赣东北金山金矿床构造变形特征及其区域构造意义

金山金矿产于赣东北断裂带的次级剪切带中,其成矿作用与韧性剪切带的动力变质作用密切相关。本文通过对矿区金矿体的地质特征和运动学特征的分析,认为金山金矿成矿期经历了两期韧性剪切作用,即早期由NNW向SSE的韧性推覆剪切,晚期沿NE方向的左行韧性走滑剪切,分别形成NW向超糜棱岩型矿体和NE方向石英脉型矿体,两期韧剪变形均发生在新元古代,对应于江南造山带在碰撞造山阶段和后造山伸展阶段的动力变质事件。成矿后,矿区先受到NW向的挤压应力场作用,形成NE走向的逆断层、NW走向的张性断层以及SN走向的左行压扭断层,之后转为NW向的拉张应力场,形成NE走向的正断层。金山金矿床的构造变形特征指示了赣东北断裂带活动的阶段性,赣东北地区在晋宁期经历了两期构造-岩浆-变质事件;加里东-印支期构造活动比较弱;燕山期本区构造-岩浆活动强烈,引起赣东北断裂带的再次活动。     

柴北缘锡铁山铅锌矿床构造变形特征及其地质意义

锡铁山铅锌矿床位于柴达木盆地北缘,是我国西北地区重要的有色金属矿床之一。系统的地表调查和坑道编录表明,矿区不同岩石单元构造变形及力学特征不同,既有赋存于滩间山群绿片岩内部的早期深层次韧性-韧脆性变形构造,也有赋存于滩间山群原c岩组紫红色砂岩中的晚期浅层次脆性变形构造。结合区域上柴北缘造山带构造演化事件时间序列以及矿区构造特征的分析表明,韧性-韧脆性变形构造与陆-陆深俯冲碰撞造山作用及俯冲板片的折返有关,矿区浅层次脆性变形应形成于滩间山群原c岩组紫红色含砾砂页岩沉积之后。应力场恢复显示早期韧性-韧脆性变形构造形迹的主应力σ_1方向主要为NE/NEE-SW/SWW方向,倾角为5°～60°,表明矿区早期变形阶段具有NE/NEE-SW/SWW向近水平挤压、左行走滑、斜向逆冲的性质;而晚期脆性变形恢复的主应力方向有2个,锡铁山沟地区表现为EW方向,无名沟-中间沟地区为NW-SE方向。对不同中段控矿断裂构造形成时的主应力状态恢复结果显示NW向断裂构造主应力σ_1状态为NE-SW向,显示压扭性逆冲-走滑断层性质,而NE向断裂构造主应力σ_1状态为NW-SE向,显示张扭性正-滑断层性质,分别为上述早期和晚期变形应力场的产物。锡铁山矿体分布受控于左行逆冲和左行滑覆构造运动,矿区北西部成矿较为有利,成矿后的NEE-EW向断层左行运动对矿体产生破坏作用,导致西侧矿体南移,东侧矿体北移。     

东昆仑五龙沟金矿矿集区韧性剪切带构造变形特点研究

野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明,五龙沟地区经历了长期构造演化,具有多层次多期构造作用产物叠生特点。可分为早印支期(240 Ma左右)及其以前的韧性变形;晚印支—早燕山期的(235~197 Ma)的脆韧性变形;晚燕山期以来,尤其早-中喜马拉雅期(51~21 Ma)的脆性变形。晚印支期—早燕山期的脆-韧性变形,与造山隆升相伴,表现为先存变质核杂岩构造北东翼构造岩类的褶皱、断裂,奠定了五龙沟地区北西西向的构造主线,即形式上的数条北西西向韧剪带平行展布,从韧性变形、韧-脆性变形到脆性变形的构造运动依次为左行正滑→左行逆冲→右行正滑。     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿二矿区构造特征分析

辽宁弓长岭铁矿不仅发现较早、规模较大、开采历史较长,而且向下延深较大且富铁矿增多。针对弓长岭二矿区的构造解剖研究表明,二矿区至少经历了4期构造变形:第一期为小型塑性流变褶皱,第二期为区域规模的倒转同斜褶皱,第三期属于横跨叠加褶皱,第四期为区域规模的隆升。伴随着四期褶皱作用的断裂构造,从早到晚,则表现为韧性剪切带-脆韧性剪切带-韧脆性剪切带-脆性破裂。构造变形对铁矿的形成有一定的控制作用。     

川西北马脑壳金矿床构造-流体-金成矿作用系统演化模式

基于对马脑壳金矿床构造变形分析及流体包裹体研究,探讨了马脑壳金矿床形成过程和热液成矿机制,认为自印支运动以来,该区先后经历了韧性、韧-脆性及脆性等多期构造变形演化过程,并伴有多次热液活动。热液的来源及性质与构造变形作用密切相关,早期韧性构造变形期,热液来源以地层建造水和变质水为主,而韧-脆性变形期以来大气降水不断加入并逐渐占据优势。由韧性→韧-脆性和韧-脆性→脆性构造变形机制的转变,引起热液发生混合及相分离作用,并导致热液体系T、pH、fo₂、fs₂等物化条件降低变化,造成热液中含金络合物溶解度大幅度下降而发生沉淀成矿作用。概括总结了马脑壳金矿床构造-流体-金成矿作用系统演化模式。     

内蒙古白云鄂博超大型稀土-铌-铁矿床控矿构造特征及深部找矿方向

对白云鄂博超大型稀土-铌-铁矿田内褶皱及断层构造特征进行了剖析和总结,认为矿区内构造活动演化具有多期性,中元古代—海西期至少发育4期构造活动,包括近东西向控岩断层(F1)、近东西向逆-平移断层(F2)、近东西向褶皱和韧性剪切构造、北东向左行走滑正断层(F3),并将其对成岩成矿的影响及控制作用作了详细分析。认为:①沿白云石碳酸岩与顶底板围岩界线分布的近东西向断层控制了白云石碳酸岩的产出和矿体的形成;②白云石碳酸岩侵位之后,近东西向逆-平移断层对矿体进行了第一次破坏,导致主矿、东矿的深部矿体向东平移,钻孔WK14-01的深部矿体应为主矿深部的矿体平移所致;③成矿期后发育一期近南北向的挤压变形事件对矿体进行了第二次破坏,导致矿区白云鄂博群紧闭褶皱的形成和矿体发生透镜体化;④主矿、东矿之间的北东向左行走滑正断层对矿体进行了第三次破坏,导致主、东矿位置的错动。这些认识将对矿区深部及外围找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。     

新疆南天山科克苏河地区构造变形特征

本文通过对南天山科克苏河地区构造变形特征的研究，总结出会聚板块边界造山运动过程中构造变形的演化规律为：造山运动早期，板块俯冲作用促成俯冲杂岩发生蓝片岩相变质作用的同时，发育深层次韧性挤压变形构造；俯冲作用停止后，蓝片岩抬升、拆返过程中遭受韧性挤压变形叠加；造山运动晚期，则发育大规模韧性逆冲构造和韧性平滑走滑构造；造山运动末期，发育浅层次韧脆性开阔褶皱、区域性同斜倒转褶皱及逆冲断层。     

CCSD主孔3 000m岩心构造产状特征及其地质意义

对CCSD主孔3 000 m岩心叶理、具断层擦痕的微断层及断层擦痕产状特征进行了统计分析, 并分析了脆、韧性剪切带的运动学特征, 研究表明(1) 榴辉岩类叶理产状明显较片麻岩类陡, 可能与其岩石能干性较强有关, 因而在挤压褶皱变形过程中表现出不同的变形行为.韧性变形主体表现为顺层剪切, 含断层擦痕的微断层最主要的一组产状与叶理面一致或接近一致, 部分伴随与之呈共轭关系的另一组微断层. (2) 脆、韧性变形以SEE-NWW向剪切为主, 部分为近SN向, 脆性、韧性变形域断层运动方向基本一致.但现在所保留下来的构造变形中韧性变形以SEE向NWW的逆冲型剪切为主, 部分为近SN向韧性剪切作用; 而脆性变形以NWW向SEE的正滑作用为主. (3) 主孔构造应力场初步可划分为4期, 现在所保留的主期构造为SEE-NWW向挤压构造应力场所致.      

西藏甲玛—驱龙地区叶巴岩组构造学特征

通过野外地质调查和定向薄片显微构造研究,对甲玛—驱龙地区叶巴岩组的变形、运动学和动力学进行了初步研究,指出:①原叶巴组实为构造岩,应称"叶巴岩组",区内可分为四个岩段,构成两个变火山-沉积旋回;②叶巴岩组在宏观上表现为自北而南的轴面总体北倾的复背斜和复向斜;③叶巴岩组经历过两期韧性变形,多期韧脆性变形,且邻甲玛—卡军果推-滑覆构造系主推覆面的C岩段还多经历了三期较浅层次的面理置换和一期膝折变形;④叶巴岩组两期韧性变形动向相反,第一期为上层面自南向北的剪切,第二期为上层面自北向南的剪切,第二期韧性剪切与随后的韧脆性变形具多阶段递进特点,在向南推覆褶皱至较浅层次后还经历多期脆-韧性变形,尤其是邻甲玛—卡军果推-滑覆构造系主推覆面部位;⑤叶巴岩组第一期韧性变形发生于94—85Ma±的晚白垩世土伦期—康尼亚克期,与雅鲁藏布江洋壳向北俯冲导致的弧后裂谷伸展有关;第二期韧性变形及其后主要的韧脆性变形发生于50Ma±的始新世,与印度-欧亚板块碰撞事件有关,碰撞后的构造作用则导致多期脆-韧性变形的叠加。     

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带多期变形和金叠加成矿

卡拉麦里韧-脆性剪切构造带形成于华力西中晚期,分属碰撞造山挤压和伸展造山走滑-伸展2个构造变形期,历经逆冲推覆、左行走滑、右行走滑和伸展4个主要演化阶段,金成矿空间上分布于碰撞期逆冲推覆型韧性剪切带中,成矿发生在转换造山及伸展造山时期,属C2-P(290～260Ma)走滑伸展阶段成矿事件。构造变形对金成矿的控制作用在空间上表现为深部构造层次韧性变形与其之上的中浅构造层次的韧脆性和脆性变形存在地质间断,金成矿与韧脆性、脆性变形同步且与韧性变形呈明显叠加复合关系,赋矿韧脆性和脆性构造统一于右行走滑剪切-伸展成矿体系中,具有不同的构造变形层次、变形特征和矿化特征。构造与金成矿空间叠加关系,有相应的两期成矿年龄响应和多阶段、多物质复合成矿的记录,代表一种时间有早晚、空间有重叠、物质来源多成因的叠加复合成矿关系。构造带韧-脆性变形转换与金成矿活动是区域构造背景发生明显转换过程中的多期变形和叠加成矿的形成机制,(成矿)动力学背景分别代表了碰撞造山期的逆冲推覆韧性变形、碰撞造山-伸展造山转变期的右行走滑韧脆性变形和金初始成矿、伸展造山期的脆性变形和金主成矿活动。与周围地质体的时间、物质关系探讨表明,金成矿受火山质围岩矿源层、构造生成演化及华力西晚期碱性花岗质岩浆侵位活动三大因素控制。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.