肯德可克铁多金属矿床矿石矿物标型特征及成因意义

肯德可克矿床是祁漫塔格成矿带最重要的铁多金属矿床之一。前人对肯德可克矿床的地质特征、地球化学特征、成矿年代与物质来源以及成因进行了研究,但对于成矿类型与成矿环境存在不同的认识。肯德可克矿床中的黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿电子探针分析结果表明,黄铁矿与磁黄铁矿均富Co贫Ni,且磁黄铁矿以单斜磁黄铁矿为主;黄铜矿、闪锌矿与方铅矿硫含量较高,且早期磁铁矿较晚期磁铁矿更富集MnO、TiO2。综合各矿物标型特征认为,肯德可克矿床为具矽卡岩型和热液型特征的中低温矿床。     

新疆西准噶尔灰绿山金矿地质特征初步研究

灰绿山金矿由热液脉型和浸染状矿石组成。围岩蚀变矿物为石英、黄铁矿、绿泥石和碳酸盐,其中黄铁矿和碳酸盐与成矿作用密切相关。其主要矿石矿物有黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿和自然金。热液成矿作用划分为石英-钠长石-碳酸盐、粗粒石英、黄铁矿-毒砂、黄铁矿-碳酸盐、石英-方解石5个阶段。不同蚀变围岩具相似稀土分布模式,大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素在围岩与成矿流体反应中发生了迁移。     

新疆哈图金矿床中不同类型黄铁矿的成因研究及其矿床学意义

新疆哈图金矿床存在2种成因的黄铁矿,沉积成因的草莓状或细粒黄铁矿与热液成因黄铁矿。草莓状黄铁矿富Ni贫As,被热液矿物充填或交代。热液成因的细脉浸染状黄铁矿具多阶段演化特征：早期黄铁矿（Py1）呈疏松多孔的海绵状结构,被后期黄铁矿增生,As含量范围明显间断,早期黄铁矿（Py1）是草莓体在热液叠加下重结晶的产物。Py2以Py1为核继续生长,致密均一的晶体内部存在长柱状毒砂、蠕虫状闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿和自然金包体,晶间和裂隙中充填黄铜矿、黝铜矿、闪锌矿和自然金。主成矿阶段的黄铁矿与大量毒砂共生呈脉状（Py3a）或浸染状（Py3b）,晶间可见黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、车轮矿和自然金。热液黄铁矿的Ni、S含量较低,而As含量较高。随着成矿作用的进行,As逐渐替代黄铁矿中的S。根据矿物共生组合,可将哈图金矿床成岩成矿作用划分为草莓状黄铁矿阶段、石英-钠长石阶段（Ⅰ）、白云母-磷灰石阶段（Ⅱ）、黄铁矿-自然金阶段（Ⅲ）、毒砂-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅳ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅴ）,成矿期白云母（Ms2和Ms3）和磷灰石（Ap2）富FeO、MgO、MnO。与草莓状黄铁矿伴生的泥质和石墨,显著改变了成矿流体的氧逸度,诱发金沉淀形成金矿化。     

西藏隆子县扎西康锌多金属矿床矿石组构研究及成因探讨

通过详细的钻孔地质编录和显微镜下鉴定,对扎西康锌多金属矿床的矿石组构特征进行系统研究。矿区矿石构造主要为典型的由充填交代作用形成的块状构造、(网)脉状构造、浸染状构造、角砾状构造、晶洞及晶簇状构造。矿石结构主要为结晶作用和交代作用形成的结构,其次为压力作用和固溶体分离作用形成的结构。由于矿区构造作用和矿化作用具多期次性和复杂性,因而由交代作用形成的结构最为普遍且类型繁多。基于本次矿石组构研究成果,结合前人的研究资料,将矿区成矿期大致分为沉积成岩期、中低温热液成矿期和表生氧化期,其中,中低温热液成矿期是矿床最主要的成矿期。根据矿物组合特征,划分出6个成矿阶段:黄铁矿-石英-方解石阶段、闪锌矿-黄铁矿-方铅矿-毒砂-铁菱锰矿阶段、方铅矿-闪锌矿-硫盐矿物阶段、石英-方解石-辉锑矿阶段、石英-方解石阶段和氧化物阶段。最终,确定扎西康锌多金属矿为受构造-岩浆活动控制的中低温热液充填交代型矿床。     

陕西马元铅锌矿床矿石组构研究与成因意义

通过对马元矿床矿石组构研究,总结归纳矿床矿石主要结构包括自形晶结构、半自形结构、他形结构、包含结构、压碎结构;构造主要以角砾状为主,其次有浸染状、脉状构造、晶洞构造、雪顶构造。根据矿床矿体野外地质现象并结合镜下矿石组构和电子探针分析,认为马元铅锌矿床为典型的与后生热液有关的MVT铅锌矿床;热液期是其主要成矿期。根据矿物组合特征将热液期划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、白云石-闪锌矿-方铅矿阶段。对矿体大量发育于角砾岩中、矿体中发育大量有机质进行探讨,总结角砾岩化、有机质和成矿作用的关系。     

FeS2晶须的微观形貌学研究及其生长动力学意义

众多的研究已经表明,矿物的形貌是其成分、结构和生长环境的综合反映,对其进行研究可以获得晶体生长的地质条件等有关信息.矿物晶面的表面微形貌,对于晶体内部缺陷和生长环境的变迁反映非常敏感,它记录了晶体生长过程中更有价值的信息--界面的特性.     

小秦岭西峪–桐峪金矿矿床物质组分及金赋存状态研究

在野外工作的基础上，笔者通过对小秦岭金矿田中西峪–桐峪金矿光薄片鉴定、化学成分分析、电子探针分析等，查明了该矿（带）共有11条含金构造带，主要赋存于太华群大月坪组和于洞沟组，矿床赋矿岩性为黄铁矿–多金属硫化物石英脉、多金属硫化物铁白云石石英脉和蚀变岩，矿石构造主要为团块状、浸染状、脉状、网脉状、星散（星点状）状、条带状构造。载金矿物主要为黄铁矿，次为黄铜矿、方铅矿和磁黄铁矿，脉石矿物主要为石英，其次为绢云母。金矿物以独立矿物形式存在，以粒间–裂隙金为主，粒度大多为0.16～0.32 mm，矿石的结构构造有利于矿物的解离。本区金矿成矿作用主要为热液成矿期，可分为金–黄铁矿–石英阶段、金–黄铁矿–多金属硫化物–石英阶段和黄铁矿–磁黄铁矿–碳酸盐阶段。     

广西河池北香铅锌锡多金属矿床矿石矿物组构特征分析

通过宏观、微观镜下分析及X射线粉晶衍射分析等工作,研究河池北香铅锌锡多金属矿床的矿石矿物特征。结果表明,矿区矿石的工业类型主要分为四种:以锌为主的锌矿石、以铅为主的铅锑矿石、以黄铁矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿为主的矿石以及细晶黄铁矿为主的黄铁矿石;矿石结构主要有他形粒状结构、自形-半自形粒状结构、针状结构、斑状结构、草莓状结构、交代熔蚀结构、压碎结构等;矿石构造以细脉状构造、对称条带状构造、块状构造为主,其次为晶洞构造、纹层状构造等。初步厘定矿区成矿期次。根据组构特征及成矿期次,明确矿床类型属于早期喷流沉积和后期岩浆热液充填改造的两期多因矿床。     

黄铁矿晶体形貌学研究进展

介绍了黄铁矿晶体形貌学、黄铁矿晶体表面微形貌学的研究内容;黄铁矿习见晶形在金矿床研究中的标型意义;近年来黄铁矿晶须形貌学研究进展;黄铁矿形貌的生长机制研究内容等.根据前人黄铁矿习见晶形研究成果的理论实践意义,分析认为纳-微米黄铁矿晶须形貌成因和生长地质过程研究,不仅在矿物结晶生长理论研究中有意义,在认知纳米矿物,理解纳米矿化现象等方面有启示,纳-微米黄铁矿晶须形貌学研究值得重视.     

埃及东南部沙漠地区汉默斯(Hamash)金矿中金从黄铜矿—黄铁矿中的重新运移

在埃及东南部的汉默斯沙漠地区,黄铁矿、黄铜矿和金有的产于石英脉中和花岗岩中,有的则以星散状、浸染状矿体赋存于高度蚀变的变质火山岩剪切带中。这些矿物的形成部分与磁黄铁矿、蓝辉铜矿、锑黝铜矿、辉铜矿、斑铜矿和铜蓝有关。黄钞矿具有两种晶形:(1)含有原生硫化物包裹体的自形—半自形巨型晶体,(2)细晶集合体。黄铜矿具有三种晶形:(1)自形巨型晶体,(2)细晶含微包裹体,(3)它型残余物。硫化物矿物有三个形成阶段,这三个阶段与热液的连续冷却结晶过程有关。在无序的高温热液阶段金以基质存在于早期硫化矿物中,在温度逐渐降低的后期阶段,含金黄铁矿经过重新运移,产生了自然金,显微镜分析结果证明,金和铜在晚期的黄铁矿中相对富集,分析研究过的表层蚀变矿物有:针铁矿、褐铁矿、金以及铁和铜的碳酸盐矿物和硫化物。     

Multi-stage pyrite and hydrothermal mineral assemblage of the Hatu gold district (west Junggar,Xinjiang, NW China): Implications for metallogenic evolution

The Hatu, Qi-III, and Qi-V gold deposits in the Hatu–Baobei volcanic–sedimentary basin (west Junggar, Xinjiang) represent the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the Hatu gold district, respectively. Orebodies of these deposits mainly consist of Au-bearing quartz veins and altered host rocks with disseminated sulfide minerals. Six types of pyrite in these mines are studied here to illustrate ore-formation processes. Sedimentary pyrite, including framboidal and fine-grained pyrite, occurs in mudstone-bearing sedimentary rocks or altered volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Framboidal pyrite formed during redox changes in sedimentary layers. Hydrothermal pyrite contains five subgroups, from Py1 to Py5. Porous Py1 formed prior to gold mineralization, and is overgrown by Py2 that contains inclusions of sulfide minerals and native gold. Coarser Py3 coexists with arsenopyrite and native gold, and contains the greatest As concentrations. Gold and antimony are also preferentially concentrated in arsenian Py2 and Py3. The Au–As-deficient Py4 and Py5 formed during the post-ore process. There is a negative correlation between the As and S contents in Py1, Py2, and Py3, implying the substitution of sulfur by arsenic. Gold precipitated under relatively reducing condition in framboid- and graphite-bearing tuffaceous rocks. Cesium, Rb, Sr, La, Ce, Au, As, Sb, Cu, and Pb are concentrated in altered host rocks. The Au-bearing quartz veins and disseminated sulfide mineral orebodies were formed via a co-genetic hydrothermal fluid and formed during different stages. The variation of fO₂ during fluid/rock interactions, and crystallization of arsenian pyrite were major factors that controlled gold precipitation.     

Sequence of mineral formation in clastic ores of the Saf’yanovka volcanic-hosted copper massive sulfide deposit,the Central Urals

The bedded clastic ore widespread on the slopes and flanks of the deeply eroded sulfide mound at the Saf’yanovka volcanic-hosted copper massive sulfide deposit consists of products of destruction of the Paleozoic black smoker along with diverse newly formed sulfides. The size of ore clasts gradually decreases with distance from the massive ore mound, from more than tens of centimeters to a few millimeters. The clastic sediments are characterized by good preservation of sulfide material composed of hydrothermal sedimentary colloform pyrite, chalcopyrite with lamellae of relict isocubanite, and concentrically zoned sphalerite. Numerous pyrite framboids, nodules, and euhedral crystals; chalcopyrite segregations; and twinned sphalerite are typical of sulfide-bearing black shale. Enargite, tennantite, and galena were formed after pyrite, filling interstices between nodules or partially replacing and corroding the previously formed minerals. The interrelations between minerals show that the fine-clastic sulfide-bearing black shale underwent diagenesis in the presence of organic matter.     

Morphological Characteristics of （K, Na）-Rectorite from Zhongxiang Rectorite Deposit, Hubei, Central China

The morphological characteristics of the Zhongxiang (钟祥) rectorite have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The structural formula of the Zhongxiang rectorite is: interstratification of (K, Na)-mica and Ca-montmorillouite. SEM observations show that Zhongxiang rectorite occurs as platy and fold-shaped crystals, and mainly as extremely thin plates with thickness ranging from 0.4 to 0.05 μm and a smooth (001) surface. There are well-developed polygonal steps on the surfaces of some thick crystals, suggesting a layer-by-layer growth mechanism. AFM observations show a series of steps with a height of 2 nm on the platy particles, suggesting the stacking of 20 nm fundamental particles. Club-like or fiber-shaped halloysite is included in the platy crystals with their elongated dimension paralleling (001) of the platy crystals or crossing the (001) surface of the platy rectorite, indicating multi-stage crystallization and involvement of hydrothermal fluids. The Zhongxiang rectorite was generated by both layer-by-layer growth mechanism and dissolution and crystallization growth mechanism with multistages.     

Dualistic distribution coefficients of trace elements in the system mineral–hydrothermal solution. IV. Platinum and silver in pyrite

The FeS₂–Ag–Pt–As system was studied using hydrothermal thermogradient synthesis (with internal sampling) of pyrite crystals at a temperature of 500°C and pressure of 1 kbar in ammonium chloridebased solutions. The modes of occurrence of precious metals (PM) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in its version of statistical selections of analytical data on single crystals (SSADSC), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The concentration of Pt in its structural mode in pyrite is as high as 10–11 ppm and is practically not correlated with the As concentration. The dualistic distribution coefficient of Pt between pyrite and hydrothermal solution is 21 ± 7 for the structural mode and 210 ± 80 for the surface-related mode of this element. No inclusions of either any Pt-bearing minerals or Pt itself was detected. Platinum is an element highly compatible with hydrothermal pyrite and is different in this sense from gold, and pyrite is underestimated as a potential concentrator of platinumgroup elements (PGE). The distribution of Ag in pyrite is highly heterogeneous. The likely reason for this is that the Ag solid solution cannot be quenched, and hence, the Ag concentrations broadly vary and are very unsystematically distributed in natural pyrite crystals. Assuming this hypothesis, the limit for Ag accommodation in FeS₂ can be estimated using SSADSC at 0.09 ± 0.06 wt % under the experimental parameters, and the distribution coefficient of the structural Ag mode is thereby evaluated at 1400 ± 700. When crystallizing together with FeS₂ proustite (Ag₃AsS₃) near its melting point, forms mixtures with dervillite (Ag₂AsS₂), in which Ag deficit is counterbalanced by excess divalent As. The limit of As incorporation into pyrite under these conditions is ≤0.1 wt %. SEM-EDS and XPS data indicate that the surface phases are of three types. In the course of crystal growth, practically two-dimensional nonautonomous phases (NP) are aggregated into submicroscopic and micrometer-sized crystalline bodies (mesocrystals) that largely inherit their unusual minor-element composition from NP and are enriched in Ag, Pt, As, and other minor elements. NP and mesocrystals are enriched in Al, which was transferred into them from the Al-bearing Ti alloy of the reaction containers. Silver occur in the volume of the crystals and on their surface as monovalent silver sulfide. Arsenic was detected mostly in the form of di- and trivalent arsenic sulfides. Pentavalent arsenic oxide was identified only on the surface of the crystals and can be easily eliminated by ion milling.     

铜陵包村金(铜)矿床中胶状黄铁矿矿物学及成因解析

黄铁矿是安徽铜陵包村金(铜)矿床中主要硫化物,对热液成因的显晶质黄铁矿已有大量研究,而胶状黄铁矿研究较少且成因存在争议.本文以粉晶X射线衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及拉曼光谱(RS)为主要研究方法和手段,对包村金(铜)矿床中胶状黄铁矿的矿物组成和微结构进行研究.包村胶状黄铁矿主要由黄铁矿组成,含有白铁矿、菱铁矿、石英、含铁白云石、高岭石和有机质.黄铁矿主要以纳米-亚微米粒径的自形、半自形的立方体为主,少量微米级他形颗粒,显著不同于胶体或非晶态的无定型黄铁矿.由黄铁矿、白铁矿和有机质组成的胶状结构中,白铁矿和有机质富集在暗色环带,黄铁矿相对富集在浅色环带,浅色和暗色交替变化主要由三者含量变化所致,与矿物粒径无关.结合铜陵地区胶状黄铁矿研究成果,我们认为铜陵地区乃至长江中下游成矿带内铜-金-铁多金属硫化物矿床相关研究文献中记载的胶状黄铁矿为铁硫化物、碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物、石英和有机质组成的矿物集合体,是在陆源物质输入受限的半封闭海盆环境下经生物化学作用直接沉淀的纳米-亚微米黄铁矿为主的矿物集合体.虽然胶状黄铁矿经历沉积成岩作用和中生代岩浆热液叠加改造作用,但是沉积微结构、矿物成因信息仍然被有效保存.     

西华山钨矿床共生透明矿物与不透明矿物中流体包裹体的对比研究

西华山钨矿床是一个产于燕山期花岗岩中的大脉型钨矿床。笔者利用红外显微镜、冷热台及其他相关设备对矿床中的透明矿物(石英、绿柱石和萤石)与不透明矿物(黑钨矿、黄铁矿)中的流体包裹体进行了对比研究。结果显示,共生透明矿物与不透明矿物之间,在包裹体均一温度等特征上既可基本相同又可出现很大差异。一般来说,黑钨矿能有效地保存原生流体包裹体(t_h=300～420℃;晶洞中为220～290℃),仅有少量次生包裹体(t_h=160～280℃),而与之共生的石英中原生包裹体则几乎被破坏殆尽,现在所见到的包裹体绝大多数是次生的或是在较晚结晶时捕获的(t_h=130～270℃)。只有未经后期应力作用和流体改造的晶洞水晶及与其共生的黑钨矿,二者获得的结果才相同或相似。绿柱石中通常有大量的次生包裹体和原生包裹体。黑钨矿与绿柱石中硅酸盐熔融包裹体的出现,表明西华山钨矿床的成矿作用始于岩浆-热液过渡阶段,其初始成矿流体是一种岩浆-热液过渡性流体,尔后才演变成单一的热水溶液。笔者认为,在进行金属矿床流体包裹体研究时,应强调共生透明矿物与不透明矿物的对比研究,在进行对比研究时,详尽的基础地质研究和包裹体岩相学观察必不可少;当单独利用透明矿物包裹体资料对金属矿床进行地质解释时,需慎之又慎。     

Petrogenesis of the Eppawala carbonatites, Sri Lanka: A cathodoluminescence and electron microprobe study

Field and petrographic investigations, cathodoluminescence (CL) studies as well as microprobe analyses of major rock-forming minerals were conducted to establish the crystallization processes in the Eppawala carbonatites, Sri Lanka. The well preserved magmatic textures and crystal morphologies combined with the chemistry of apatite, calcite and dolomite indicate two major stages of crystal growth, which were accompanied by dynamic crystallization conditions. Initially, nucleation of apatite, ilmenite and possibly olivine was associated with rapid crystal growth during slow cooling of the carbonatite melt at depth. The heat loss through the roof and crystallization processes induced the development of turbulent convective currents, which in turn prevented further nucleation and growth of crystals and led to the dispersion of these earlier formed crystals within the magma chamber. Then, rapid upward movement of magma along structural weaknesses led to (i) the transport of mineral clusters, (ii) deformation of ilmenite, (iii) fracturing of apatite and (iv) the emplacement of the carbonatite melt as dykes. Here, the conditions were favourable for the simultaneous crystallization of magnetite, calcite and dolomite in a non-turbulent environment. Subsequent subsolidus alteration caused the hydrothermal overprint of the documented mineral assemblages, particularly along grain boundaries. The study demonstrates that detailed textural examinations of carbonatites combined with mineral chemical analyses and CL investigations can reveal the crystallization processes within carbonatite melts.     

华南型块状硫化物矿床中的胶黄铁矿及其退火作用

华南型块状硫化物矿床中胶黄铁矿的退火过程从早到晚可分成三个阶段:原始晶化变胶体阶段、不等粒变晶生长阶段和颗粒界面调整阶段。不同阶段的矿石各具特征性的结构,反映了燕山期侵入活动对于先存胶黄铁矿的不同程度热效应。     

Onboard experiment investigating metal leaching of fresh hydrothermal sulfide cores into seawater

We observed the initial release rate of metals from four fresh (i.e., without long time exposure to the atmosphere) hydrothermal sulfide cores into artificial seawater. The sulfide samples were collected by seafloor drilling from the Okinawa Trough by D/V Chikyu, powdered under inert gas, and immediately subjected to onboard metal-leaching experiments at different temperatures (5 °C and 20 °C), and under different redox conditions (oxic and anoxic), for 1–30 h. Zinc and Pb were preferentially released from sulfide samples containing various metals (i.e., Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) into seawater. Under oxic experimental conditions, Zn and Pb dissolution rates from two sulfide samples composed mainly of iron disulfide minerals (pyrite and marcasite) were higher than those from two other sulfide samples with abundant sphalerite, galena, and/or silicate minerals. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the high metal-releasing sample contained several galvanic couples of iron disulfide with other sulfide minerals, whereas the low metal-releasing sample contained fewer galvanic couples or were coated by a silicate mineral. The experiments overall confirmed that the galvanic effects with iron disulfide minerals greatly induce the initial release of Zn and Pb from hydrothermal sulfides into seawater, especially under warm oxic conditions.     

新疆哈密卡拉塔格块状硫化物矿床金银赋存状态研究

新疆哈密红海黄土坡VMS矿床位于东天山卡拉塔格隆起带,是卡拉塔格矿集区内新发现的块状硫化物矿床。矿体产于卡拉塔格隆起带核部火山沉积岩建造中,具有典型的VMS型矿床“上层下脉”二元结构特征。该矿床中含金硫化物矿石主要有块状黄铁矿黄铜矿、块状黄铁矿黄铜矿闪锌矿、块状黄铁矿闪锌矿黄铜矿和块状闪锌矿。文中在对各类含金硫化物矿石进行详细的矿相学研究基础上,结合扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪联用技术(SEM/EDS),对硫化物样品中金、银的赋存状态进行研究。结果表明,4种块状硫化物中的主要矿物形成于多个期次,主要包括VMS成矿期(黄铁矿阶段、闪锌矿黄铜矿黝铜矿方铅矿阶段、石英重晶石阶段)、热液叠加期(石英黄铁矿黄铜矿闪锌矿方铅矿阶段)和表生期(铜蓝纤铁矿阶段)。矿区首次发现4颗金银金属互化物(银金矿、碲银矿),其较大的化学成分差异指示了热液环境由中酸性中性转变为更有利于Au、Ag迁移沉淀的偏碱性。后期的偏碱性热液对VMS成矿期形成矿物产生了交代作用,使得Au、Ag活化再富集。由于后期热液叠加改造,红海VMS型矿床中Au、Ag不仅赋存于VMS成矿期后期中低温闪锌矿黄铜矿阶段,也赋存于VMS成矿期早期中高温黄铁矿阶段,并贯穿整个热液叠加期。各含金矿物组合中除4颗金银金属互化物外Au多呈显微不可见状态,推测Au、Ag主要以原子或离子形式赋存于矿物晶格中或矿物空位处。