华北地台中寒武世鲕滩碳酸盐旋回沉积、古海平面变动控制及旋回年代学研究

华北地台中寒武世鲕滩碳酸盐沉积序列中具有特征的低频(级)和高频(级-级)旋回层序叠加样式和规律。旋回层序内部的沉积构成、微相组构、成岩特点以及高频旋回的复合、叠加严格受复合海平面变动的控制。巨厚鲕滩形成于低频海平面变化的回落时期,但复合叠加于低频海平面变化中的级海平面变化更直接地控制着鲕滩建造的时空发育、进积迁移。鲕滩微相中鲕粒组构特征则主要与高频海平面变化相关。鲕滩高频海平面变化旋回层序的厚度频率分布、不同级次旋回叠加比率和样式以及大范围空间上的连续可比性规律可能说明它们受地球轨道参数周期性变动的控制。轨道旋回层序具有的特定变化时间周期和频率使得旋回地层学具有了年代学意义,可以对重要地层段、事件层及生物带高精度测年。应用旋回地层学的研究得到了中寒武世毛庄\徐庄\张夏期的界线(面)年龄,即毛庄(期)\徐庄(期)为530.50Ma、徐庄(期)\张夏(期)为526.90Ma,与前人应用生物年代地层学等方法得到的年龄值极为一致。     

旋回年代学及其应用意义—华北地台寒武世碳酸盐岩鲕滩高频旋回的年代学研究

华北地台中寒武世鲕滩碳酸盐岩沉积序列中发育大量分属4－7级的高频层序，依据旋回平均厚度的频率分布、不同级别旋回叠加样式和比率、沉积发育样式和跨越整个地台的可对比等特征认为，它们受控于地球轨道参数变动，是典型的米兰柯维奇旋回，其中Ⅳ、Ⅵ级分别对应于长、短偏心率旋回，时限分别为0．4Ma和0．1Ma。应用轨道旋回规则的周期间隔给出了中寒武世各级层序、地层阶和相应界面的年龄值。     

旋回年代学及其应用意义--华北地台中寒武世碳酸盐岩鲕滩高频旋回的年代学研究

华北地台中寒武世鲕滩碳酸盐岩沉积序列中发育大量分属4～7级的高频层序,依据旋回平均厚度的频率分布、不同级别旋回叠加样式和比率、沉积发育样式和跨越整个地台的可对比等特征认为,它们受控于地球轨道参数变动,是典型的米兰柯维奇旋回,其中Ⅳ、Ⅵ级分别对应于长、短偏心率旋回,时限分别为0.4Ma和0.1Ma.应用轨道旋回规则的周期间隔给出了中寒武世各级层序、地层阶和相应界面的年龄值.     

沉积旋回、复合海平面变化、旋回叠加型式及地层力等级

海平面升降、台地沉降和沉积物的聚集是确定千米级(沉积层序级)和米级(沉积旋回级)地层组合的主要因素。本项研究中特别注意了具有不同频率(定为级)和不同振幅并相互叠加的海平面波动及其在联系旋回地层和层序地层时所起的作用。借助计算机模拟,对阿尔卑斯三叠纪台地碳酸盐地层进行了详细分析,即对低频的第三级(1—10Ma)沉积旋回和组成其中的高频第四级(0.1—1Ma)和第五级(0.01—0.1Ma)旋回之间的关系进行了探讨。在此基础上,发现存在着一个由复合海平面升降所驱动的地层力等级,它导致形成有序的叠加型式。这一型式由典型的高频第四级、第五级浅水碳酸盐旋回组成并受低频的第三级海平面相对变化的影响。层序叠加型式在垂向上的规则变化是由于第三级海平面相对升降阶段可容空间的规律性变化造成的,而且这些规律性变化的存在不受产生高频旋回机制的控制。这一方法对于联系米级旋回地层和地震级层序地层具有重要意义。本文介绍了阿尔卑斯山区三叠纪沉积建造的两个实例,即拉丁期Latemar建造和诺利期的Dolomia Principale单元。它们的规律性的高频旋回叠加存在于第三级层序之中,反映了与地层力驱动等级一致的短期高频海平面升降和长期低频海平面升降之间的相互作用。这一结论通过计算机模拟得到了充分证实。此外还介绍了另一个阿尔卑斯三叠纪实例,即诺利期Lofer旋回层,尽管它存在有复合高频海平面升降变化,但是既没有发现高频旋回叠加型式的规则层序,也没有发现具有复合韵律的地层记录。从上述实例中,笔者认为(1)局部的构造力可以使台地沉积出现短期偏差;(2)不同级次的高频海平面振荡在振幅上的巨大差异是复合韵律缺失的主要原因;(3)对复合海平面相对变化以及地层驱动力等级潜在意义的理解将旋回地层学和层序地层学联系起来了。     

华北地台中寒武世米级旋四层序与复合海平面变化

笔者在对华北地区中寒武统颐滩碳酸盐建造露头层序地层学研究工作中首次识别出层序中最基本的地层单元──米级旋回层序，它是露头层序分析最基本的工作单元。本文总结概括出不同体系域内米级旋回层序类型和特征。这些米级旋四层序在塞向上叠加构成高级（五级、四级、三级）旋回层序时表现出周期性和规律性。这种不同级次的旋回层序的形成受不同动力成因引起的具不同周期和频率复合海平面变化的控制。米级旋回层序的识别与复合海平面变化的研究得出中寒武世鲕滩层序的形成经历了若干次周期性的淹没－间断－均衡堆积－加积进积事件，这为盆地充填史的恢复提供了新途径。     

华北地台中寒武世米级旋回层序与复合海平面变化

笔者在对华北地区中寒武统鲱滩碳酸盐建造露头层序地层学研究工作中首次识别出层序中最基本的地层单元－米级旋回层序，它是露头层序分析最基本的工作单元。本文总结概括出不同体系域内米级旋回层类型和特征。这些米级旋回层序在垂向上叠加构成高级旋回层序时表现出时期性和规律性。这种不同级次的旋回层序的形成受不同动力成因引起折具不同周期和复合海平面变化的控制。     

华北中寒武世张夏组复合海平面变化旋回层序

华北中寒武世张夏组,以发育较多的鲕粒灰岩著称。其中发育的五十至六十余个潮下型碳酸盐米级旋回层序形成有规律的垂直叠加形式,构成十余个五级旋回层序,三个四级旋回层序及一个三级旋回层序,最终形成一个典型的复合海平面变化旋回层序。这些潮下型碳酸盐米级旋回层序,常呈１∶４的叠加关系,反映了地层记录中的米兰柯维奇性质,即单个米级旋回层序与短偏心率旋回（周期为１０万年）有关。     

塔里木盆地K2-E旋回层序与海平面变化

塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E海相含碳酸盐岩地层中可识别出七种类型的高频旋回层序,主要有潮下缓坡型、台地型、台地边缘型碳酸盐旋回层序及以碎屑岩为主的潮间－潮上型旋回层序。平面上,不同类型高频旋回层序成为特定古地理背景下台地碳酸盐沉积体系、滨岸沉积体系和冲积沉积体系沉积层序的代表。纵向上,各类高频旋回层序的有序叠加,其类型的变化反映了沉积环境、沉积相的演变过程。研究结果表明,研究区各类高频旋回层序下部单元至上部单元微相的转变是受高频率海平面变化的影响,低频率海平面升降控制了高频旋回层序的叠加形式,造成沉积环境由下至上滨岸→碳酸盐台地→滨岸→河流的变化。正是由于不同周期海平面变化旋回的叠加形成了塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E的复合海平面变化旋回层序。     

湖南桃源瓦尔岗剖面层序地层框架下的寒武系第10阶旋回地层学研究

很多地层学与沉积学特征,如显生宙较高的海平面位置以及最高的大气圈二氧化碳含量、全球性温暖的气候(温室效应条件)、后生动物骨骼生物礁的贫乏、三叶虫的主导性、典型的方解石海、SPICE碳同位素事件所代表的大洋缺氧事件和大气圈增氧事件,将寒武纪芙蓉世特征化。经过多年的努力,一个全新的芙蓉统年代地层格架已经得到了系统的确立,芙蓉统可以进一步划分为排碧阶、江山阶和没有得到最后定义的第10阶。湖南桃源县瓦尔岗剖面,以丰富的斜坡相三叶虫的发育著称,是全球寒武系芙蓉统第10阶底界GSSP的候选剖面。为了配合第10阶层型剖面的年代地层学研究,在层序地层学框架内,对该剖面第10期地层为主的地层序列进行了较为系统的旋回地层学研究。基于基本的岩相和沉积相的观察与研究,将该剖面沈家湾组中主要归为第10期的大部分地层归为一个三级沉积层序,并进一步划分为两个四级海平面变化层序;该三级沉积层序大致包含48个准层序级别的六级米级旋回,这些米级旋回常常4个一组构成五级旋回(准层序组)而表现出明显的沉积旋回的1∶4的叠加样式,成为较为典型的米兰柯维奇旋回属性而可以作为代表性的"定时器"。结果表明,第10期地层的形成时限大致为4.80Myr(百万年),稍大于地球化学测年得出的4.10Myr(~495.0-489.5Ma);而且层序界面代表的沉积环境变化要超前于阶的界面代表的生物变化。因此,层序地层学框架内的旋回地层学研究,丰富了瓦尔岗剖面的地层学内容。     

辽东半岛南部中上寒武统高频旋回层序划分沉积速率初探

通过对辽东半岛南部中晚寒武系张夏组、妙米店组主同频旋回层序及复合海平面变化的划分、研究,以及对高频旋回层序的类型、各种级别旋回层序形成时限及其控制因素的探讨,探讨高频旋回沉积速率的变化规律,认为沉积速率的变化过程是一个非渐变的由底部向顶部加大的变化趋势,各种级别旋回层序的沉积速率变化情况相似,由小级别旋回到大级别旋回的逐级叠加,形成一非渐变的变化曲线。     

华北地台中寒武统张夏组上部高频层序研究

根据华北地台东部寒武系露头层序地层研究,将张夏组划分为两个正层序,其中上部正层序（５３０－５２５ＭａＢ．Ｐ．,三叶虫带Ａｍｐｈｏｔｏｎ－Ｔａｉｔｚｕｉａ带至Ｄａｍｅｓｅｌａ带）由４个亚层序和１７－２３个小层序组成,其中正层序和亚层序具有高分辨率区域地层对比意义。每一级层序均表现为向上变浅和变粗进积型序列,底部常以间断－加深面或洪泛面为界。该时期的海平面变化具有高频振荡特点,构成一个三级复合海平面变化旋回。由不同级别层序所反映的海平面变化旋回可以分别与天文周期的奥特周期（２—５Ｍａ）、米兰科维奇长周期（０．１—０．４Ｍａ）和米兰科维奇短周期（０．０２—０．０４Ｍａ）相对比。据层序地层和相序及相模式的研究,识别出６种类型的小层序,陆棚盆地至上缓坡显示出由Ａ—Ｆ类型的规律性变化。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部中寒武统张夏组颗粒滩沉积特征及控制因素*

碳酸盐岩颗粒滩是一种十分重要的油气储集体。综合野外露头剖面、岩心、测井、录井及薄片资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区中寒武统张夏组颗粒滩沉积特征、分布规律及控制因素进行分析。结果表明:研究区张夏组碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积广泛发育,以鲕粒滩为典型代表的颗粒滩沉积占绝对优势;颗粒滩岩性主要为颗粒石灰岩、颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩3种,颗粒类型主要有鲕粒、生屑、砾屑和砂屑等;颗粒滩纵向上通常表现为下细上粗的反旋回序列,多期旋回垂向叠置,形成相当厚度规模的颗粒滩沉积。结合鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪岩相古地理特征,认为研究区颗粒滩发育特征及平面展布规律受海平面相对变化、基底古地貌及构造活动综合控制,尤其是鄂尔多斯盆地南部寒武纪近北东向裂陷槽的发育,对张夏组台地边缘带鲕粒滩发育及分布的控制作用更为显著。     

西藏南部中白垩世旋回地层学

根据旋回特征可把西藏南部的中白垩纪地层分为四个等级。第一级旋回主要是大套的碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的交替，以及生物种类的变化，表现了当时海平面周期性变化。第二级旋回代表了古生产率和氧化还原的韵律性变化，通过对ＣａＣＯ₃含量的ＡＲ-ＦＦＴ处理得出的周期（ＺＭａ）与Ｂｅｒｇｅｒ等人所计算的理论周期基本相符。因此，可以认为这种旋回根本原因是因轨道参数变化所引起的古环流改变所造成，如地中海型环流与河口型环流的互换，必将导致古生产率以及海洋水体性质的改变。第三级旋回表现为层偶的变化，如泥岩与灰岩互层以及黑色页岩与灰岩互层，在本区主要有三个周期:４.３、５.２和９.２万年，它们分别相当于斜率（ε）和偏心率（Ｃ）的理论周期值，旋回的周期主要是因为气候的变化引起陆源物质的稀释作用发生周期性变化，气候的周期性变化是由于轨道参数的改变而引起，因此，这种族回具有全球的可对比性。第四级旋回是由于海水里季节性变化所引起的纹层状层理。     

The cyclic hierarchy of the 'Purbeckian' Sierra del Pozo Section, Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), southern Spain

The lowermost Cretaceous (Berriasian) Sierra del Pozo Formation is divisible into metre‐scale cycles that are bundled in a four‐tiered hierarchy of cycles and cyclic sequences. At the smallest scale, sixth‐order cycles, thought to be the product of precessionally forced sea‐level fluctuations (c. 20 ka), average less than a metre in thickness, shallow upward and are bounded by surfaces where deeper facies abruptly overlie shallower facies. Bundles of sixth‐order cycles, called fifth‐order sequences, are recognized by two types of asymmetric patterns in facies distribution. First, more pronounced facies changes occur at sixth‐order cycle boundaries lower in a sequence, whereas smaller facies changes occur at cycle boundaries higher in a sequence. Secondly, subtidal marine limestones (i.e. biomicrites and biosparites) are the dominant facies lower in a cyclic sequence, whereas more restricted or shallower water facies (i.e. mud‐cracked microbial laminites, dolomites, shale and clay) are more predominant higher in a cyclic sequence. The bundling of sixth‐order cycles is explained as a product of periodic change (100 ka) in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. The degree of orbital eccentricity modulates the magnitude of precessional sea‐level fluctuations, which in turn determine the relative facies contrasts at sixth‐order cycle boundaries. Larger scale fourth‐ and third‐order sequences are defined by similar patterns in facies contrast at successive sequence boundaries and by a change in predominant facies type from bottom to top. These patterns are explained as the product of 400 ka and 2 Ma periodic variations in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. In summary, the strength of the precessional signal varies in consort with periodic changes in orbital eccentricity at three time scales producing a stacked hierarchy of cycles and sequences of cycles. Change in obliquity of the earth's axis may modulate the effects of the precessional signal and thereby modify patterns of preserved cyclic structure. This interpretation of cyclicity in the Sierra del Pozo section is markedly different from that of Jiménez de Cisneros & Vera (1993), who attributed all rock cycles to a single process (obliquity) even though the cycles they described varied in thickness from less than 1 m to more than 4 m. The cycles they described are shown here to be either precessional cycles or composite sets of precessional cycles (100 ka sequences). In this new hierarchical interpretation, ninety‐six 100 ka and twenty‐four 400 ka sequences are recognized, extending the time of deposition of the Sierra del Pozo section to more than 9·6 Ma.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘早古生代碳酸盐岩高频沉积旋回分析

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘早古生代碳酸盐岩台地的演化可分低能和高级缓坡、具局限性内陆架盆地的镶边陆架、虎蒸发性内陆架盆地的镶边陆架及断边缘４个阶段，在不同的演化 ，高频沉回旋类型具有明显差异，说明沉积背景控制了碳酸盐岩高频沉积旋回的复杂性、多样性、根据对和线个演经阶段高频旋回的分级栩比及周期计算表明，其驱动机制应与米兰科维奇的天文轨道有关。     

Investigating the preservation of orbital forcing in peritidal carbonates

Metre‐scale cycles in ancient peritidal carbonate facies have long been thought to represent the product of shallow water carbonate accumulation under orbitally controlled sea‐level oscillations. The theory remains somewhat controversial, however, and a contrasting view is that these cycles are the product of intrinsic, and perhaps random, processes. Owing to this debate, it is important to understand the conditions that do, or do not, favour the preservation of orbital forcing, and the precise stratigraphic expression of that forcing. In this work, a one‐dimensional forward model of carbonate accumulation is used to test the ability of orbitally paced sea‐level changes to reconstruct cyclicities and cycle stacking patterns observed in greenhouse peritidal carbonate successions. Importantly, the modelling specifically tests insolation‐based sea‐level curves that probably best reflect the pattern and amplitude of sea‐level change in the absence of large‐scale glacioeustasy. This study found that such sea‐level histories can generate precession and eccentricity water depth/facies cycles in models, as well as eccentricity‐modulated cycles in precession cycle thicknesses (bundles). Nevertheless, preservation of orbital forcing is highly sensitive to carbonate production rates and amplitudes of sea‐level change, and the conditions best suited to preserving orbital cycles in facies/water depth are different to those best suited to preserving eccentricity‐scale bundling. In addition, it can be demonstrated that the preservation of orbital forcing is commonly associated with both stratigraphic incompleteness (missing cycles) and complex cycle thickness distributions (for example, exponential), with corresponding implications for the use of peritidal carbonate successions to build accurate astronomical timescales.     

Unravelling the microfacies signatures of parasequences using computer-optimized similarity matrices

The microfacies of a Lower Cretaceous carbonate drillcore from Oman are characterized using optimizing matrices of Jaccard's similarity coefficients of community. Other than systems tract boundaries, there is no obvious evidence of individual parasequences in the core. However, diagnostic patterns in microfossil distribution identify environmental gradients recording changes in water depth. These gradients are used to define individual parasequences, parasequence sets, stacking patterns and key surfaces. The patterns suggest that deposition was controlled by successive fourth‐ to fifth‐order (high‐frequency) relative sea‐level cycles superimposed on an underlying third‐order relative sea‐level rise. Although the correlation of these depositional subunits to systematic changes in water depth and the rate of carbonate accumulation alone is not incontrovertible proof of such a sea‐level control, concurrent multiorder relative sea‐level cyclicity provides by far the most likely explanation. A microfacies deposited when the water depth was shallowing is characterized by a relay of microfossils with affinities that shallow upwards. Conversely, a microfacies that records a gradual increase in water depth has a relay of microfossils with affinities that deepen upwards. Microfacies characterized by an assemblage of microfossils with similar affinities record deposition when the benthic environmental conditions remained stable, either because of an equilibrium between shallow water carbonate deposition and rising sea level, or in deeper water where sediment composition was relatively insensitive to changes of water depth. Microfacies characterized by mixed affinity assemblages record syndepositional reworking. During periods of embedded multiorder sea‐level changes, individual parasequences within systems tracts are shown to record more complex environmental gradients than simply the repetition of successive shallowing‐up units as traditionally represented in carbonate sequence stratigraphic models. The microfacies of an individual parasequence may shallow up, or may record both deepening‐up and shallowing‐up depositional phases, as well as periods of sedimentation when benthic environments remained stable. Individual parasequence boundaries may be submarine or subaerial unconformities, or be conformable, as part of a predictable stratigraphic pattern related to the temporal position of an individual parasequence within the underlying third‐order cycle of relative sea‐level change. The hitherto ubiquitous use of assemblages to describe carbonate microfacies, coupled with the widespread use of the metre‐scale shallowing‐up template to identify parasequences, may have led to such complexities previously being overlooked.     

Facies architecture and sequence development of the Euphrates formation in western Iraq

The Euphrates formation is widely exposed in western Iraq near Al-Qaim area. It extends eastward parallel to the Euphrates River on both sides, crossing Anah, Hadetha, and Al-Baghdadi vicinities. Based on the benthic foraminiferal assemblages and microfacies features, 12 different microfacies types have been recognized into two Stratigraphic sections that are lime mudstone, wackestone, bioclastic wackestone, miliolids wackestone, alveolinids wackestone, packstone, bioclastic packstone, peloidal packstone, miliolids packstone, peneroplids packstone, rotaliids packstone, grainstone, peloidal grainstone, oolitic grainstone, and miliolids grainstone. Accordingly, the depositional environments were recognized on the basis of microfacies identification and interpretation ranging from restricted marine, shoal, to open marine environments. The exposed Euphrates succession is represented by four fourth-order cycles (A, B, C, and D); they are mostly asymmetrical showing slightly lateral variation in thickness and symmetry. These cycles represent a succession episode of sea level rises and stillstands. The nature of these cycles reflects variation in the relative sea level resulted from eustatic and tectonic subsidence. Cycle A is underlain by SB1 of Sheik Alas formation in Al-Baghdadi section and by Anah formation in Wadi Hjar section. Cycle D is overlain by SB1 of Fatha formation in Al-Baghdadi section and by conformable contact of Nfayil formation in Wadi Hjar section. According to sequence development, the study area shows low rate of subsidence and the major controlling factor that affects eustatic sea level fluctuation.