周期荷载下盐岩的疲劳变形及损伤特性研究

利用RMT－150C型岩石力学多功能试验机,进行了盐岩单轴循环荷载作用下的疲劳试验,研究了盐岩的疲劳强度、变形及损伤特性。试验结果表明,当上限应力大于“门槛值”时,盐岩疲劳破坏时的轴向应变可以分为初始变形、等速变形和加速变形3个阶段,呈疏－密－疏的发展过程。改变上限应力和平均应力会显著影响疲劳的进程,提高上限应力值和平均应力值,初始轴向变形和循环轴向变形的比率都会提高,疲劳破坏时的总循环次数显著减小。盐岩疲劳破坏终点的变形量同样受静态轴向应力-应变全过程曲线的控制,控制误差范围在10%左右。循环荷载作用下,盐岩的变形模量经历了一个先逐渐增加,后缓慢降低,最后加速减小的过程。对循环荷载作用下盐岩疲劳损伤演化规律进行了初步探讨     

周期荷载作用下盐岩声发射特征试验研究

通过改变恒幅荷载条件下的上限应力、下限应力以及加载速率等试验条件,基于声发射技术对盐岩疲劳损伤特征进行试验研究。试验发现,盐岩声发射信号出现在加载阶段和卸载初期,而砂岩声发射信号一般集中出现在上限应力处;盐岩疲劳寿命对下限的依赖程度大于砂岩;随着上限应力的增大,盐岩声发射振铃数增多。加载速率的提高会加速盐岩的疲劳破坏。通过对比声发射振铃数累计曲线和应变累计曲线,发现两者有很好的对应关系,说明二者在反映盐岩疲劳损伤时具有一致性。最后对盐岩进行3级变幅荷载试验,发现第3级声发射振铃数比相同上、下限应力的恒幅荷载条件下多,说明变幅荷载造成的盐岩损伤比恒幅荷载条件下严重。     

冻融岩石核磁共振检测及冻融损伤机制分析

以花岗岩为岩样在最低冻结温度为-40 ℃、融化温度为20 ℃的条件下对5组岩样开展了冻融循环试验,最高累积冻融循环次数为100次,并采用核磁共振（NMR）技术检测岩样内部损伤变化。试验结果表明,冻融作用会对岩石内部造成损伤,循环次数达到一定值时岩样表面产生明显裂纹;NMR T2谱图和成像结果表明,冻融作用使岩样孔隙结构重新分布,孔隙数量随循环次数增加而增加,产生裂纹后T2曲线信号幅度发生显著变化。最后使用损伤力学原理对花岗岩冻融损伤机制进行探讨,得到材料连续性与孔隙率的损伤关系、有效应力与孔隙率的关系表达式,并以岩样核磁共振结果为基础,得出其有效应力与循环次数的表达式。     

不同循环加载条件下岩石阻尼比和阻尼系数研究

为了合理地描述岩石的阻尼行为,提出了考虑轴向和环向阻尼振动的岩石阻尼参数计算方法;通过动循环荷载、分级循环荷载和常幅循环荷载试验,对比分析了这3种不同应力路径下砂岩、砾岩及砂砾岩的阻尼特性,得到了阻尼参数对应力幅值、应变幅值的响应特性,揭示了常幅循环加载过程中阻尼比和阻尼系数随循环次数的演化规律;从熵守恒和能量守恒定律出发,建立了岩石阻尼比随循环次数演化的经验模型。结果表明:(1)动荷载下岩石的阻尼比与轴向应变幅值成线性递增,而阻尼系数恰好相反;分级循环荷载下岩石的阻尼参数都随应力幅值成线性递增。(2)疲劳破坏门槛值是岩石耗散能和阻尼比演化规律发生变化的分界点,在应力上限高于疲劳破坏门槛值时,耗散能、阻尼比及阻尼系数随循环次数都呈3阶段的变化规律,演化曲线呈半U型;在应力上限低于疲劳破坏门槛值时,呈现2阶段的发展规律,演化曲线呈L型;(3)通过砂岩的阻尼比试验,验证了所建模型能够描述砂岩在常幅循环荷载过程中阻尼行为。     

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。     

盐岩三轴间隔疲劳特性试验研究

为研究地下盐穴储气库受间歇性周期注、采循环载荷作用下围岩的非连续疲劳破坏演化过程,对取自巴基斯坦的深层盐岩进行了室内三轴间隔疲劳试验研究,并分析了三轴状态下不同围压、不同应力等级对盐岩间隔疲劳的影响。试验结果表明：（1）与单轴间隔疲劳相比,围压的存在不仅提高了盐岩的抗压强度,而且增加了盐岩的疲劳寿命,围压越高增加的幅度越明显。（2）三轴间隔疲劳试验中,盐岩间隔后循环中的残余应变大于间隔前的残余应变。这与单轴间隔疲劳得到的结果一致,但围压的上升会导致盐岩的残余变形积累速度以及间隔前后循环残余的变形差值都减小。（3）随着应力等级的升高,残余应变以及时间间隔前后的残余应变差值都呈现增大的趋势。     

循环剪切荷载作用下软土的力学性状研究

利用从现场取得的原状土样,通过室内动三轴试验对循环荷载作用下的变形、孔压和强度特性进行研究。试验研究主要考虑了周围固结压力、循环剪切应力比、荷载频率和循环次数等因素的影响。研究表明,在循环荷载作用下,孔隙水压力和轴向应变均是一个波动上升的过程。当循环应力比增大时,动孔隙水压力变化幅值显著增加,而残余孔压也较大。同时,孔隙水压力值也随着周围压力的增大而明显增大。当作用荷载频率比较大时,需要更多的循环次数才能达到小频率作用荷载能达到的孔隙水压力值。但是,随着循环荷载作用次数的增加,频率对孔隙水压力的影响有减小的趋势。     

锦屏大理岩单轴压缩过程中的微结构演化

为了研究锦屏大理岩受载过程中内部孔隙结构的演化规律,文章先对其进行矿物成分测定和单轴压缩试验;随后对施加不同轴压后的试样开展了核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR）测试,并分析相应试验结果;最后,根据NMR孔隙度参数,建立起试样损伤度、有效应力比系数与轴压比之间函数关系。结果表明:大理岩内部孔隙分布具有多尺度特性;加载过程中核磁共振 T ₂谱分布曲线整体向右移动,小尺寸孔隙占比减少而中等尺寸孔隙占比增加;岩样内部孔隙具有多重分形结构,小孔占比影响孔隙的分形维数和连通性。当小孔占比小时,孔隙结构相对简单,分形维数较低;当小孔占比大时,孔隙结构则较复杂,分形维数增大。大理岩孔隙度和损伤度均随荷载增加呈指数增大,且损伤和未损状态下有效应力比也增大。此项研究对揭示岩石损伤与破坏机理具有重要指导意义,同时在岩石损伤检测方面也具有一定参考价值。     

应力损伤盐岩的声波、溶解试验研究

采用声波技术研究盐岩在单轴载荷条件下的损伤特征,并对受损盐岩进行溶解试验分析,以此来分析盐穴建造期盐岩的损伤溶蚀机制。试验发现：随着轴向应力的增加,侧向波速逐渐较小,在达到极限强度后波速快速减小,而不像轴向波速那样在弹性压密阶段会出现小幅增加之后才开始减小;盐岩所受压力越大,对应的溶解速度越快。由岩石单轴强度理论和损伤理论分析表明,盐岩应力损伤由盐岩晶粒相互错动促使微裂纹增多所致,侧向波速确定的损伤变量与应力具有相关性,盐岩的溶解速率随损伤变量的增加而增加。     

卢氏膨胀岩在干湿循环作用下的胀缩特性研究

为研究卢氏膨胀岩的胀缩特性,开展了干湿循环作用下膨胀岩的胀缩特性试验研究,并在膨胀岩经历干湿循环后利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和氮吸附试验（NA）,从微观的角度分析了膨胀岩吸水膨胀失水收缩的现象,并解释了胀缩特性改变的原因。研究结果表明：卢氏膨胀岩膨胀率随干湿循环次数增加而增大,绝对膨胀率增加25%;收缩曲线出现明显的“收缩拐点”,一般在收缩总时间的20%时出现,这时膨胀岩失水状态由自由水的散失转变为结合水的散失;在膨胀岩第1次胀缩过程中出现裂缝,裂缝为贯通状;在之后的胀缩过程中出现的裂缝较浅且随干湿循环次数的增加裂缝发育逐渐稳定;在干湿循环次数达到6～8次后,卢氏膨胀岩胀缩率达到稳定值,绝对膨胀率稳定在17%,绝对收缩率稳定在9%;微观方面随干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀岩的微观结构中黏土颗粒聚集形态由紧密状态转变为松散状态。此外,试样的孔隙特征随干湿循环次数的增加表现出孔隙总体积逐渐增大、孔径逐渐减小、比表面积逐渐增大的规律。     

大理岩静态和循环荷载试件的电镜试验分析

本文对单轴静态和循环荷载试验前后的大理岩试件进行了电镜试验分析,从中得出三个结论:(1) 试件中不同的部位,其破坏程度不同;(2) 对试件用不同的加载方式,其破坏方式和特征不同;(3) 在疲劳应力门槛值(疲劳应力极限值。以下,称疲劳应力门槛值)以下的循环幅值荷载作用下,岩石内部的裂隙等发生闭合,这是证明岩石疲劳应力门槛值存在的一个重要试验证据。     

大理岩静态和特环荷载试件的电镜试验分析

In this paper, crack propagation laws were studied by means of observing marble specimens, which were conducted uniaxial static and cyclic loading tests, with electron-microscope. The studying results showed: (1) Different parts of rock specimen suffer differential degree damage; (2) Failure models and characteristics of rock specimens change with loading paths; (3) Rock cracks are to be closed, when amplitude of cyclic stress is smaller than “fatigue threshold stress” of rock. This is mainly testimony of “rock fatigue threshold stress” existence.     

Damage evolution of rock salt under cyclic loading in unixial tests

Cyclic loading tests of rock salt were performed to investigate the characteristics of damage evolution of the surrounding rock in gas caverns. In this experiment, the cyclic loading process was carried out on seven stress levels from 20 to 86 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. The sine wave with a frequency of 1 Hz was adopted in the cyclic loading test. Experimental results show that at the first stress level, the damage evolution is rather limited or negligible under cyclic loading, which is controlled within the elastic limit. With the increase in stress level, the damage evolution becomes more evident. An increasing tendency of damage variable can be observed if the stress level surpasses 40 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. A maximum damage value of around 0.95 is recorded when the stress level is over 85 % of the uniaxial strength. In this paper, a damage evolution equation is also introduced and good agreement is obtained with the experimental data. Based on the experimental data, it is shown that the design practice of gas cavern concerning the degree of strength utilization of the surrounding rock is rather conservative considering the reducing effect of the minimal gas pressure on the damage evolution.     

矽卡岩单轴循环加卸载试验及声发射特性研究

利用MTS岩石力学试验系统和PAC声发射信号采集系统,研究了单轴循环加卸载作用下矽卡岩强度变化及声发射特征。在矽卡岩循环加卸载过程中,若加载过程中岩样没有明显局部破坏,则随着循环次数的增加,弹性模量逐渐增大,岩样强度略有提高;若加载过程中岩样内部已经出现明显的局部破坏,产生了不可恢复的宏观裂纹,则循环加卸载会促进宏观裂纹层面间的滑移,从而加速岩样失稳破坏。矽卡岩在单轴压缩作用下声发射曲线大体可分为压密、弹性、塑性、峰后屈服4个阶段,并伴随有不同的声发射情况。此外,矽卡岩在循环加卸载作用下具有反凯塞效应,并且随着加卸载循环次数的增加,费拉西蒂比逐渐变小;岩样卸载阶段仍然有大量声发射产生。     

Investigation and modeling on fatigue damage evolution of rock as a function of logarithmic cycle

The fatigue damage behavior of granite under constant and variable amplitude loadings is studied. The experimental analysis reveals that there is a three‐stage law for the fatigue damage evolution as a function of absolute or relative cycle and the inverted‐S damage model proposed by the author, in this case, is capable of representing the damage behavior of rock. However, when the logarithmic cycle is considered, there are only two stages, i.e. steady and accelerated stages and the fatigue damage evolution greatly depends on the properties of rock and stress level. Accordingly, the fatigue damage evolution curves have been categorized into three types. Then, the effect of maximum stress, amplitude and fatigue initial damage on the damage evolution of rock is investigated. The analysis reveals that the damage evolution greatly depends on these influencing factors. The fatigue life decreases with the increase in the maximum stress, amplitude and fatigue initial damage due to the decrease in the proportion of the first stage to the whole fatigue process and the increase in the damage rate in the first stage. Meanwhile, a linear‐exponential formula is used to model the fatigue damage behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading. This damage model is superior to the inverted‐S damage model in the convenience of establishment of critical instability point. The physical meanings of its constants have been illuminated and the applicability of this model to constant and variable amplitude cyclic loading explored. The fitting results for the test data show that this damage model can properly represent the fatigue damage behavior of rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环加、卸载下盐岩变形特性试验研究

在MTS815 Flex test GT岩石力学试验机上对盐岩进行了单轴循环加、卸载试验研究盐岩的变形特性,试验表明,循环加、卸载强化了变形的线性特征,各级卸载、再加载曲线主要是由直线段组成。随着荷载级别的增高,直线段的变形模量总体上呈现微弱上升的趋势,各级卸载、再加载曲线变形模量的变异系数分别为8.05%和7.45%,可以用各级加、卸载曲线直线段变形模量的平均值来分别表征加、卸载的变形特征。每级卸载曲线的变形模量都要大于再加载曲线的变形模量,卸载的泊松比都要小于再加载的泊松比。与单轴试验相比,卸载和再加载的变形模量都要大于单轴应力应变全过程试验。根据以上分析,得出了简单应力状态下加、卸载本构关系。对各级塑性滞回能进行了计算,发现塑性滞回能随着级别的增高而增高,并对其进行了拟合。分析表明,卸载、再加载变形参数比单轴应力应变全过程试验参数更具有规律性,更能表征盐岩地下工程中的变形特性。     

Experimental evaluation of sandstone under cyclic coupled compression-shear loading: fatigue mechanical response and failure behavior

In this study, the inclined sandstone specimen is introduced into cyclic loading tests to fulfill the coupled compression-shear loading state. 21 cyclic coupled compression-shear loading tests are conducted on inclined specimens under different loading conditions, including maximum stress levels ranging in 0.80, 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95, and amplitude levels varying in 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70. Our testing results systematically revealed the influence of cyclic loading parameters on fatigue mechanical response of rocks under coupled compression-shear loading, regarding the deformation characteristics, energy evolution, damage variable and failure mechanism. Under higher maximum stress or cyclic amplitude, inclined rocks are characterized by larger elastic modulus and higher dissipated energy, resulting in less irreversible strain, faster damage accumulation and shorter fatigue life. Furthermore, a fatigue life prediction method is proposed based on the energy dissipation, and its reliability is verified by comparing with experimental results. In addition, the progressive cracking behavior of rocks is analyzed during the fatigue tests by virtue of digital image correlation technique. Under cyclic coupled compression-shear loading, rock specimens are featured by a prominent shear-dominated failure along its short diagonal direction combined with local tensile damage along the loading orientation.