新疆西天山托克赛铅锌矿床叠加成矿作用——来自流体包裹体及H-O同位素的制约

托克赛中型铅锌矿位于西天山成矿带赛里木微地块。矿床成矿过程划分为喷流沉积、变质改造和岩浆热液3个时期。喷流沉积期具典型SEDEX矿床特征,"岩控性"与"层控性"明显,成矿流体以海水为主;变质改造期发育富液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度210℃～271℃,w(NaCleq)为12.7%～13.6%,成矿流体主要来源于变质热液;岩浆热液期发育富气相、富液相和含子矿物包裹体,包裹体均一温度190℃～341℃、w(NaCleq)为4.8%～40.8%,成矿流体主要为岩浆水与大气水的混合。矿床的矿源层形成于古元古代的海底喷流沉积环境,后期经历了变质改造和岩浆热液叠加成矿作用。     

福建马坑矽卡岩型铁(钼)矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿机制研究

福建马坑矿床是一个大型层控矽卡岩型铁(钼)矿床,赋存于早白垩世莒舟-大洋花岗岩外接触带黄龙组灰岩和林地组碎屑岩层间构造破碎带中.对不同成矿阶段的石榴子石、透辉石、角闪石、石英、方解石和萤石中流体包裹体所进行的岩相学和显微测温研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体类型主要有富气相水溶液包裹体、富液相水溶液包裹体、含子矿物多相包裹体和少量富CO2包裹体,其中以富液相水溶液包裹体为主.气相组成均以CO2、H2O、N2、O2为主,其次为CH4、C2H4、C2H6和少量C2H2,液相成分中阳离子以Na+、K+和Mg2+为主,其次为Ca2+和少量Li+,阴离子以SO42-、F-、Cl-为主,还含有少量Br-、NO3-,成矿流体应为H2O-NaCl(NaF)±CaCl2(KCl)体系.矽卡岩、退化蚀变、石英硫化物阶段均一温度分别为460～600℃、260～540℃、160～400℃;盐度w(NaCleq)分别为(6％～24％、32％～44％),(4％～16％、36％～44％)和0～4％.H、O、C、S同位素研究表明,矽卡岩期成矿流体主要是岩浆水,晚期石英硫化物阶段混有不同程度的大气降水,流体中碳和硫来自深部或地幔,但也受到围岩等因素的影响.岩浆热液的相分离及其与大气降水的混合作用可能是马坑铁(钼)矿床形成的主要原因.     

中国主要类型锑矿床矿物包裹体地质地球化学

讨论了中国主要类型锑矿床矿物包裹体形态、大小、气液比值、包裹体爆裂温度、均一化温度和盐度.认为锑矿床中辉锑矿最佳形成温度为180℃～220℃,盐度变化范围为(5～10) wt%NaCl.矿物包裹体成分变化较大,均以H2O为主,气相成分主要为CO2,液相成分中以Na+,Ca2+为主,K+、Mg2+次之,K+/Na+比值一般小于1,Ca2+/Mg2+比值一般大于1,说明锑矿床的成矿流体液相组分以H2O、Na+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-为主,气相组分以CO2为主.根据矿物包裹体中某些成分的相关性,可判别矿床之间的关系,指导找矿勘查工作.     

滇中播卡金矿床流体包裹体研究

播卡金矿位于滇中元古宇铜多金属成矿带之东川矿集区,矿体呈脉状、网脉状、角砾状产于中元古界昆阳群地层中,受断裂构造控制。本文在详细的矿床地质观察和研究基础上,将本区成矿作用分为3个阶段:第1阶段为石英-黄铁矿阶段,第2阶段为石英-多金属硫化物阶段,第3阶段为石英-碳酸盐阶段。成矿主要集中在第1和第2阶段。本文通过金矿成矿各阶段的流体包裹体的岩相学观察,结合流体包裹体的显微测温、气液相成分分析,讨论了成矿流体的性质、演化过程。研究表明:第1阶段的流体包裹体均一温度在105~368℃,盐度为7.59%~44.32%(NaCleq);第2阶段的流体包裹体均一温度范围在119~294℃,盐度为5.26%~17.87%(NaCleq);第3阶段的流体包裹体均一温度在115~195℃,盐度为4.18%~14.57%(NaCleq)。流体包裹体气相成分以H_2O为主,其次为少量CO_2;液相成分以Na+、Cl-为主,其次为Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-),成矿流体主要属于NaCl-H_2O体系。综合矿床地质特征和成矿流体研究,本文认为播卡金矿属于岩浆热液矿床。     

河北武安玉泉岭铁矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于玉泉岭铁矿床地质特征及矿床特征的基础上,开展了石榴石和方解石流体包裹体均一法测温,并对磁铁矿、黄铁矿和方解石样品进行了气液相成分测试。结果表明,流体包裹体气相的主要成分为H2O和CO2,液相成分以K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、F-、SO2-4为主。流体包裹体均一温度变化于100～560℃,主要集中于140～540℃,盐度变化于1.91%～21.19%,主要集中于4.50%～18.00%。综合以上流体包裹体特征,表明成矿流体可能主要来源于岩浆水,部分来自大气降水。     

西藏洞中拉铅锌矿床成矿流体研究

洞中拉铅锌矿床是念青唐古拉山地区扎雪-亚贵拉多金属成矿带内新发现的矿床。通过对洞中拉矿床各矿化阶段石英和方解石中的流体包裹体均一温度、压力、深度、盐度、密度和流体包裹体成分等诸多方面的初步研究表明,洞中拉铅锌矿床成矿流体属中低温(106.80℃～296.70℃)、低等盐度(0.88～5.86wt%NaCleq)、中低等密度流体(0.83～0.95g/cm3)、属Cl-SO42-K+-Na+型水化学类型,成矿环境为低压(26.47～67.03MPa)浅成环境(0.96～2.44km)。流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,次为CO2;液相组分中,阳离子以Na+和K+为主,阴离子以SO24-和Cl-为主。流体包裹体H和O同位素,流体包裹体成分N2-Ar-He图解和离子比值研究表明,成矿流体可能主要来源于大气降水。     

大兴安岭北部砂宝斯金矿床成矿流体特征及矿床成因

通过对不同阶段流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包襄体激光拉曼光谱等的分析,研究其成矿流体性质和演化,并探讨矿床成因类型,结果表明:流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,另有少量含CO2 三相和纯CO2 包裹体.包裹体气相成分主要为N2,CH4,CO2和H2O.主成矿期流体包裹体的均一温度介于156℃～365℃(平均267℃),流体盐度介于5.4%～6.3%(平均5.9%),流体密度为0.82 g/cm3～0.87 g/cm3(平均0.86 g/cm3);成矿晚期辉锑矿阶段流体包襄体的均一温度介于164℃～224℃(平均182℃),流体盐度介于7.2%～8.3%(平均7.7%),流体密度为0.93 g/cm3～0.96 g/cm3(平均0.95g/cm3);成矿后期石英大脉阶段漉体包裹体的均一温度介于129℃～253℃(平均184℃),流体盐度介于5.4%～11.2%(平均7.6%),流体密度为0.88 g/cm3～0.98 g/cm3(平均0.95 g/cm3).从主成矿期、成矿晚期到成矿后期,流体包裹体均一温度降低、盐度增加、密度增大,表明随着流体的演化,变质流体逐渐减少,而地层建造水增加.主成矿期流体压力介于62 MPa～73 MPa(平均65 MPa),对应的成矿深度为6.3 km～6.9 km(平均6.5 km).砂宝斯金矿床的地质-地球化学特征与世界造山型金矿类似,应属造山型,其形成于蒙古-中朝板块与西伯利亚板块之间的陆-陆碰撞造山环境.     

共生黑钨矿与石英中流体包裹体红外显微对比研究——以瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床为例

利用红外显微镜对湖南瑶岗仙石英脉型黑钨矿矿床中共生的黑钨矿与石英原生流体包裹体均一温度和冰点的测定结果表明,石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为149～352℃,主要集中在160～300℃之间,盐度w(NaCleq)为0.9%～9.5%;黑钨矿中流体包裹体均一温度范围为212～386℃,主要集中在280～360℃之间,盐度w(NaCleq)为4.5%～15.2%.可见,黑钨矿中流体包裹体具有更高的均一温度和盐度,与石英中原生流体包裹体均一温度相差可达60℃,盐度w(NaCleq)相差可达6%.结合该矿床的矿石显微结构特征、包裹体岩相学特征及前人所做的氢、氧同位素测试分析结果,推断黑钨矿主要形成于早期阶段,为均一流体冷却成因,石英形成较晚,主要为流体混合成因.     

河南新县大银尖钼矿床流体包裹体研究

大银尖钼矿床是大别钼多金属成矿带近期取得较大勘查进展的一个重要矿床,成因上与燕山晚期大银尖二长花岗岩有关。通过对主成矿期矿化石英脉流体包裹体岩相学观察和显微测温,将捕获的流体包裹体分为4类,富液相的两相水溶液包裹体、富气相的两相水溶液包裹体、含子矿物三相水溶液包裹体和含CO2的三相水溶液包裹体。数据分析显示,均一温度的峰值分别出现于280～320℃和200～220℃,盐度的峰值处于5.11%～9.98%(NaCleq)低盐度区间和36.06%～42.78%(NaCleq)的高盐度区间。密度为0.91～1.10g/cm3。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,石英中流体包裹体的组分以水蒸汽为主,伴有少量的CO2和微量N2。H和O同位素具有典型的氧同位素漂移特征,指示岩浆热液和大气降水混合作用的发生。研究结果表明,大银尖钼矿床总体上属中高温浅成热液矿床,流体混合作用可能是矿床形成的主要机制。     

新疆阿尔泰托莫尔特铁(锰)矿床成矿流体研究

托莫尔特铁(锰)矿床赋存于上志留统—下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组变质火山-沉积岩系中。矿床的形成经历了火山沉积期、岩浆热液叠加改造期和区域变质期,火山沉积期为铁和锰主要成矿期。火山沉积期石英中流体包裹体类型以气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于170~300℃,峰值为190℃,流体的w(NaCleq)为3.23%~22.71%,密度为0.62~1.09 g/cm3,气相和液相成分表明成矿流体富含Na+、Cl-和H2O,为中-低温、中-低盐度、中-低密度的H2O-NaCl体系。区域变质期石英中以发育含液体CO2包裹体为特征,完全均一温度介于210~523℃,w(NaCleq)为4.80%~11.33%,密度为0.85~1.05 g/cm3,气相和液相成分表明流体富含Na+、Cl-、SO24-、CO2、CH4、C2H6和N2,显示成矿流体为中-高温、中-低盐度、中-低密度的H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-NaCl体系。氢和氧同位素特征表明,火山沉积期成矿流体为海水和岩浆水的混合,区域变质期成矿流体主要为变质水混合深循环的大气降水。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。