太行山北段王安镇杂岩体岩石学、年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

王安镇杂岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、花岗岩、石英闪长岩、二长闪长岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示,花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩分别形成于129±2.7Ma和128.3±1.9Ma,说明该杂岩体形成于早白垩世。王安镇杂岩体具有高Sr/Y比值(3.63~83.5),和高Sr(373×10-6~821×10-6),及低Y(7.36×10-6~22.21×10-6)、Yb(0.95×10-6~1.27×10-6)含量的地球化学特征,这与埃达克岩相似。该杂岩体具有相对低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0.706538~0.709484)和明显偏低的εNd(128Ma)值(-18.4~-12.8)。结合太行山中生代中-基性侵入岩中地幔包体已有的研究成果,认为具有高Sr/Y特征的王安镇杂岩体是在下地壳发生大规模拆沉的基础上,随着软流圈上涌其所携带的热促使加厚基性下地壳发生部分熔融,之后熔融岩浆在上升的过程中发生了角闪石的结晶分异和岩浆混合作用形成。     

内蒙古乌兰沟埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造环境

内蒙古中部贺根山缝合带的梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中,新发现乌兰沟埃达克岩,岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年结果表明,乌兰沟埃达克岩的侵位年龄为279.3±1.4Ma,其形成时代为早二叠世。乌兰沟埃达克岩SiO_2含量为65.92%~69.65%,MgO为1.34%~2.16%,Al_2O_3为15.30%~17.33%,Na_2O/K_2O值为3.95~14.09,Sr=359.60×10~(-6)~734.00×10~(-6),Yb=0.83×10~(-6)~2.02×10~(-6),Y=6.65×10~(-6)~12.84×10~(-6);富集K、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素;稀土元素总量为32.18×10~(-6)~65.41×10~(-6),明显较低,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为2.84~7.56,无明显Eu异常,显示出高硅埃达克岩(HSA)的地球化学特征。该埃达克岩具有岛弧型岩浆岩特征,形成于俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为洋内俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应成因。根据乌兰沟埃达克岩与梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩的时空分布与演化特征,贺根山缝合带在早二叠世可能存在洋内俯冲作用。     

青海治多地区晚三叠世石英闪长岩地球化学特征及成岩动力学背景

对羌塘地块东北缘甘孜-理塘缝合带南侧日啊日曲石英闪长岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年龄、主量-微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素分析, 以探讨其岩石成因及地球动力学意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明, 石英闪长岩侵位年龄为218±1 Ma, 为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物.岩石SiO₂含量介于53.02%~62.06%之间, 富Al₂O₃(15.84%~17.00%)和CaO(6.71%~8.94%), 贫TiO₂(0.49%~1.01%)和P₂O₅(0.04%~0.12%), 具有较高的MgO(3.31%~5.66%)和Mg#(50~62), 属准铝质钙碱性系列; 岩体稀土元素总量较低(38.05×10-6~61.58×10-6), 轻重稀土分馏不明显, LILE富集, HFSE亏损, 具有含量较高的Cr(33.45×10-6~176.64×10-6)和Ni(13.34×10-6~43.62×10-6).全岩(87Sr/86Sr)_i比值较为一致(0.706 8~0.707 9), ε_Nd(t)变化于-5.5~-1.6.主微量元素及同位素结果表明日啊日曲石英闪长岩具有高镁闪长岩的特征, 与赞岐岩地球化学特征类似, 为俯冲沉积物来源的熔体交代岩石圈地幔形成的尖晶石相金云母二辉橄榄岩低度(10%~15%)部分熔融的产物, 岩浆演化过程中经历了辉石、角闪石等矿物的分离结晶.微量元素构造判别图解表明岩石为俯冲环境下的弧岩浆岩, 结合区内蛇绿岩、研究区南部陆缘弧火山岩和义敦岛弧埃达克岩的发现, 认为古特提斯洋在晚三叠世时期可能仍处于消减状态, 日啊日曲高镁石英闪长岩形成于甘孜-理塘洋南西向俯冲过程中.      

甘肃北山北带明水西新井埃达克岩质石英闪长岩地球化学特征及地质意义

明水西新井石英闪长岩位于甘肃北山晚古生代白山岩浆弧带上。通过对其岩石化学组成的研究表明,主量元素SiO_2、Al_2O_3和MgO的含量分别为59.13%~67.90%、14.90%~16.42%和1.96%~3.12%,微量元素Y、Yb和Sr的含量分别为11×10~(-6)~22.8×10~(-6)、1.19×10~(-6)~2.33×10~(-6)和364×10~(-6)~871×10~(-6),LREE为富集型和Eu为正异常,这些特征反映石英闪长岩为埃达克质岩。是俯冲到深处具MORB性质的板片在一定的物理化学条件下部分熔融后直接侵位于近地表而形成的。本区埃达克岩与金矿化存在密切的时空关系。     

冈底斯带中段中新世埃达克质岩浆作用的年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

西藏冈底斯中段的斑岩铜矿带与中新世的埃达克质岩浆作用具有密切联系。本文报道了位于冈底斯中段日喀则地区的北西-南东走向和东西走向的的闪长玢岩岩墙的锆石U-Pb定年、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据,对于该时期的岩浆作用成因进行约束。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,闪长玢岩侵位于约14~15Ma(中新世兰格期)。岩石类型主要为闪长玢岩,具有埃达克质岩浆特征,富硅(SiO2=59.19%~63.66%),富铝(Al2O3=16.55%~17.16%),钠大于钾(K2O=1.1%~2.09%;Na2O=5.53%~6.17%);较低的K2O/Na2O比(0.18~0.37);高Sr,低Y、Yb,高Sr/Y比(85.2~141.7),以及较高的相容元素的含量(Cr=35×10-6~104×10-6,Ni=29.2×10-6~48.3×10-6),稀土总量较低,亏损重稀土,无明显Eu异常(0.85~0.94)。其锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大,εHf(t)比值为-1.75到+7.35之间,Th-Nb-Zr等不相容元素具有较为明显的俯冲洋壳残片部分熔融的特征,但高初始Sr比值、较低εNd(t)(ISr=0.7055~0.7076,εNd(t)=-6.33~-2.26)显示较为明显的富集地幔物质的加入或者中上地壳的混染,同时较高的MgO含量(2.21%~3.96%)、Mg#(51~55)的特征也表明这部分大洋岩石圈在加厚地壳背景下可能成为这些埃达克质花岗岩的源区。岩石学及主微量元素与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成特征综合指示,新特提斯洋板片脱水熔融形成岩浆上升,并底侵于壳-幔边界附近形成基性新生下地壳。在20~14Ma期间,由于侧向地壳增厚变化不均导致拉萨地体东西向的崩塌,造成南北向的后碰撞伸展与东西向垮塌伸展的构造叠加,同时基性新生下地壳发生部分熔融形成具有特殊地球化学特征的埃达克质岩浆。     

内蒙古北山造山带百合山地区350 Ma石英闪长岩的成因及对红石山-百合山洋俯冲时限的制约

对内蒙古白山岩浆弧内百合山石英闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学分析。结果显示,该岩体的形成年龄为350.8±1.5 Ma,岩浆锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值在5.28～9.88之间,模式年龄为724～1018 Ma。地球化学数据显示,百合山石英闪长岩为一套I型钙碱性系列岩石,富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=6.03%～6.96%),富钠(Na_2O/K_2O2),较低的Mg~#(35.48～39.78)、Ni(2.06×10~(-6)～5.54×10~(-6))和Cr(2.11×10~(-6)～7.93×10~(-6))含量。相对富集轻稀土元素,重稀土分馏不明显,较低的(La/Yb)_N值(4.28～5.60),无明显Eu异常,相对富集Rb、K、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素等,地球化学成分表明,石英闪长岩具有俯冲带成因的特征。石英闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石成因证明了350 Ma石英闪长岩是晚古生代白山岩浆弧内首次发现的可以明确与红石山-百合山洋俯冲消减作用有关的最早的弧岩浆记录。表明红石山-百合山洋于约350 Ma之前就已经开始发生俯冲消减,比前人一般认为的俯冲开始的时间提前了22 Ma。     

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带亿可哈拉尔花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义研究

亿可哈拉尔花岗闪长岩体呈构造混杂块体出露于东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带,主要岩性为灰白色片麻状、似斑状粗粒花岗闪长岩和细粒花岗闪长岩。该岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为(436.9±5.7)Ma,形成于早志留世。岩石地球化学特征显示,岩体具有高硅(66.08%~72.22%)、富钠(4.61%~5.01%)、弱过铝(A/CNK介于1.04~1.11)钙碱性花岗岩特征,微量元素显示出典型的埃达克质花岗岩特征,即高Sr(280×10–6~493×10–6)、低Y(3.76×10–6~11.7×10–6)、Yb(0.28×10–6~0.86×10–6)、高Sr/Y(23.93~125.0)、轻重稀土元素分馏强烈、稀土元素配分曲线为向右倾斜型及铕异常不明显特征。岩石成因研究表明,亿可哈拉尔花岗闪长岩与俯冲洋壳板片熔融密切相关,为由俯冲洋壳变质形成的约含10%~20%的石榴石角闪岩部分熔融形成,源区熔融残留物主要为石榴石与角闪石。区域构造研究表明原特提斯构造域东昆仑古洋盆于寒武纪开始发生俯冲,俯冲作用可能持续至早志留世(437 Ma),并发生洋壳熔融事件。     

西藏南部冈底斯南缘松卡晚白垩世埃达克质高镁闪长岩地球化学特征及其成因

松卡岩体地处藏南冈底斯岩基南缘的东段,主要由闪长岩和花岗岩脉组成,为详细研究与大洋俯冲有关的岩浆过程提供了良好的记录。锆石U-Pb地质年代学研究表明松卡岩体闪长岩的形成年龄为97Ma,具有高Sr、低Y和高Sr/Y比的特点,显示出埃达克质岩石的特征,同时具有高MgO含量和高Mg~#值,以及较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)(～0.7042)和较高的ε_(Nd)(t)(+4.6～+8.8),是俯冲新特提斯洋壳和少量海洋沉积物部分熔融并随后与上覆地幔楔发生相互作用形成的。与91Ma松卡埃达克质岩石相比,97Ma松卡埃达克质闪长岩具有更多地幔物质参与。松卡花岗岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为93Ma,同样具有较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)(0.7046)值和较高的ε_(Nd)(t)(+7.5～+7.8)值,可能是具有亏损地幔特征的中基性岩浆经过分离结晶作用演化而来。上述数据表明,在100～90Ma期间,较年轻的俯冲新特提斯板片可能发生过部分熔融,板片部分熔融熔体与上覆地幔楔的相互作用是形成高镁闪长岩(安山岩)的重要机制之一。     

西准噶尔托里县都伦河东岩体埃达克岩特征及其地质意义

都伦河东岩体位于西准噶尔达尔布特断裂西南端,岩性主要为石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩,岩体内接触带有较强硅化、黄铁矿化等矿化特征显示。岩石富w(Na2O)(3.63%~4.70%),贫w(K2O)(0.56%~2.91%),Na2O/K2O比值为1.33~6.75,w(SiO2)多56%(54.57%~69.67%),w(A12O3)多15%(14.53%~18.03%),w(MgO)多3%,个别高于6%,Mg#值51.62~66.60,低Y18×10~(-6)(仅1样19.88×10~(-6))和Yb1.9×10~(-6)(仅1样2.05×10~(-6)),Sr均400×10~(-6)(466×10~(-6)~1066×10~(-6)),Sr/Y均20(23.43~83.74);富集LREE而亏损HREE,Eu多具正异常,少数弱负异常(δEu=0.81~1.24),大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,Sr和Th相对富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr相对亏损,因而显示典型的埃达克质岩属性,近同于包古图一带含矿小斑岩体地球化学特征,显示良好的与埃达克岩相关的找矿信息,为区域晚古生代埃达克质岩浆活动和Cu,Au成矿作用研究提供新佐证。     

贺根山缝合带晚石炭世TTG岩浆事件:奥长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学制约

本文以贺根山缝合带呼都格奥长花岗岩体为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学研究,讨论岩石成因、构造环境、TTG岩浆事件及古亚洲洋俯冲消亡过程。岩石地球化学研究表明,呼都格岩体富硅(SiO₂=66.27%~71.59%)、高铝(Al₂O₃=15.23%~15.94%)、富钠(Na₂O=4.13%~6.59%)、低钾(K₂O=1.72%~2.53%),相对高锶(Sr=196.60×10^-6~465.40×10^-6)、低钇(Y=5.70×10^-6~12.63×10^-6),富集Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素和HREE,无明显Eu异常。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,呼都格岩体属于以奥长花岗岩为主的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩TTG岩石组合。这套TTG组合除Sr、Mg、Ni和Cr含量相对较低之外,与高Si埃达克岩的地球化学特征相类似,形成于大洋俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为俯冲洋壳脱水熔融成因。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年获得两组年龄为306.3±1.9Ma和315.5±1.9Ma,表明该岩体侵位于晚石炭世,反映了贺根山缝合带晚石炭世大洋俯冲带TTG岩浆事件。结合其与梅劳特乌拉-高力罕蛇绿岩-TTG岩带前弧玄武岩、高镁安山岩/高镁闪长岩、埃达克岩、TTG、富铌弧玄武岩/辉长岩的岩石构造组合,认为古亚洲洋二连-贺根山洋盆在晚石炭世可能处于洋壳俯冲消减、TTG岩浆活动和新生陆壳生长洋陆转换过程中。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.