湘东桐木山云英岩型锡矿床锡石及共生石英中流体包裹体研究

桐木山云英岩型锡矿床是湘东锡田锡多金属矿田中一个典型矿床,在详尽的野外考察、矿石结构观察以及流体包裹体岩相学研究的基础上,采用流体包裹体组合的研究方法,利用冷热台、激光拉曼等测试手段,对矿床中锡石中流体包裹体进行直接测定,同时开展与锡石共生的石英及切割矿体的后期石英脉石英中流体包裹体对比研究。结果显示,锡石中流体包裹体的组分、均一温度、盐度与共生的石英存在明显差异,表明锡石与石英形成的P-T-X条件不同。切割矿体的石英脉为成岩成矿后流体作用的产物。与锡石形成相关的流体为中高温、中低盐度的Na Cl-H_2O流体体系,与石英形成相关的流体为复杂的含碳流体。流体体系的冷却作用及流体与围岩的反应可能是导致锡石沉淀的主要因素,与石英形成相关的流体在演化过程中则经历了明显的流体不混溶作用。     

Characteristics of fluid inclusions and metallogenic mechanism of the Longshang skarn type tin polymetallic deposit in eastern Hunan Province,ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

矽卡岩型锡矿是全球重要的锡金属来源,但是锡石沉淀成矿机制仍存在较大的争议。垄上矽卡岩型锡矿床位于湘东锡田锡多金属矿田中部,是南岭钨锡成矿带内矽卡岩型锡矿的典型代表。本文在野外考察、矿石矿相学、流体包裹体岩相学研究的基础上,采用流体包裹体组合法对垄上矽卡岩矿床不同矿化阶段代表矿物中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究。结果显示,垄上矽卡岩型多金属矿床成矿阶段可划分为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、云英岩-氧化物阶段、石英硫化物阶段以及萤石碳酸盐化等5个阶段,其中,锡石主要形成于云英岩-氧化物阶段。与锡石密切共生的石英中发育流体包裹体类型主要为富液相、富气相两相水溶液包裹体,含液相CO_(2)三相水溶液包裹体和纯CO_(2)型包裹体。流体温度和盐度具有较大的变化范围(200-400℃和2%-9%NaCleqv),指示流体在降温过程中经历了显著的不混溶。与硫化物共生的石英中主要为富液相两相水溶液包裹体,温度和盐度主要集中在190-261℃和3%-7%NaCleqv,指示流体冷却过程同时经历了流体混合。本次研究提出锡田矽卡岩型矿床中流体不混溶是导致云英岩-氧化物阶段锡石沉淀成矿的主要机制,而流体冷却和混合是导致硫化物沉淀的主要原因。     

湖南锡田钨锡多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

锡田钨锡多金属矿床是南岭钨锡成矿带的重要组成部分。文章主要针对石英脉型钨锡矿和云英岩型钨矿中的石英流体包裹体进行了显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析,流体包裹体分为4类:富液相两相水溶液包裹体(L型)、富气相两相水溶液包裹体(V型)、V_(CO_2)-L_(CO_2)-L_(H_2O)三相包裹体(C型)和含子晶三相包裹体(S型)。石英脉型钨锡矿均一温度为240~440℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为1.4%~9.5%,云英岩型钨矿均一温度为370~470℃,且富锡石样品均一温度(t_h:310~420℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为4.3%~9.5%)略高于富黑钨矿样品(t_h:240~340℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为1.4%~7.7%)。流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO_2、CH_4、N_2。结合流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析结果和野外矿床地质特征,探讨了成矿流体中N_2、CH_4的源区、W和Sn的赋存状态以及其成矿机制。W以一系列钨酸、钨酸根离子、碱金属钨酸盐赋存于流体中,Sn主要赋存状态为Sn(+2价)-Cl络合物。石英脉型钨锡矿因流体上升至花岗岩体或围岩的构造裂隙中,成矿流体与围岩相互反应以及与地壳流体与大气水混合,其p、t急剧下降以及流体pH值变化,导致黑钨矿沉淀,成矿流体从还原环境转为氧化环境致使锡石沉淀成矿。云英岩型钨矿有效成矿机制是流体沸腾或不混溶。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿流体包裹体特征

大兴安岭锡矿带是中国北方唯一成型的锡多金属成矿带。新近发现的内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段,隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。该矿床为一典型的大型斑岩型热液脉型锡多金属矿床,矿区内锡矿化主要赋存于石英斑岩体顶部及其上部的石英脉中。矿床成矿阶段包括石英斑岩体内的滴状锡锌矿化阶段、石英斑岩体上部石英脉中的辉钼矿矿化阶段、石英锡石黑钨矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段。流体包裹体研究结果显示：流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,尤其是富液相包裹体,其次为含子矿物的三相包裹体。斑岩体内矿化阶段流体包裹体均一温度为324~333 ℃,盐度为6.5%~7.5% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.74 g/cm3;石英脉型矿化阶段包裹体均一温度为201~324 ℃,盐度为3.4%~9.9% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.92 g/cm3。包裹体显微测温分析结果显示该矿区成矿流体具有中高温、低盐度、中密度的特征。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体液相成分主要为H2O,气相成分主要有H2O、CO2和CH4。氢氧同位素研究结果表明该矿床石英斑岩体上部石英脉矿化阶段的成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合来源,以岩浆水为主。岩浆流体与大气降水的混合以及流体演化中的降温过程是该矿床矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

广西姑婆山地区钨锡矿床地质特征及幔源物质参与成矿显示

姑婆山地区钨锡矿床位于南岭钨锡成矿带西南缘,是我国重要的钨锡产地。区内有新路、水岩坝和珊瑚三个钨锡矿田,矿床类型多样。其中,锡锌硫化物型、黑钨石英脉型和钨锡石英脉型矿床较为典型,区内钨锡成矿与壳幔混源型花岗岩体和断裂关系密切。笔者在前人工作基础上,总结了区内主要钨锡矿田和典型矿床地质特征,认为钨锡矿化在空间上具有一定的分带性;通过对区内构造和矿床的D-O同位素、H e-A r同位素、Pb同位素、S同位素及流体包裹体分析,认为深大断裂可能为幔源物质上侵提供了通道,钨锡成矿与岩浆作用关系密切,幔源物质参与了区内钨锡成矿。     

广西栗木锡多金属矿床锆石和锡石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

年代学研究是花岗岩型稀有金属矿床研究的重要内容,多种定年方法的联合有助于对岩浆演化及稀有金属元素富集成矿过程的精细刻画。论文选择栗木矿区具代表性的金竹源、老虎头和水溪庙花岗岩型钨锡铌钽矿床和（长石）石英脉型钨锡矿床,进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb和LA-MC-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb年代学研究。结果显示,老虎头细粒铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为（216.3±1.7）Ma,长石石英脉型钨锡矿床锡石UPb年龄为（210.1±4.9）Ma;两件金竹源花岗岩型钨锡铌钽矿床锡石U-Pb年龄分别为（219.6±1.5）Ma和（219.9±2.2）Ma,石英脉型钨锡矿床锡石U-Pb年龄为（217.3±3.2）Ma;水溪庙长石石英脉型钨锡矿床锡石U-Pb年龄为（210.7±2.5）Ma。本次研究可以看出,金竹源花岗岩的成岩年龄与花岗岩型钨锡铌钽矿床及石英脉型钨锡矿床的成矿年龄间隔较小,表明含矿花岗岩可能在较短时间内经历了岩浆冷凝结晶、富集成矿和热液锡矿化过程,是短暂矿化事件的产物,而非以往认为的岩浆-热液长时间演化的结果。同时,基于不同测年方法的对比结果显示,在含锡花岗岩中,锡石年龄既能代...     

广西珊瑚钨锡矿床成矿年代学研究及其地质意义

珊瑚钨锡矿床位于富贺钟钨锡多金属成矿集中区的中部,是南岭钨锡多金属成矿带内典型的热液石英脉型矿床之一。本文采用白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法和石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr法,对矿床V32号含矿石英脉进行精细年代学研究,获得石英脉中白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄为101.7±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.34),正等时线年龄为102.0±1.0 Ma(MSWD=1.17);石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为106.4±3.5 Ma(MSWD=0.83)。它们在误差范围内一致,是华南地区燕山晚期成岩成矿高峰期的产物。同时通过石英包裹体H-O同位素组成的初步分析,认为成矿流体属于"再平衡岩浆水",主要来自岩浆,在矿床深部可能存在隐伏花岗岩体。该成果对研究区域成矿规律,指导类似地区的找矿勘查工作具有重要意义。     

湘东南锡田钨锡多金属矿床锡石~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar直接定年

锡田矿床是近年来新发现的一个大型钨锡多金属矿床。为了探讨锡石直接定年的可能性,拓宽流体包裹体~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年对象,本文对锡田钨锡矿床一块矿石的共生白云母和锡石进行了~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年对比研究。白云母采用激光阶段加热分析,锡石采用真空击碎法提取流体包裹体进行定年,两者获得了非常一致的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄。白云母形成平坦的年龄谱,坪年龄为155.6±1.7 Ma(2σ)。锡石真空击碎分析形成了下降型阶梯状年龄谱,最初7个阶段表观年龄明显偏老且迅速下降,表明锡石中次生包裹体含有过剩氩;第8~18阶段形成了年龄坪,对应的~(39)Ar释放量占83.8%,坪年龄为154.3±3.0 Ma。锡石年龄坪数据点构成高度线性相关的等时线,等时年龄为155.1±7.0 Ma,代表了原生包裹体的年龄。锡石原生包裹体年龄与共生白云母年龄一致,代表了锡田矿床的成矿年龄,成矿作用发生在~155 Ma,属华南晚侏罗世大规模钨锡多金属成矿高峰期。在K-Cl-40Ar相关图解上,次生、原生包裹体数据点截然分开,表明次生、原生包裹体的流体性质完全不同,且根据这些图解可以获得锡石次生包裹体年龄约为104 Ma。     

赣南淘锡坑钨矿床流体包裹体地球化学研究

赣南崇义县淘锡坑钨矿位于南岭东西向构造带东段与武夷山北东-北北东向构造带南段的复合部位,属于以石英脉型黑钨矿为主的钨多金属矿床.对该矿床主成矿期与黑钨矿共生的石英和黑钨矿的流体包裹体进行了系统研究,结果显示,与黑钨矿共生石英中流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在160-260℃之间,盐度为1.64％～6.67％;黑钨矿中流体包...     

广西五圩矿田箭猪坡矿床锡多金属矿地球化学特征及找矿意义

箭猪坡矿床是丹池成矿带上以锑铅锌为主的多金属矿床。近年通过老矿山找矿勘查项目,首次发现了石英脉型锡矿体,锡以锡石为主。通过对矿床流体包裹体、矿石稀土元素、氢氧同位素及硫同位素特征的综合分析,认为该矿床属中低温热液裂隙充填成因。通过与大厂锡矿田垂向分带的对比,推测箭猪坡矿床浅部所揭露的脉状铅锌锑矿体及钻孔中揭露的石英脉型锡矿体,仅相当于大厂矿田上部脉状矿[中低温脉状(锡石)硫化物矿床矿带],中深部的中高温—高温矿带、隐伏花岗岩体尚未揭露,箭猪坡矿床找矿空间宽,找矿潜力大。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。