西安典型地裂缝场地地脉动测试及地震响应特征分析

西安地裂缝广泛发育,严重的制约了城市的建设和规划。地裂缝的存在使得建筑场地在地震作用下表现出不同的地震响应特征,因此,研究西安地裂缝场地地震响应特征对地裂缝场地的建筑抗震设防具有重要意义。以西安地区典型地裂缝为研究对象,通过野外调查获得了西安地裂缝场地特征;在此基础上选取典型地裂缝场地,通过地脉动现场测试方法,获取了地裂缝场地卓越频率这一反映地层动力特性的重要参数,通过不同测点傅里叶谱分析得出了场地动力响应规律抗震设防距离。研究表明:西安地裂缝场地的卓越频率在2.79～3.16 Hz,平均卓越频率为2.96 Hz;地裂缝处场地地震响应明显,随着距地裂缝距离的增加场地地震响应逐渐减小,影响范围为15 m左右;地裂缝场地地震响应放大倍数上盘大于下盘,表现出“上盘效应”,放大倍数在1.64～2.38。研究结果对西安地裂缝场地工程抗震设防具有重要意义。     

基于包络的汶川大地震高频地震波辐射区域反演及近场加速度合成

合理地估计汶川破坏区域的地震动有助于地震灾害的研究.通过利用芦山地震记录建立的加速度包络衰减关系和汶川地震近场30个台站的加速度包络,基于线源模型,采用差分进化方法反演了汶川地震断层面上高频 (＞1 Hz) 辐射区域分布.结果表明:断层面上高频辐射分布很不均匀,辐射较强的区域主要位于:(1) 产生较大地表破裂的映秀、北川和南坝区域;(2) 映秀和北川等凹凸体的周边区域,包括震中东北侧60~90 km区域、北川和南坝东北侧30 km处;(3) 断层破裂停止的东北端约30 km长的区域.其中,破裂贯穿到地表的映秀、北川和南坝是低频和高频辐射都很强的区域.对于无观测记录场点,选择其临近且场地条件类似的台站加速度提取平稳随机过程,结合高频辐射分布和衰减关系得到的包络,合成了加速度时程,可为汶川地震结构震害分析提供地震动输入.      

地裂缝场地地脉动响应特征初探——以西安F6地裂缝为例

地裂缝灾害是西安市主要的环境地质灾害问题,严重地制约着城市建设用地的有效利用和规划。为研究地裂缝对场地动力响应的影响,本文以西安F₆地裂缝场地为研究对象,基于现场地脉动测试及其频谱分析,分析了地裂缝场地地脉动响应的加速度幅值、卓越频率、放大效应等动力响应特征。研究表明,测试场地卓越频率大小与测点位置无明显关系,其中傅里叶谱卓越频率为2.79Hz左右,反应谱卓越频率为4.17Hz左右;靠近地裂缝区域,场地动力响应具有明显放大效应,上下盘影响范围基本一致,约为15m左右;地裂缝上盘放大倍数大于下盘,其中傅里叶谱峰值放大倍数分别为1.92和1.81,反应谱峰值放大倍数分别为1.68和1.63。     

四川核电站的场地地震安全性评价问题探讨

在核电站安全性评价中,场地地震动反应分析是核安全评价中最重要的工作。拟建四川棱电站选址于沉积岩地层。沉积岩场地的共同特点是岩体的不均匀性,即成层性,有不同的倾角,各层有不同的物理力学特性,有不同的风化程度,有的位于盆地中,有的位于盆地边缘。这些特性,使场地地震动反应计算更加困难。因此,要准确评价场地条件对地震动反应的影响,就必须解决如下问题：场地软硬程度对地震加速度的放大特性;沉积岩场地的风化程度对场地地震波的放大特性;在盆地中的沉积岩场地的“盆地效应”对地震波的放大特性;地震波本身的随机性;沉积岩场地的地震动反应分析模型及工程分析计算软件研究。     

九寨沟MS7.0级地震斜坡地震动响应监测研究

通过在九寨沟县聚宝山不同位置处布设微震监测仪器,采集到了九寨沟M_S7.0级地震后几次典型的余震监测数据。对地震动监测剖面上1#（1414 m）和2#（1551 m）监测点的余震加速度响应数据进行系统的研究,表明:（1）孤立突出山体的地形放大效应显著,各监测点的水平向加速度幅值一般要大于竖直向;（2）在地震过程中,聚宝山近SN走向的山脊沿水平东西方向震动更为猛烈,即沿东西两侧发生猛烈"甩动",形成沿山脊走向发育的地震裂缝。对余震监测数据的研究证实了斜坡地震动方向效应的存在,聚宝山山顶处的2#监测点水平东西向峰值加速度放大效应明显强于其他方向,地震波能量在水平东西向上得到显著放大,因而坡顶处建筑物也更容易沿该方向发生破坏,证明了局部地形对斜坡地震动力响应具有控制效应;（3）2#监测点竖直向主频值主要为6~12 Hz,水平东西向主频值主要为5~8 Hz,水平南北向主频值主要为5~10 Hz,其水平东西向主频率值主要为低频成分;相较于1#监测点,2#监测点各向的主频值发生明显衰减,即随着高程的增加,地震动主频值呈现出减小趋势,在斜坡上部地震波以中低频为主。通过进一步地计算分析得出,九寨沟地震诱发单薄山脊、条形山体、多面临空山体等地形放大效应与地震波半波长密切相关,斜坡在局部地形尺寸与地震波丰富的波长成分的耦合作用下,地形放大效应显著,山体震害发育。     

论震源辐射问题

地震震源辐射过程是现代地震学中一个复杂而关键的课题,而震源谱的研究则是认识震源辐射的重要一环。地震波由震源传播至地球表面,经历了一系列诸如路径衰减、地壳表层放大和场地效应等物理作用。其中震波衰减效应包括几何扩散、非弹性衰减(YQ(f))和近地表高频衰减。地壳放大作用主要发生于表层或浅层波阻抗梯度带。为了更确切地描述和理解震源辐射谱,必须从观测到的地面运动记录中把地震源谱分离出来,从而消除传播路径和地表场地效应。强震运动记录是研究震源谱的基本资料。采用频率域方法,以傅里叶变换为工具,可使时间域的卷积问题简化为频率域的乘积运算。研究区域含日本、墨西哥、土尔其、加利福尼亚、加拿大西部(British Columbia)和北美东部(ENA)等典型构造区。结果表明,在适当消除路径和场地效应之后,震源谱的基本特征只随震级变化,而与研究地区无直接关系,亦即震源谱基本独立于构造区域、震源距和震源深度。这对于未来强震运动预测和地震灾害评估具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。与此同时,高频衰减因子(Kappa)与构造环境有关：低Kappa工资值相应于较稳定的板内构造环境下的硬岩场地(如北美东部),而相对较高的Kappa值则相应于比较活跃的构造环境下的场地条件,如日本、墨西哥、加拿大西海岸、美国西部的加利福尼亚和土耳其的转换构造带。强震运动水平与垂直分量的频谱比RH/V(f)作为频率的函数可近似描述为地壳放大和场地高频衰减的综合效应：即RH/V(f)=A(f)^-πkf。其中,A(f)是地壳表层放大函数,k是Kappa因子。通过震源谱的对比研究。提供了一个新的震级转换公式。     

基于连续小波变换的斜坡动力响应特征分析

川西北地区深切峡谷发育,地震扰动频繁。峡谷内高陡岩质斜坡在强震扰动下,通常会发生震裂松弛,进而导致失稳,因此研究其强震响应意义重大。2019年四川长宁M_s6.0级地震触发了布置在石棉县城南桠河两岸的3台强震监测仪器,通过对捕捉到的强震数据进行连续小波变换之后,获取了其时频信息。分析结果表明:（1）S波在频域上分为两种成分,其主频值分别为3.5 Hz和1.1 Hz附近;（2）山脊处的地震动放大效应主要体现为S波相对高频成分上能量的增加而低频部分则无显著变化;（3）覆盖层场地自振频率与S波低频成分主频相近,二者产生共振,导致S波低频放大与高频衰减效应;（4）地震动响应具有极强的方向性,水平向地震动放大效应比垂直向更为显著。     

河口盆地非线性地震效应及设计地震动参数

针对基岩明显起伏、土层非均匀分布的典型河口盆地场地,考虑土体非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟无限域对地震波动的影响,建立大尺度精细化二维有限元模型,分析了盆地地表地震动幅值、频谱、持时、传递函数特征,探讨了基岩起伏土层的地震动聚集效应及盆地边缘效应。结果表明：（1）盆地近地表土层表现出不同程度的地震动放大效应,且随土层深度增加呈非单调递减特征,基岩突变处地震动聚集效应明显,盆地两侧产生较为显著的边缘效应;场地中、长周期地震动的放大作用显著;（2）多遇地震、偶遇地震和罕遇地震水平时,场地卓越周期依次介于0.35～0.65 s、0.40～0.75 s和0.50～1.05 s之间;给出了盆地地表PGA（地表峰值加速度）、卓越周期均值等值线图及地表加速度反应谱放大因子建议值,地表设计地震动参数amax（地震影响系数）与Tg（特征周期）明显大于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》取值;（3）盆地特殊位置地表地震动持时得到不同幅度增长,且与输入地震动特性相关;（4）该盆地对0.5～2.0 Hz频段基岩地震动的放大效应比较显著,对小于0.2 Hz或大于2.5 Hz的基岩地震动,该盆地地震动放大效应不明显;（5）福州城区及其邻近区域地震动放大效应普遍较大。大尺度二维非线性分析一定程度上能合理反映微地形起伏、土层分布及土体非线性对地震波传播过程的影响。     

含软弱岩层反倾岩质边坡地震动力响应与破坏模式

以鲁甸地震诱发的红石岩崩塌滑坡为研究对象,通过大型振动台模型试验和3DEC数值模拟,研究了含软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡的动力响应和破坏失稳模式.研究结果表明:水平加载下,随频率增大PGA放大系数先减小后增大,在接近坡体自振频率8Hz的波形加载下,坡体动力响应最为剧烈,软弱岩层对不同频率的横波具有放大和吸收作用,对5~10Hz的横波放大效应明显,对15~20Hz的横波则明显吸收;竖向加载下,随加载正弦波频率的增加,PGA放大系数先增大,25Hz时PGA放大系数减小,随后又继续增大,在频率为30Hz时PGA放大系数达到最大,在5~30Hz范围内软弱岩层对纵波均具有一定的放大效果;双向加载下,坡体水平和竖向PGA放大系数分布与单向加载一致,但双向加载下坡体部分位置动力响应加剧,部分位置动力响应则受到抑制.含软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡破坏过程可以分为6个阶段:坡体内部轻微损伤-软岩挤出、软硬岩交界上方硬岩拉裂-硬岩裂纹向上延展-软弱岩层挤压滑动-层面和纵向节理贯通形成滑面-边坡破坏.在软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡中,软弱岩层具有对地震波的放大吸收、折射反射作用,影响着边坡的动力响应特征,软弱岩层的挤出破坏导致上部岩体岩结构面松动开裂,是该类岩质边坡破坏发展的主要原因,对该类边坡需应注意对软弱岩层进行加固防护,减小边坡的动力破坏.      

龙门山断层破裂的频率非平稳特性

为研究地震过程中的频率非平稳特性,对近年来龙门山断层发生的两次大地震:汶川大地震和芦山大地震的近断层地震记录进行频谱分析。结果表明:相对于芦山地震有较大走向滑动分量的汶川地震,大多数位于汶川地震断层滑动前方的台站接收到更高的频率成分,位于断层滑动后方的台站接收到的地震波频率较低;尽管芦山地震断层相对汶川地震有较小的走向滑动分量,但仍然可以得出与汶川地震相同的结论,不同的是虽然芦山地震沿断层面向上方向分量大,但是其同一台站东西、南北、竖直三方向分量记录幅值相当。把芦山地震三分量记录变换到走向和沿断层面向上方向,证实了沿断层面向上方向高频成分更丰富。在断层滑动前方接收到的地震波频率较高,在断层滑动后方接收到的频率较低,这正是多普勒效应影响的结果。由于多普勒效应的客观存在,其对频率非平稳特性的影响与震源、传播路径和场地效应一样具有普遍性;所以,工程场地接收到的地震波的频率不仅取决于震源、传播路径、场地效应,还取决于断层滑动速度(多普勒效应)。     

Seismicity and observations of Lg wave attenuation in Greenland

Earthquakes of local magnitudes between and have occurred in Greenland in the last few decades. Most of the earthquakes are located near the coasts. Some of the earthquake zones are connected to known tectonic features in and near Greenland.The magnitude determinations are based on Lg wave amplitudes and are calibrated using the m_b determinations of the International Seismological Centre. The attenuation of the Lg waves differs from region to region. Along some paths crossing younger geologic features the attenuation is large compared to that in the paths of the old crystalline shield rocks. The Lg wave propagation is influenced by the Greenland ice cap. All the long paths go through the interior of Greenland with its 2–3 km ice cap thickness and they exhibit relatively large Lg wave attenuation.     

Lateral variations in shear velocity and attenuation in the upper mantle

We have used digitally recorded long period seismic data from the HGLP and SRO networks to obtain estimates of multiple ScS travel times and spectra and have used these to place constraints on the lateral variations in upper-mantle shear velocity and attenuation structure. The travel time results are consistent with our previous findings: to a first approximation, upper-mantle heterogeneity as expressed in vertical travel time differences can be correlated with surface tectonic features. A spectral stacking procedure for retrieving the attenuation operator for SH polarized multiple ScS waves has been applied to seismograms representing a variety of tectonic provinces. The spectral analysis has yielded stable estimates of the phase and amplitude response of the attenuation operator in the frequency interval 6–60 mHz. These estimates indicate that the apparent Q can also be correlated with surface tectonic regimes.     

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity image under the Carpathian arc

An inversion of P-wave travel time residuals from selected earthquakes in the distance range 30°–98° to two seismic station networks was used to model P-wave velocity anomalies down to 250 km depth. In the first inversion experiment a region between 43.5°–47.5°N and 21°–29°E was modelled, using 35 seismic stations, while in the second one a region between 44°–47°N and 25°–29°E was modelled, using 19 seismic stations. The 4-layer block model of the first inversion offers 19% reduction in residual variance, while the 5-layer block model of the second one offers 26% reduction, the rest being explained by noise and smaller scale heterogeneities. The obtained velocity anomalies correlate remarkably well with the gravity anomalies and with the tectonic model for the Vrancea region of Fuchs et al. (1979).     

Crustal velocity structure beneath the western Andes of Colombian using receiver-function inversion

Analysis of teleseismic records obtained in two broadband seismic stations of three components located on the Andean region of Colombia is presented in this work. The two stations are located at the Western Cordillera (WC), station BOL, and at the Central Cordillera (CC), station PBLA. The analysis of seismograms was performed by inversion of the receiver functions (RF) in order to obtain the crustal velocity structure beneath the receivers. The receiver function is a spectral ratio obtained from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by broadband seismic stations, which allows the calculation of the velocity structure beneath the receiver by removing source effects in the horizontal components of the seismic traces. Data stacking was performed in order to improve signal to noise ratio and then the data was inverted by using two optimization algorithms: a genetic algorithm (GA), and a simulated annealing algorithm (SA). The present work calculates the receiver functions using teleseismic earthquakes at epicentral distances (Δ) ranging between 30° and 90° and recorded at the two stations within the years 2007 and 2009.Delay times between P and PS waves converted at the Moho boundary were used to constrain the velocity structure. The receiver functions at the stations were generated from seismic events within a broad range of back azimuth. Data from gravity and magnetism were also used during the geophysical survey. The depth of the Moho boundary was found to be at 40 km in the WC beneath station BOL and at 43 km in the CC beneath station PBLA. The upper crust, with a thickness of 5 km, is characterized by a shear wave velocity of about 3.0 km s⁻¹; the shallower layers, at approximately 1.0 km, have shear wave velocities between 2.2 and 2.6 km s⁻¹, which corresponds to sediments overlying the upper crust. These observations support the hypothesis of a thickness of the crust at the root of the mountain range to be between 32 and 50 km. The calculated receiver functions were compared with artificial ones generated from the inversion of 48000 models of horizontal layers for each station using a GA and an SA that allowed a satisfactory coverage of all the sample space in order to avoid non-unique solutions. Beneath station BOL a moderate low-velocity zone (LVZ) was found, which was caused by accretionary processes of the ophiolite complex in the WC.     

Dangerous ice phenomena on the lowland rivers of European Russia

The site amplification functions at 48 sites of NCR have been estimated in this study using the waveforms of locally recorded 23 earthquakes. Due to the absence of a suitable reference site in the region, the widely used horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique has been used for this purpose. The maps showing the spatial distribution of predominant frequencies and the site amplifications at different frequencies corresponding to the natural frequencies of the different-storey buildings have been presented. The predominant frequencies in general are found to be in the range 2.5–7.5 Hz with an average of 4.4 Hz for the region having older alluvium sediments and in the range 1.1–6.4 Hz with an average of 3.3 Hz for the region with the younger alluvium deposits. The average value of the site amplifications for the frequency band 3.0–10.0 Hz is in the range 2.0–5.3 for the sites with significant soil cover, while the spectral amplification corresponding to the predominant frequency varies from 2.5 to 7.5 at most of the sites. The spectral amplification level lies in the range 2.0–3.0 for the sites with less or no sediment cover. The spectral amplification levels presented for the different-storey buildings may be used for the mitigation of seismic hazard in the region. The estimated site amplification functions may be used in the simulation of the site-specific strong ground motions and therefore useful for the evaluation of seismic hazard of a region.     

A dynamic model of the Hellenic Arc deduced from geophysical data

Combined gravity and seismic data from Greece and the adjacent areas have been used to explain the high seismicity and tectonic activity of this area. Computed 2-D gravity models revealed that below the Aegean region a large “plume” of hot upper-mantle material is rising, causing strong attenuation of the crust. The hot “plume” extends to the base of the lithosphere and has very probably been mobilized through compressional processes that forced the lithosphere to sink into the asthenosphere. The above model is supported by: high heat flow in the Aegean region; low velocity of the compressional waves of 7.7 km/sec for the upper mantle; lower density than normal extending to the base of the lithosphere; teleseismic P-wave travel-time residuals of the order of +2 sec for seismic events recorded at the Greek seismic stations; volcanics in the Aegean area with a chemical composition which can be explained by assuming an assimilation of oceanic crust by the upper mantle; deep seismicity (200 km) which has been interpreted by various authors as a Benioff zone.     

Evidence of a partial melt zone beneath Stromboli volcano (Italy) from inversion of teleseismic receiver functions

Teleseismic body waves from broadband seismic stations are used to investigate the crustal and uppermost mantle structure of Stromboli volcano through inversion of the receiver functions (RFs). First, we computed RFs in the frequency domain using a multiple-taper spectral correlation technique. Then, the non-linear neighbourhood algorithm was applied to estimate the seismic shear wave velocity of the crust and uppermost mantle and to define the main seismic velocity discontinuities. The stability of the inversion solution was tested using a range of initial random seeds and model parameterizations. A shallow Moho, present at depth of 14.8 km, is evidence of a thinned crust beneath Stromboli volcano. However, the most intriguing and innovative result is a low S velocity layer in the uppermost mantle, below 32 km. The low S velocity layer suggests a possible partial melt region associated with the volcanism, as also recently supported by tomographic studies and petrological estimations.     

Estimation of high-frequency seismic wave radiation on fault plane of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake based on improved empirical Green’s function

A new strategy for inversion of high-frequency wave radiation condition on the fault plan is exhibited. One-dimensional source model of large earthquake was divided into subfaults, each subfault contains a series of subsources to express high-frequency wave radiation. Envelope of large earthquakes can be expressed as a root-mean-squared with combination of envelope attenuation relationship from all subsources. The envelope attenuation relationship is considered as the empirical Green’s function. Distribution of subsources is estimated by envelope inversion. According to this method, the high-frequency (>?1 Hz) wave radiation areas of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are generally inverted by the differential evolution using acceleration data from 27 near-field stations, while acceleration waveforms of the Lushan earthquake from 43 near-field stations were utilized to create attenuation envelope. High-frequency waves radiated in: (1) surface rupture areas, including Yingxiu and Beichuan areas; (2) close to the boundaries of asperities near Yingxiu, Yuejiashan, Beichuan and Nanba areas; (3) within 30 km length near the fault northeastern tip; (4) around Qingchuan area.

     

Estimation of S-wave site response in and around Delhi region from weak motion data

Site response in and around Delhi is studied using digital seismograms recorded by a thirteen-station VSAT-based 24-bit digital Delhi telemetry network of the India Meteorological Department. Nine local (M _l ≥ 2.3) and nine regional (M _l ≥ 3.9) earthquakes are selected for the estimation of site amplification factor using the classical standard spectral ratio for regional events (Ridge Delhi Observatory being the reference station), normalized standard spectral ratio for local events, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio or receiver function and the generalized inversion techniques in the frequency range of 0.5 to 7.5 Hz. Site response curves at all the thirteen stations exhibit station to station variation of the site amplification factor reflecting the changes in geologic/geotectonic/soil conditions. A comparison of the site response values obtained by the generalized inversion with those computed using receiver function technique shows a large scatter even though the pattern of the curves remain more or less similar. However, the site effects computed by generalized inversion and standard spectral ratio exhibit a good 1:1 correspondence. The peaks yielded by all the methods have been observed to occur at the same frequencies. It is evident that the softer fluvial deposits of the newer alluvium of the east Yamuna sector show steeper site amplification gradient at lower frequencies, while the greater Delhi experiences moderate site amplification. The variation of site response corroborates the abrupt changes in intensity from one location to another due to local site condition.