation of the excess pore water pressure (i.e. post-liquefaction soil strength) in the near-field soil with the progressive pile deflection under lateral soil spread driving force. A constitutive model for fully liquefied sands under monotonic loading and undrained conditions is developed in order to predict the zone of post-liquefaction zero-strength of liquefied sand before it rebounds with the increasing soil strain in the near-field. The analytical and empirical concepts employed in the Strain Wedge (SW) model allow the modeling of such a sophisticated phenomenon of lateral soil spread that could accompany or follow the occurrence of seismic events without using modifying parameters or shape corrections to account for soil liquefaction.