山东沂南金-铜-铁矿床成矿条件分析——兼论不整合面的控矿作用

山东沂南金-铜-铁矿床中与成矿有关的岩体为燕山期多期次浅成侵入的钙碱性杂岩体,岩性主要为闪长玢岩类和花岗斑岩类,属相对富含硅质、碱质和磁铁矿并通常与氧化型含金矽卡岩有关的侵入岩系列。新元古界一寒武系碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的频繁互层,为含矿气水热液的运移和顺层交代提供了良好的围岩条件,在靠近岩体接触带部位形成了多层矽卡岩矿体。区域性断裂控制了含矿岩体的侵位,而接触带、捕虏体、层间破碎带以及不整合面等构造控制了矿体的空间定位。成矿在中低压力的中浅成至浅成条件下进行,主成矿阶段的含矿流体具有中高温、高盐度的特点,流体的沸腾可能是金-铜-铁等成矿物质大量沉淀的主要原因。接触带的矽卡岩型Au—Cu—Fe矿化与内接触带的斑岩型Cu—Mo矿化、外接触带的热液充填一交代型Au—Cu矿化,以及岩体边部的隐爆角砾岩型Au—Cu矿化一起,构成了一个中酸性岩浆-热液成矿系统。作为一种容易失稳的构造薄弱带和地球化学屏障,不整合面极易产生破碎和滑脱,从而有利于岩浆及其所分泌的含矿气水热液的贯入和成矿,这是沂南矿床中新发现的一种具有重要找矿前景的控矿构造类型。     

不整合面中的成矿机制与找矿研究

不整合包括角度不整合和平行不整合两种。不整合面附近成矿是一种比较常见的现象 ,但通常只简单地认为不整合面只是成矿的有利通道和储矿场所 ,而对发生在不整合面中的后期构造活动主动促进成矿 (成矿流体流动 )的作用认识不足。文中在列举了国内外一批产于不整合面中的矿床的基础上 ,总结了这类矿床的主要特点是 :矿床均产于不整合面及其靠近的盖层和基底地层中 ,常呈矿产密集区分布 ,规模一般较大 ,品位较富 ,矿床的成矿过程一般是经过沉积和热液叠加两个阶段 ,成矿作用和围岩蚀变都是以低温为主 ,矿床的成矿元素与同区域的其他类型矿床相似 ;两种不整合面中的矿床的矿体形态与产出位置不大一样。最后讨论了中国为什么不能形成不整合脉型铀矿床和为什么在不整合面中主要只形成低温热液矿床     

辽宁岫岩中沟地区不整合关联型铀矿地质特征及成因探讨

辽宁岫岩中沟地区位于华北克拉通北缘东段,辽吉古元古代裂谷带的南段,处于营口－凤城－长甸铀矿构造成矿亚带内.中沟地区古生界挫草沟组与古元古界里尔峪组间古风化壳发育,铀矿化分布于古生界与古元古界不整合接触面附近,与切割不整合面的断裂构造关系密切.矿化与黏土化、硅化等低温热液蚀变关系密切.古风化壳及其附近岩石含U较高,特征元素组合相关性较好,发现有高品位的铀及多金属矿体存在.其主要成矿期有：不整合面发育期、主要造陆期及断块运动期.在初步总结分析中沟地区铀矿地质特征的基础上,认为中沟地区具有形成不整合关联型铀及多金属矿良好的成矿条件和找矿前景.     

广西融水县孟公山铅锌矿区地质特征及成矿条件

孟公山铅锌矿位于桂北台隆(九万大山穹褶带)西南缘,属于九万大山―元宝山铜铅锌多金属成矿区。矿体分布于元古界四堡群九小组板岩层间断裂硅化破碎带中,含矿岩浆热液沿板岩夹层发生交代作用形成似层状矿体,矿化受断层、岩性双重控制,并与蚀变强度密切相关;矿床成因类型初步定为热液充填型。     

大溶溪层控夕卡岩型白钨矿床之成矿与控矿因素

大溶溪白钨矿床产于辰山花岗岩体外接触带下震旦统南沱砂岩组热变质晕(带)内,矿体沿南沱砂岩组作层状、似层状及厚大的透镜体状自然延伸,矿床规模为大型,产状稳定.矿体严格受断裂及不整合面的控制,岩体和特定层位是矿床形成的必要条件,成矿作用主要发生在印支期,由岩体与围岩作用形成的高温热液沿构造裂隙充填交代成矿.矿床为与夕卡岩化...     

宁芜盆地大岭岗金铜矿床地质特征及找矿前景

宁芜盆地发育一系列与火山—岩浆侵入作用有关的热液脉型金铜矿床(点),大岭岗金铜矿床属区内该类矿床。矿体主要赋存于NNW向张扭性断裂带中,呈脉状、复脉状、透镜状产出。大岭岗金铜矿床的蚀变和矿化划分为三个阶段：早期石英阶段、中期石英碳酸盐硫化物阶段和晚期石英碳酸盐重晶石阶段。大岭岗金铜矿床与燕山晚期岩浆活动有着密切的联系,岩浆发展的晚期阶段,从次火山岩(闪长玢岩)中分离出来的富含S、Cu、Fe、Co、Au等元素热液沿着断裂带及其派生的次生裂隙流向各方,与安山质火山岩中的水溶液或下渗的大气水混合,萃取地层成矿物质,使之活化转移,在有利的环境中富集成矿。大岭岗金铜矿床属次火山岩中低温热液脉型金铜矿床。大岭岗金铜矿区成矿地质背景良好,成矿条件优越,通过攻深找盲,寻找新的工业矿体的潜力巨大。     

波希米亚地块铀矿（三）

本文介绍波希米亚地块变质岩型和砂岩型铀矿出的区域地质背景，矿床地质特征，成矿控制因素和矿床成因。该区变质岩型铀矿主要赋存在地块的基底中深变质岩中，受纵向大断裂控制，产于石墨化带中，围岩强烈钠长石化，矿化兼有交代和充填双重特征。砂岩型铀矿产于基底不整合面之上上白垩世底部富含有机质的滨海相砂岩中，上有玄武岩覆盖，属原生沉积，热液与表生叠加多阶段复成因矿床。     

云南新平县石门坎金矿地质特征及找矿标志

新平县石门坎金矿矿体呈似层状、透镜状产于花岗闪长斑岩岩脉两侧接触带及岩层~之层间破碎带中,矿体围岩为花岗闪长斑岩和泥盆系上统(D_3)碎屑岩,矿体产状分别与岩体接触带产状和岩层产状基本一致。岩体接触带、层间断层破碎带以及硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂矿化、辉锑矿化是重要的找矿标志,矿床类型属热液型金矿床。     

赣东北朱溪矿床深部似层状钨(铜)矿体白钨矿、磷灰石原位U-Pb年代学及微量元素研究

钨和铜由于地球化学行为存在明显差异,导致二者通常很难同时发生大规模的成矿作用。然而,江南钨矿带却出现了以石门寺和朱溪为代表的钨(铜)矿床。本文对朱溪钨(铜)矿床中最为重要的铜矿化作用开展了研究,即对形成于新元古代浅变质岩与古生代碳酸盐岩不整合界面附近的似层状钨(铜)矿体进行了精细的矿物学微区原位测试分析。厘定了朱溪矿床深部似层状钨(铜)矿体中铜矿化的形成时代为150.2±2.4Ma,与朱溪矿床的钨矿化时代及钨矿化相关岩体的成岩时代近于一致;揭示了深部似层状钨(铜)矿体中白钨矿、磷灰石的形成与朱溪矿床成矿相关岩浆高程度结晶分异形成的残余岩浆热液流体相关;结合朱溪矿床高分异残余岩浆(流体)具有高度还原的特征,初步提出朱溪矿床成矿过程中,钨来自于高分异残余岩浆热液流体,而铜来自于岩浆热液流体对基底地层中铜元素的萃取。     

中国主要斑岩钨矿床特征

根据我国主要斑岩型钨矿床地质地球化学资料,斑岩钨矿床产布在特定板块构造位置,受中生代区域深(大)断裂的控制,其成矿与燕山中晚期花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩、石英斑岩和二长花岗斑岩体有关,总结综合了我国斑岩钨矿床成矿特征和成矿模式。 斑岩钨矿床常与斑岩型和其他型钼、铜、锡矿床产于同一成矿区带;成矿具有深源岩浆热液成矿和深源岩浆热液一表生改造成矿系列;斑岩钨矿床成矿于斑岩体内外接触带,而以内带为主;矿体形态有板状、脉状、似层状和岩钟状,矿化类型常见为钨型和钨钼型,矿物简单;矿化-蚀变具有分带特征。     

The role of the thermal convection of fluids in the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits: the Athabasca Basin,Canada

In the global production of uranium, ~18% belong to the unconformity-type Canadian deposits localized in the Athabasca Basin. These deposits, which are unique in terms of their ore quality, were primarily studied by Canadian and French scientists. They have elaborated the diagenetic–hydrothermal hypothesis of ore formation, which suggests that (1) the deposits were formed within a sedimentary basin near an unconformity surface dividing the folded Archean–Proterozoic metamorphic basement and a gently dipping sedimentary cover, which is not affected by metamorphism; (2) the spatial accommodation of the deposits is controlled by the rejuvenated faults in the basement at their exit into the overlying sedimentary sequence; the ore bodies are localized above and below the unconformity surface; (3) the occurrence of graphite-bearing rocks is an important factor in controlling the local structural mineralization; (4) the ore bodies are the products of uranium precipitation on a reducing barrier. The mechanism that drives the circulation of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions has remained one of the main unclear questions in the general genetic concept. The ore was deposited above the surface of the unconformity due to the upflow discharge of the solution from the fault zones into the overlying conglomerate and sandstone. The ore formation below this surface is a result of the downflow migration of the solutions along the fault zones from sandstone into the basement rocks. A thermal convective system with the conjugated convection cells in the basement and sedimentary fill of the basin may be a possible explanation of why the hydrotherms circulate in the opposite directions. The results of our computations in the model setting of the free thermal convection of fluids are consistent with the conceptual reasoning about the conditions of the formation of unique uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin. The calculated rates of the focused solution circulation through the fault zones in the upflow and downflow branches of a convection cell allow us to evaluate the time of ore formation up to the first hundreds of thousands years.     

北京万庄金矿床成矿特征及成因探讨

北京平谷万庄金矿产于燕山沉降带内的中元古界碳酸盐岩中，金矿化受燕山期三百山岩体、变质地层、层间虚脱构造及多期活动的NE走向断裂构造控制。金矿体呈筒状、扁担状及脉状产出。矿石矿物以褐铁矿、黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿为主。矿石类型主要有硅化多金展硫化物型和硅化黄铁矿型。矿区内矿化水平分带性明显。自三百山岩体为中心，从岩体内部到接触带，再到外接触带的变质地居中，依次发育有热液脉型铜矿化、夕卡岩铜金矿化和热液型金矿化，其中前两者未形成县有工业意又的矿床，仅第三者形成具有工业意又的万庄金矿床。矿区内大古界密云群基底变质岩为万庄金矿的形成提供了部分矿源，三百山闪长玢岩及石英闪长岩为成矿提供了热源和部分含矿热液，并与循环大气水混合促进了金的沉淀。中元古代长城系碳酸盐岩成为金矿化的有利围岩。万庄金矿为一层控特征明显的中低温热液型金矿床。     

纳米比亚湖山铀矿地质特征、控矿因素及其成因探讨

湖山铀矿位于泛非期达马拉造山带的南部中央区带内,构造以NNE-SSW向穹窿和断裂为主。矿区内地层自老至新为艾杜西斯组、可汗组、罗辛组、楚斯组、阿兰蒂斯组、卡里比布组和卡塞布组,侵入岩为寒武纪至晚新元古代花岗岩类。晶质铀矿为主要原生矿石矿物。后期热液叠加导致了铀石、硅钙铀矿和黄硅钾铀矿等热液矿物的形成以及高岭土化、蛇纹石化、绢云母化和绿泥石化等蚀变作用。矿床的形成受矿区地层、岩浆岩和构造联合控制,矿化仅发生于D和E型花岗岩内。矿化岩体呈席状侵入于NNE-SSW向湖山背斜转折端和翼部高应力区域,赋存于罗辛组与可汗组不整合接触带及其上部的罗辛组,少量赋存于楚斯组内。矿区内构造-岩浆事件可划分为四个阶段,铀成矿作用与第四阶段构造-岩浆事件密切相关,含矿D和E型花岗岩为后造山伸展环境下富铀阿巴比斯基底重熔形成。     

Supercontinent evolution and the Proterozoic metallogeny of South America

The cratonic blocks of South America have been accreted from 2.2 to 1.9 Ga, and all of these blocks have been previously involved in the assembly and breakup of the Paleoproterozoic Atlantica, the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Rodinia, and the Neoproterozoic to Phanerozoic West Gondwana continents. Several mineralization phases have sequentially taken place during Atlantica evolution, involving Au, U, Cr, W, and Sn. During Rodinia assembly and breakup and Gondwana formation, the crust-dominated metallogenic processes have been overriding, responsible for several mineral deposits, including Au, Pd, Sn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb, U, P₂O₅, Ta, W, Li, Be and precious stones. During Rodinia breakup, epicontinental carbonate-siliciclastic basins were deposited, which host important non-ferrous base metal deposits of Cu–Co and Pb–Zn–Ag in Africa and South America. Isotope Pb–Pb analyses of sulfides from the non-ferrous deposits unambiguously indicate an upper crustal source for the metals. A genetic model for these deposits involves extensional faults driving the circulation of hydrothermal mineralizing fluids from the Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement to the Neoproterozoic sedimentary cover. These relations demonstrate the individuality of metal associations of every sediment-hosted Neoproterozoic base-metal deposit of West Gondwana has been highly influenced by the mineralogical and chemical composition of the underlying igneous and metaigneous rocks.     

地物化综合方法在危机矿山成矿预测中的应用——以山东沂南金矿为例

山东沂南金矿床是鲁西地区典型的夕卡岩型矿床,历经50余年的开采,后备资源储量严重不足。文章借助危机矿山矿产预测项目,在成矿系统理论指导下,通过对已有资料二次开发,深入分析了矿床成矿地质条件和控矿因素,总结了成矿规律。并在大比例尺路线地质调查和地质填图的基础上,在矿区外围选定了2个预测靶区,结合有针对性的地、物、化等综合方法进行了成矿预测,经钻孔验证于不整合面发现工业矿体,为矿山开辟了新的接替资源基地,有效延长了矿山服务年限。2个预测靶区验证钻孔成功见矿,尤其是不整合面见矿的事实,不仅表明沂南金矿深、边部巨大的成矿潜力,对指导沂南金矿深部、外围乃至鲁西地区找矿勘探具有重要意义。     

The application of lithogeochemistry in the search for unconformity-type uranium deposits, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada

Lithogeochemical-mineralogical haloes around unconformity-type uranium deposits in northern Saskatchewan can expand the size of drill targets up to fifteen times. The deposits are located at or near the unconformity between Aphebian metamorphosed basement rocks in close proximity to Archean granitoids and overlying unmetamorphosed sandstones of the Helikian Athabasca Group. Deposits studied include Key Lake (Deilmann), Midwest Lake and Eagle Point.Unconformity-type deposits are associated with broad alteration haloes in the overlying sandstones and more restricted haloes in the basement rocks. The haloes in the sandstone are localized around steeply dipping fault structures and are characterized by zones of intense leaching of specular hematite and detrital heavy mineral layers and by changes in chemistry related to clay mineral alteration and tourmalinization.Clay mineral alteration haloes are common in the sandstone and basement host rocks. Interstitial clays consist mainly of kaolinite and illite with lesser amounts of chlorite. The ratio K₂O/AI₂O₃ proved useful in delineating illite-kaolinite patterns in the sandstone and in the uppermost portions of the paleoweathering profile in basement rocks. The Midwest deposit is characterized by a broad bell-shaped zone (500 m across strike) of high K₂O/AI₂O₃ ratios (>0.18) in which illite is the dominant clay mineral. The sandstone above the Deilmann deposit, on the other hand, is characterized by silicification and kaolinitization with low K₂O/AI₂O₃ ratios (<0.04). This kaolinite cap overprints a preexisting illite zone.Anomalously high boron values are characteristic of the three deposits considered in this study. Boron anomalies are similar in extent to the anomalous clay mineral alteration haloes. Altered sandstones commonly contain aggregates of radiating magnesium-rich dravite needles within the clay matrix. The interpretation of boron patterns is problema tical however, mainly because of the detrital tourmaline component in sandstones and metamorphic tourmalines present in the Aphebian metasediments.Trace elements such as U, Ni, As and Co are generally of limited use in expanding targets in sandstone because their haloes are restricted to a few tens of metres horizon-anomalies along the steeply dipping zones of mineralization related to fault structures. Uranium (>3 ppm) does form an anomaly more than 200 metres laterally across the Midwest deposit. At the Deilmano deposit anomalous uranium dispersion is restricted to within a few metres of high grade ore.In the basement rocks, the various layers of the paleoweathering profile are geochemically overprinted up to 250 m from mineralization. Bleaching related to illitization and chloritization is associated with enrichment in K₂O, MgO, B, S, U, As, Ni and P₂O₃. The ratio Fe₂O₃/MgO is useful in delineating chloritization in the upper portion of the paleo weathering profile.Deposits with large root extensions in the Aphebian metasediments such as Eagle Point, have intense dravite-chlorite-illite alteration zones which are restricted to within a few metres of mineralization across strike. ‘Quartzite” units are alteration related. The complexity of the basement lithology inhibits the use of individual elements as alteration guides other than in the intensely altered zone. The application of multivariant techniques, element ratios and clay mineralogical work prove useful in identifying the mineralogical changes at Eagle Point.     

辽东地区太古宙绿岩带铁-铀型铀矿及其找矿前景

简叙辽东地区太古宙绿岩带地质背景,并结合太古宙绿岩带铁-铀型铀矿成矿地质特征的阐述,提出太古宙绿岩带铀成矿作用具有明显的前寒武纪主期性。讨论太古宙富铀钾质花岗岩相关的太古宙残留体内构造-蚀变岩控制铀矿的观点：提出古韧性剪切-破碎断裂带、太古宙基底岩体顶上凸起带之凹洼中的＂突触＂与碱交代岩等三位一体的构造空间和构造-蚀变岩定位层间-不整合破裂带关联-碱交代热液型铀矿的成矿模式,并且太古宙绿岩带铁-铀型铀矿围岩蚀变清楚,铀成矿谱系反映为初贫后富-叠加再造成矿的矿物组合;以复杂-叠加、脉络清楚的太古宙绿岩带构造环境相关的铀矿聚集区为例,探讨太古宙绿岩带铀成矿作用的多期性。并认为太古宙绿岩带铁-铀型铀矿矿体埋藏深、隐伏性强、盲矿体多,潜在的找矿前景相当可观。     

Infrared spectral reflectance characterization of the hydrothermal alteration at the Tuwu Cu–Au deposit, Xinjiang, China

Short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrothermal minerals and map alteration zones in the Tuwu Cu–Au deposit, Xinjiang, China. The Palaeozoic hydrothermal system at Tuwu is structurally controlled, developed in andesitic volcanic rocks and minor porphyries. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by horizontally zoned development of quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, montmorillonite and kaolin about individual porphyry dykes and breccia zones, as is shown by changes outward from a core of quartz veining and silicification, through an inner zone of sericite + chlorite to a marginal zone of chlorite + epidote. The alteration system comprises several such zoning patterns. Silicification and sericitization are spatially associated with Cu–Au mineralization. Zoning is also shown by compositional variations such that Fe-rich chlorite and Al-rich sericite occur preferentially toward the core and the most intensely altered parts, whereas Mg-rich chlorite and relatively Al-poor sericite are present on the margin and the relatively weakly altered parts of the hydrothermal alteration system. The compositions of chlorite and sericite, therefore, can be potentially used as vectors to Cu–Au mineralization. Montmorillonite and kaolinite, of probable weathering origin, are located near the surface, forming an argillic blanket overlying Cu–Au mineralization. Sporadic montmorillonite is also present at depth in the hydrothermal alteration system, formed by descending groundwater. Presence of a well-developed kaolinite-bearing zone on the surface is an indication of possible underlying Cu–Au mineralization in this region. Epidote occurs widely in regional volcanic rocks, as well as in variably altered rocks on the margin of the hydrothermal mineralization system at Tuwu. The widespread occurrence of epidote in volcanic country rocks probably reflects a regional hydrothermal alteration event prior to the localized, porphyry intrusion-related hydrothermal process that led to the Cu–Au mineralization at Tuwu.