晋北晚古生代煤系高岭岩的特征及成因

晋北晚古生代煤系中的高岭岩，其主要类型和富集层是：（１）本溪组底部的铝土质高岭岩；（２）太原组夹矸高岭岩；（３）山西组夹矸高岭岩。根据不同层位高岭岩的岩石、矿物、地球化学特征的差异，分析了高岭岩可能的源岩性质，并探讨了其成因和形成的模式     

晋北晚古生长煤系高岭岩的特征及成因

晋北晚古生代煤系中的高岭岩，基信要类型和富集层是：１．本溪组底部的铝土质高岭岩；２．太原组夹矸高岭岩；３．山西组夹矸高岭岩。根据不同层位高岭岩的岩石，矿物，地球化学特征的差异，分析了高岭岩可能的源岩性质，并探讨了其成因和形成的模式。     

晋北晚古生代煤系高岭岩成因模式研究

本文主要研究了山西北部晚古生代煤系高岭岩的岩石、矿物、地球化学特征，确定了高岭岩的主要富集层位：（１）本溪组底部铝土质高岭岩；（２）太原组煤夹矸高岭岩；（３）山西组煤夹矸高岭岩。从而得到研究区高岭岩源岩一为风化壳化学风化作用产物，一为火山碎屑沉积物的结论。进而分析了不同层位、不同源岩高岭岩的成因模式：正常沉积高岭岩成因模式和火山碎屑成岩转化成因模式     

新田宁远道县一带玄武质火山岩的地球化学研究

本文阐述了该区玄武质火山岩及其中包体的微量元素及同位素地球化学特征,并对玄武岩浆成因与演化进行了探讨。玄武岩与其中的包体具有不同的过渡金属元素分配型式。二辉橄榄岩包体具亏损地幔岩性质。玄武岩稀土元素的配分特点与世界上典型的大陆裂谷型玄武岩相似。锶、铅、氧同位素的初步研究结果对岩浆的幔源性质及所经受的同化混染作用提供了一些线索。     

北京地区中元古界下马岭组页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

对采自北京地区中元古界下马岭组的页岩样品,进行了地球化学研究,结果表明:主量元素Al2O3、Ca O和Na2O含量明显偏低,K2O和Mn O含量稍微偏低,Si O2、Ti O2及Fe2O3T含量同上地壳基本一致。微量元素及其比值特征显示源岩为混合源岩。稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦,铕明显负异常、铈弱负异常,各样品稀土元素配分模式与大陆上地壳一致,显示了沉积物具有同源性。源岩为来自于内蒙古隆起的花岗岩类、闪长岩类及基性岩的混合。微量元素比值及铈弱负异常的特征表明中元古界下马岭组页岩为覆水较深的还原环境沉积,源区构造背景为大陆岛弧。     

河南鲁山鸡冢岩体岩浆混合特征及意义

鸡冢岩体为经历两次岩浆脉动上侵而成的复式深成岩体，化学成分表现为贫SiO2，低MgO，富CaO、Na2O，岩石类型为偏铝质高钾钙碱性岩系，属岩浆混合花岗岩。研究表明，花岗岩及其中暗色微粒包体在地球化学特征上具有相似的稀土、微量元素含量和配分模式。成分变异图解显示，SiO2与Al1O3、K2O、CaO、MgO、FeO、TiO2及稀土、微量元素La-Ce、Nd-Sm、La-Ba、Th／Yb-Ta／Yb之间具有较好的线性关系。氧同位素地球化学特征表明花岗岩形成过程中有大量幔源组分加入，说明鸡冢岩体为岩浆混合作用产物，其形成与华北陆块南缘陆内俯冲造山作用有关。     

云南白马寨镍矿区煌斑岩地球化学Ⅰ.主要元素和微量元素

云南白马寨镍矿区煌斑岩呈岩墙和岩脉穿切矿区各时代地层、基性-超基性岩和矿体，为成矿期后产物；采自矿区不同中段和不同产状的煌斑岩具有相似矿物组合，岩石类型均为云煌岩；岩石化学特征表明岩石均为钾质-富钾质钙碱性煌斑岩；微量元素配分模式为相似的“骆峰型”，与MORB相比，富集LILE和HPSE；REE配分模式为相似的LREE富集型；主要元素和微量元素与镁指数(M值)之间存在一定的相关关系；在La—La／Sm图中样品既有水平分布趋势、也有倾斜分布趋势。总体上，该区煌斑岩为相同岩浆源区的产物，源区地幔部分熔融程度和岩浆结晶分异作用对岩石主要元素和微量元素地球化学性质均有一定的影响。比较老王寨金矿区煌斑岩形成地质背景、岩石类型、主要元素和微量元素地球化学特征，认为两地区煌斑岩地幔源区具有相同或相似、的性质。     

粤西古水剖面震旦系顶部层状硅岩的热水成因属性:岩石学和地球化学证据

古水剖面震旦系顶部硅岩主要发育层状构造、纹理状构造、块状构造和假角砾状构造,化学成份以ＴｉＯ_２、Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３和大部分微量元素亏损（相对地壳克拉克值）为特征。但Ｂａ、Ａｓ和Ｓｂ等少数已知的热水沉积特征元素显示富集。在Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ三元图上,古水硅岩投映在“热水沉积”域内。因子分析和对应分析显示了大部分金属元素在代表热水淋滤作用的因子上均有反映。稀土元素以低含量为特征,在对北美页岩组合样（ＮＡＳＣ）正规化后的稀土配分模式落在典型热水沉积的上、下限之间,而在正常沉积的之外。各种岩性和地球化学证据表明,古水硅岩具有热水成因。     

囊谦古近纪盆地砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源和沉积环境的指示作用

砂岩地球化学特征对物质来源、古气候和沉积环境具有十分重要的示踪和指示作用。通过分析砂岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化,研究了囊谦盆地沉积环境、古气候及物源特征。结果表明:囊谦古近纪盆地的古环境为气候干旱炎热、氧化环境;微量元素中的深源元素低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明物源为陆源物质,而陆源元素则与地壳粘土岩中的平均值相当,反映沉积速度快;砂岩的REE北美页岩和球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损但变化平缓,反映典型的沉积成因特征;Th/Sc、Th/U、La/Th元素比值和La/Sc-Co/Th、Th-Hf-Co、La/Yb-∑REE以及砂岩函数判别图解显示囊谦古近纪盆地碎屑岩物源具有多样性,主要来自于上地壳长英质源区,源岩可能为沉积岩、酸性火山岩和拉斑玄武岩的混合。     

宁武──静乐盆地中部煤系高岭岩的特征及成因

通过对宁武-静乐盆地中部高岭岩的组成、产状及稀土和微量元素地球化学特征的研究,发现了K+Na+Ca、TiO₂、Nb、Zr等与高岭石含量间的正相关关系,讨论了细粒沉积物于沼泽中可能的沉降与扩散机制,认为研究区高岭岩为阴山古陆酸性陆源岩风化产物经搬运沉积后,又在沼泽环境中经淋滤进-步富集而成。      

大青山煤田煤系高岭岩稀土元素地球化学特征

采用中子活化法对采自内蒙古大青山煤田石炭-二叠纪煤系的12个高岭岩样品进行了稀土元素(REE)含量测定。结果表明,样品的稀土元素含量变化很大,ΣREE最低31.98×10-6,最高616.3×10-6,平均178.6×10-6,与NASC的173.21×10-6相近;ΣLREE/ΣHREE介于6.32~46.14之间,平均17.5,明显高于NASC;中—弱Eu亏损,弱Ce正异常。通过不同对比样品(北美页岩、超基性岩、基性岩、中性岩、酸性岩以及偏碱性岩等)所作的标准化分析结果表明,研究样品不具有典型的沉积型泥岩特征;结合薄片鉴定及前人分析结果推论,高岭岩可能由中—基性或偏碱性火山碎屑物质原地蚀变而成,泥炭化所提供的酸性介质条件对火山灰向高岭岩转化以及稀土元素的分异提供了必要的条件。      

华北晚古生代煤系I／S间层粘土岩稀土元素地球化学特征

通过ICP和INAA方法对华北几个晚古生代煤田（煤矿区）的I／S间层粘中土岩样品进行了稀土元素（REE）地球化学特征研究。结果表明，无序间层粘土岩REE含量较低，并具中－－弱Eu正异常为特征；IS有序间层粘岩以REE含量高，中－－强Eu亏损为特征，两种I／S间层粘土岩的REE含量及特征均与NASC有所不同，物源分析表明，无序间层粘土岩主要由中性火山碎屑（岩）在原地蚀变、转化而成，而有序间层粘土岩则是由酸性岩蚀变而成。     

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of recent clastic sediments from lower Godavari river: Implications of source rock weathering

The major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry and clay mineral compositions in the river bed sediments from lower reaches of Godavari river suggest that they are derived from weathering of felsic rocks. Trace and rare earth elemental compositions indicate evidence of sedimentary sorting during transportation and deposition. Lower concentrations of transition elements, such as V, Ni and Cr imply enrichment of felsic minerals in these bed sediments. The REE pattern in lower Godavari sediments is influenced by the degree of source rock weathering. The light rare earth elements (LREE) content are indicating greater fractionation compared to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). A striking relationship is observed between TiO₂ and gZREE content suggesting a strong control by LREE-enriched titaniferous minerals on REE chemistry. Shale-normalized REE pattern demonstrate a positive Eu anomaly, suggesting weathering of feldspar and their secondary products, which are enriched in Eu. Chondrite-normalised REE pattern is characteristic of felsic volcanic, granites and gnessic source rocks. Trace elemental compositions in sediments located near urban areas suggest influence of anthropogenic activity. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is high (avg. 65.76), suggesting a moderate chemical weathering environment. X-ray diffraction analysis of clay fraction shows predominance of clay minerals that are formed because of the chemical weathering of felsic rocks.     

Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China

Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63–0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2–0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source.Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P_2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P_2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf–Ta, Ti–Ta, Ti–V, Hf–Sc, Lu–Hf and Lu–Th, tonsteins from the P_2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P_2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P_2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P_2.2+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations.     

云南龙脖河铜矿区变火山岩地球化学再研究

龙脖河铜矿床位于滇中地区红河成矿带南段,矿区火山岩发育、与铜矿化时空密切共生。区内火山岩遭受了不同程度的蚀变或区域变质作用,根据矿物组合可分为变安山岩、变次火山岩和变基性火山岩。三类变火山岩均相对富Na,在地球化学分类图解上样品主要位于碱性玄武岩区域。除个别微量元素外,三类岩石的微量元素含量相近,与各种构造环境玄武岩相比,本区变火山岩富集HFSE(Th、Nb等)、亏损LILE(Sr、Ba等),微量元素配分模式出现明显Th、Nb正异常和Sr、Ba负异常。三类岩石的REE含量范围相互重叠,除Eu异常外,其REE配分模式均为相似的LREE富集型。各种地球化学证据表明,本区三类变火山岩为同源岩浆不同演化阶段的产物,其原始岩浆为大陆板内拉张构造环境交代富集地幔部分熔融的产物,结晶分异作用在岩浆演化过程中具有重要地位。     

碧口岩群硅质岩成因及地质意义

碧口块状硫化物矿床直接赋矿主岩硅质岩地质特征及常量、微量、稀土元素组成表明,碧口岩群硅质岩为同火山岩喷流热水沉积成因。碧口岩群硅质岩常量元素富Fe、贫Si,为典型热水沉积成因;其微量元素、稀土元素特征均与现代大洋热水沉积物相似。热水硅质岩Eu异常与古流体温度存在密切关系,Eu／Eu特征显示筏子坝、铜矿坡为较高温度喷流产物,而大茅坪、黑窝子、铜矿梁、周家坡则为较低温度下的产物。     

松辽盆地白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

松辽盆地庆安地区白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩主要由砂岩、泥岩和粉砂岩类组成。通过对白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩岩石样品的岩石化学分析表明 :主元素化学分类结果主要为长石砂岩、页岩 ,少量岩屑砂岩和硬砂岩 ;稀土元素分布模式显示其明显富集轻稀土及Eu负异常 ,并与NASC和PAAS稀土分布模式相似 ;碎屑沉积岩与上地壳的微量元素含量比值曲线显示为平坦型 ,这说明沉积岩是在活动性较弱的构造背景下缓慢沉积 ,具有被动大陆边缘和活动大陆边缘沉积物的特点。松辽盆地庆安地区白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩物质来源于张广才岭海西期花岗岩 ,后者的物源来自于上地壳。     

滇东黔西晚二叠世煤系中火山灰蚀变粘土岩的元素地球化学特征

对滇东?黔西晚二叠世煤系中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸?正常沉积粘土岩和煤层共采46件样品,用多种仪器分析方法测定微量元素30余种?研究表明,煤系各层段中赋存的夹矸是由性质不同的火山灰沉积蚀变形成的,各层夹矸的微量元素含量及组合关系各有特点并在较大范围内保持良好的稳定性,可用于判定层位;正常沉积粘土岩与夹矸的原始物质性质不同,其微量元素含量和组合面貌各有自己特定的分布范围,两者易于区别?     

Metavolcanic host rocks,mineralization, and gossans of the Shaib al Tair and Rabathan volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Wadi Bidah Mineral District,Saudi Arabia

The Wadi Bidah Mineral District of Saudi Arabia contains more than 16 small outcropping stratabound volcanogenic Cu–Zn–(Pb) ± Au-bearing massive sulphide deposits and associated zones of hydrothermal alteration. Here, we use major and trace element analyses of massive sulphides, gossans, and hydrothermally altered and least altered metamorphosed host rock (schist) from two of the deposits (Shaib al Tair and Rabathan) to interpret the geochemical and petrological evolution of the host rocks and gossanization of the mineralization. Tectonic interpretations utilize high-field-strength elements, including the rare earth elements (REE), because they are relatively immobile during hydrothermal alteration, low-grade metamorphism, and supergene weathering and therefore are useful in constraining the source, composition, and physicochemical parameters of the primary igneous rocks, the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid and subsequent supergene weathering processes. Positive Eu anomalies in some of the massive sulphide samples are consistent with a high temperature (>250°C) hydrothermal origin, consistent with the Cu contents (up to 2 wt.%) of the massive sulphides. The REE profiles of the gossans are topologically similar to nearby hydrothermally altered felsic schists (light REE (LREE)-enriched to concave-up REE profiles, with or without positive Eu anomalies) suggesting that the REE experienced little fractionation during metamorphism or supergene weathering. Hydrothermally altered rocks (now schists) close to the massive sulphide deposits have high base metals and Ba contents and have concave-up REE patterns, in contrast to the least altered host rocks, consistent with greater mobility of the middle REE compared to the light and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration. The gossans are interpreted to represent relict massive sulphides that have undergone supergene weathering; ‘chert’ beds within these massive sulphide deposits may be leached wall-rock gossans that experienced silicification and Pb–Ba–Fe enrichment from acidic groundwaters generated during gossan formation.     

Mineralogical and chemical changes of soil and stream sediment formed by intense weathering of the Danburg granite, Georgia, U.S.A.

A series of soil and stream sediments developed during intense weathering on the metaluminous Danburg granite, northeastern Georgia, U.S.A., have been analyzed mineralogically and chemically. The concentrations of Ba, Na, Rb and Cs in the silt and coarser fractions are controlled mainly by feldspars and biotite. Hf is controlled by zircon, and the REE (rare-earth elements) and Th are largely controlled by sphene. Variations in feldspar, sphene and zircon may produce small variations in Eu/Sm and La/Lu ratios. Ferromagnesian minerals control Ta, Fe, Co, Sc and Cr concentrations.

The mineralogical and chemical composition of the Danburg granite is more closely reflected in the silt than in the sand or gravel fractions of stream sediments. In the silt, the contents of Rb, REE, Th, Ta, Fe, Co and Sc and the ratios of La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Eu/Sm and La/Lu are similar to those in the unweathered granite. In contrast, these element contents or ratios in the sands and gravels are 0.05−3× the concentration in the unweathered granite. Ta and Ba contents are an exception to the above. The Ta and Ba contents of the sands and gravels are similar to those of the granite.

In the kaolinite-halloysite clays, the content of Na is depleted relative to the source. Rb, Cs, Ba, Hf and Ta are depleted or enriched in the clays relative to the source, while the REE, Th, Fe, Co, Sc and Cr are enriched. The Eu/Sm (Eu anomaly size) and La/Lu ratios, and the REE patterns of the clays are similar to those of the source.

Thus, the mineralogy and element contents of a siltstone developed from metaluminous, granitic sources during intense weathering would be expected to be more similar to the source rock than the sandstones and conglomerates. Claystones should contain similar REE patterns and Eu/Sm ratios as the source rock, but such fine-grained sediments might represent much larger areas of source rocks than the more locally derived sandstones or conglomerates.