塔里木盆地西南部和北部盐泉水化学特征及找钾指标探讨

对塔里木盆地西南部及北部盐泉水化学特征、成因进行了研究, 同时对研究区水化学离子比值作了探讨并提出相应的找钾指标体系。野外采样分析和收集文献资料共获得192件盐泉水样数据。塔里木盆地西南部(莎车盆地)水化学类型主要为硫酸盐型(硫酸镁亚型和硫酸钠亚型), 少数为氯化物型, 而北部(库车盆地)氯化物型占主导, 其次是硫酸盐型。盐泉水演化过程较复杂, 包含了深部物源补给、盐岩溶滤、地表水的混合以及强烈蒸发作用的影响。从水化学特征系数(离子比值)看, 研究区钾氯系数、镁氯系数、钠氯系数, 结合硼氯系数, 较适合作为找钾指标; 盐泉水贫溴的特点导致大部分数据点溴氯系数极低、钾溴系数又极高, 建议不作为最主要的水化学找钾指标。利用SPSS软件对盐泉水各化学组分、矿化度和离子比值的环境背景值作了统计计算。水化学特征系数背景值和异常值指标体系的确定为今后在开展水化学方法找钾和预测成钾靶区提供了有利的数据支持和依据。     

云南兰坪—思茅盆地红层中温泉和盐泉的水文地质特征

云南西部兰坪—思茅盆地位于藏南—滇西地热带和羌北—滇西盐类成矿带东南部,红层分布广泛,盆地内温泉、盐泉和咸泉数量众多,有些温泉沉积钙华。分析了红层的岩性特征和地下水类型,出露于红层泉水的成因机制以及钙华的成因和控制因素,盆地盐泉或咸泉的找钾特征系数及其在预测找钾远景中的应用。盆地内红层地下水的分布受到岩性、构造和地貌的控制,风化裂隙水分布局限,以夹层型层间裂隙水和溶孔水为主。温泉均为深循环泉,盐泉或咸泉多为溶滤成因的浅循环泉。影响温泉附近钙华沉积的水化学因素主要包括pH、CO_2含量或CO_2分压、Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-含量,可以用Ca~(2+)/HCO_3~-毫克当量比值和方解石饱和指数判断钙华沉积趋势。盐泉或咸泉的比例系数有助于预测找钾远景。     

新疆库车盆地盐泉水水化学特征、来源及找钾指示意义

库车盆地是塔里木盆地的一个次级凹陷,位于新疆塔里木陆块北缘与西南天山之间。文章介绍了库车盆地盐泉水的化学特征、来源及其找钾指示意义。对库车盆地几个代表性盐泉出露区进行盐泉水样品(21件)采集和分析,研究了其化学组成特征、水化学类型和氢氧同位素组成,同时根据收集的129件盐泉水化学数据资料,生成了盐泉水水化学分布图。新采自库车盆地的21件盐泉水样品矿化度范围为120.216~305.322g/L,水型以氯化物型(瓦里亚什科分类法)为主,具有明显的深部地层氯化钙型卤水的特征。氢氧同位素组成分析发现,盐泉水δ18 O范围为-9.1‰~4.7‰,δ2 H值范围为-75‰~-28‰,投点偏离大气降水线且δ18 O和δ2 H具有一定的正相关关系(r=0.81),表明该区盐泉水曾受到强烈蒸发作用影响,同时也受水—岩作用影响,存在一定的δ18 O漂移现象。库车盆地盐泉水组成特征与深部岩层岩性有密切关系,而断裂控制盐泉水出露与分布,盐泉水形成的地表地球化学异常对于该区找钾有一定的指示意义。     

新疆库车盆地富钾盐泉水化学特征与成钾显示

库车盆地古近系—新近系发育一套巨厚的膏岩盐层,钻探勘查显示,在拜城凹陷南缘5100 m深古近系库姆格列木群地层中发现钾石盐矿物。本研究采集并分析了多件盐泉水化学组成,结果显示7件盐泉水矿化度在117.7～299.4 g/L之间,钾含量在15.25～45.68 g/L之间,明显富钾,是以往报道数据(低于1 g/L)的几十倍,属于新疆首次发现。根据水化学分类,富钾盐泉水以氯化物型水为主,是Ca-Cl型卤泉水;水化学特征系数表明泉水具有高K×10~3/Cl和nK/nBr值、低的nMg/nCl和Br×10~3/Cl值(nCl~-=nNa~++nK~+)特征。同时,盐泉水均落在25℃Na~+, K~+,Mg~(2+)//Cl~-,SO■-H_2O五元水盐体系钾石盐相区,说明盐泉水可能溶滤了地层中的钾石盐,且受强烈构造挤压,沿地层断裂带或裂隙通道出露地表。库车盆地富钾盐泉水的发现,是新疆库车盆地含盐系地层存在固体钾盐的初步证据,对钾盐勘查的重点远景区具有重要的指示意义。     

西藏北羌塘盆地多格错仁地区盐泉水化学特征及其物质来源

西藏北羌塘盆地是我国侏罗系海相找钾的主要远景区之一,在多格错仁地区发育有一系列具有明显的含钾异常的现代盐泉,研究这些盐泉水的物质来源具有重要的找钾意义和科学价值。野外采集了40个盐泉水的样品,并在室内测定了其化学组分、δ34 S和87 Sr/86 Sr。分析结果显示,盐泉水具有富Na+、Ca2+、K+、Cl-,贫Mg2+、SO2-4、HCO-3的特征,其Cl-含量约占矿化度的50%以上,并与矿化度呈正相关关系,Na+、Ca2+、K+浓度也与矿化度呈正相关关系。根据盐泉水的钠氯系数和溴氯系数判断,盐泉水属于地层溶滤水;源泉河、东温泉、多格错仁湖南岸3处的盐泉水具有与侏罗纪海水相一致的硫同位素特征,表明其在地下运移时,很可能溶解了地层中的石膏沉积;盐泉水的1000/Sr-87Sr/86Sr投点图说明各处盐泉水在地下的运移路径和形成过程明显不同;盐泉水的87Sr/86Sr值与其区域背景值对比显示,盐泉水在形成过程中可能溶滤了夏里组二段和索瓦组一段中的蒸发岩,区内夏里组和索瓦组最有可能蕴含有成盐成钾层系。     

碳氧同位素水文地球化学方法在找钾中的应用

在系统测定和分析了云南兰坪-思茅盆地调查区盐系地层，钾矿层中碳酸盐以及盐系HCO3^-的碳（^13C)，氧（^18O)同位素组成的基础上，发现了含钾盐泉的同位素组成特征和影响盐泉HCO3^-同位素组成的一些因素，结果确定了对找钾有利的盐泉，经与其他找钾方法确定含钾异常有较好的吻合性，表明用碳酸盐同位素方法找钾有良好的前景。     

四川省盐源县盐泉的特征与形成

研究天然盐泉的形成有助于揭示陆地水文循环过程中的物质迁移。采用水文地球化学的方法,分析四川省盐源县的9个泉水和卤水水样的水化学特征和同位素特征,探讨盐泉的溶质来源,总结盐泉的成因模式。水样可以分为TDS为311.69 g/L的Cl-Na型卤水、TDS为55.77~89.43 g/L的Cl-Na型盐泉、TDS为1.17 g/L的Cl-Na型微咸泉和TDS为0.26~0.56 g/L的以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主的淡水泉。泉水和卤水的氢氧同位素显示其来源于大气降水;水样的特征系数显示盐泉和卤水都属于溶滤型,且指示研究区基本不具有找钾前景。泉水的盐分主要来源于石盐、方解石、石膏和白云石等矿物的溶滤。盐泉的形成模式可以概括为:在山区获得大气降水入渗补给后,地下水经历较浅和较深的地下径流并且溶滤含盐地层或者盐矿,使其矿化度升高,在地形较低处汇集出露地表成泉。     

陇东盆地泾河剖面水化学特征及其水文地球化学过程

运用piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法,对水样的水化学特征及水文地球化学过程进行分析,在陇东盆地岩土风化—溶滤作用控制了水体水化学特征;阳离子交替吸附、溶滤、沉淀作用在水化学演化中占主导地位。     

四川盆地海相三叠系异常水化学探盐找钾的研究

四川盆地海相三叠系是四川探盐找钾的重要层位。通过地质背景的分析,盐类保存、水动力条件和水化学特征在不同水文地质区表现不一,反映在异常水型也极不一致。利用异常水点离子的比例系数在海水浓缩曲线图上的落点位置,判别水点成因类型,从而发现盆地东北宣汉、盆地西部平落和盆地东部万县向斜周边背斜水点具含钾溶滤水特征,值得重视和进一步探索。     

羌塘盆地多格错仁地区盐泉地球化学特征及成钾预测

多层次、大面积发育的石膏和前人的古地理资料表明,羌塘盆地侏罗纪海相地层具有较好的成盐地质条件。在多格错仁周缘地区侏罗系发育有一系列氯化钙型的盐泉。通过野外地质工作,采集了30个盐泉的水样,并在室内对其地球化学组成和氢氧同位素组成进行了测定。地球化学分析表明,盐泉中富集Na⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Li和Rb,Br和B含量相对贫乏,而地球化学特征系数显示了明显的找钾异常。盐泉水的氢氧同位素特征表明盐泉的供给水源为大气降水,大气降水进入研究区岩层后成为地下水,溶滤了地层中的盐类矿物,从而形成了溶滤卤水,这与地球化学特征系数的判别结果是一致的。综合看来,多格错仁南岸找钾远景显示最好,该点盐泉具有盐度高、K⁺含量高的特征,而且很可能溶滤了钾盐-石盐岩、钾盐层,万安湖西北、源泉河、东温泉盐泉找钾远景次之,主要表现为盐度相对较低,但是含钾显示也异常明显。     

Chemical and isotopic characteristics and origin of spring waters in the Lanping–Simao Basin,Yunnan, Southwestern China

The chemical and isotopic characteristics (oxygen, hydrogen, and strontium) of spring waters and isotopic compositions of helium (He) and neon (Ne) in gases escaping from spring waters in the Lanping–Simao Basin are studied. A total of twenty-one spring water samples (twelve hot springs, four cold springs, and five saline springs) and eleven gas samples were collected from the study area, including one spring and one gas sample from northern Laos. It is found that saline spring waters in the study area are of chloride type, cold spring waters are of carbonate type or sulfate type, and hot spring waters are of various types. High total dissolved solids levels in saline springs are significantly related to Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene salt-bearing strata. On the basis of hydrochemical geothermometry, the reservoir temperatures (T_r) for hot springs, cold springs, and saline springs are 65.5–144.1, 37.8–64.4, and 65.1–109.0 °C, respectively, and the circulation depths of saline springs are much larger than those of hot and cold springs. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of springs in the Lanping–Simao Basin and northern Laos are primarily controlled by meteoric waters with obvious latitude and altitude effects, and are also influenced by δ¹⁸O exchange to some extent. Most Sr²⁺ in spring waters of the study area is derived from varied sources (carbonate, evaporite, and silicate mineral dissolution), and the Sr isotopic compositions are greatly influenced by volcanic rocks. Wide distribution of crust-derived He in the Lanping–Simao Basin and northern Laos reveal that faults in these areas may not descend to the upper mantle. It is concluded that water circulation in the study area may be limited above the upper mantle, while saline springs may originate from the Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene evaporites. Hydrochemical characteristics demonstrate affinities among the Lanping–Simao Basin, northern Laos, and Yanjing, eastern Tibet, while disaffinities are observed between these areas and Tengchong on the basis of the hydrochemical characteristics and noble gas isotopic compositions.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors for waters’ chemical composition in the Tarim Basin,Western China

This paper covers the chemical and isotopic composition of river water, groundwater from wells (15–25 m), saline spring water and stagnant surface water providing evidence for controlling factors of water composition and water evolution process in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, western China. Analytical data for major and minor ions of totaling 537 water samples were obtained from both years of teamwork and old reference materials. It is found that the ion background value ratio SO₄/Cl for river water (2.75) of the Tarim Basin is two times higher than that of the Qaidam Basin (0.88) and 18 times higher than seawater (0.14); K/Cl of these two basins (0.06 and 0.07) are all two times higher than seawater (0.02). This reveals that material sources of Lop Nur are relatively richer in potassium and sulfate, while poorer in chloride. Gradual changes of stable isotopic compositions in waters clearly indicate the effect of evaporation on water evolution of the basin. Besides evaporation and weathering of surrounding rocks, wide distribution of chloride type water, which commonly exist in saline springs/brines and seldom exist in other waters, indicates that hydrothermal Ca–Cl brines discharged from deep within the earth join water evolution of the basin.     

江西省横迳温泉区地热气体地球化学

从赣南横迳温泉区采集10个水样并分析了温泉及冷泉的水化学成分,认为热水起源于大气降水补给。在此基础上,还在温泉区采集了4个气样,测定了气体组分的含量及氦同位素．以及CO₂和CH₄的碳同位素。研究结果表明：横迳地区温泉气中CO₂的含量很高(>96％),δC_CO2较重(-4.43‰～-5.50‰),属幔源CO₂;He同位素特征值(R/Ra)变化于1.36～2.11之问．均大于1,有幔源He的加入;本区温泉气的的组合类型为二氧化碳幔源温泉气,从整体上来说属于幔源无机成因气,是地幔脱气的产物。     

Geochemistry and hydrology of perched groundwater springs: assessing elevated uranium concentrations at Pigeon Spring relative to nearby Pigeon Mine,Arizona (USA)

The processes that affect water chemistry as the water flows from recharge areas through breccia-pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon region of the southwestern United States are not well understood. Pigeon Spring had elevated uranium in 1982 (44 μg/L), compared to other perched springs (2.7–18 μg/L), prior to mining operations at the nearby Pigeon Mine. Perched groundwater springs in an area around the Pigeon Mine were sampled between 2009 and 2015 and compared with material from the Pigeon Mine to better understand the geochemistry and hydrology of the area. Two general groups of perched groundwater springs were identified from this study; one group is characterized by calcium sulfate type water, low uranium activity ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U (UAR) values, and a mixture of water with some component of modern water, and the other group by calcium-magnesium sulfate type water, higher UAR values, and radiocarbon ages indicating recharge on the order of several thousand years ago. Multivariate statistical principal components analysis of Pigeon Mine and spring samples indicate Cu, Pb, As, Mn, and Cd concentrations distinguished mining-related leachates from perched groundwater springs. The groundwater potentiometric surface indicates that perched groundwater at Pigeon Mine would likely flow toward the northwest away from Pigeon Spring. The geochemical analysis of the water, sediment and rock samples collected from the Snake Gulch area indicate that the elevated uranium at Pigeon Spring is likely related to a natural source of uranium upgradient from the spring and not likely related to the Pigeon Mine.     

古盐湖卤水温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用探讨

古盐湖卤水的温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用的定量研究是钾盐成矿机理分析的重点和难点。本文分析和测试陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组、四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组、云南兰坪-思茅盆地白垩系及老挝沙空那空盆地白垩系等八个含盐系的石盐岩中的流体包裹体,并利用均一温度计算了古盐湖的蒸发速率。若以老挝白垩纪时盐湖的蒸发速率为标准值100,陕北奥陶纪、四川三叠纪、云南白垩纪的蒸发速率标准值分别为54、68和90,而目前在老挝和云南白垩系都找到了一定规模的钾盐矿,因此高温(气温及水温)是盐湖成钾的有利条件,在卤水演化成钾的过程中可以起到重要的"催化"作用。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and sources of salinity of the springs near Wenquanzhen in the eastern Sichuan Basin,China

Natural springs have the potential to provide important information on hydrogeochemical processes within aquifers. This study used traditional and classic technical methods and procedures to determine the characteristics and evolution of springs to gain further knowledge on the differences between hot saline springs and cold fresh springs. In a short river segment near Wenquanzhen in the eastern Sichuan Basin, southwest China, several natural springs coexist with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from less than 1 to 15 g/L and temperatures from 15 to 40 °C. The springs emanate from the outcropping Lower and Middle Triassic carbonates in the river valley cutting the core of an anticline. The cold springs are of Cl·HCO₃-Na·Ca and Cl·SO₄-Na types, and the hot saline springs are mainly of Cl-Na type. The chemistry of the springs has undergone some changes with time. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that the spring waters are of a meteoric origin. The salinity of the springs originates from dissolution of minerals, including halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The evolution of the springs involves the following mechanisms: the groundwater receives recharge from infiltration of precipitation, then undergoes deep circulation in the core of the anticline (incongruent dissolution of the salt-bearing strata occurs), and emerges in the river valley in the form of hot springs with high TDS. Groundwater also undergoes shallow circulation in the northern and southern flanks of the anticline and appears in the river valley in the form of cold springs with low TDS.

     

Uranium in spring water and bryophytes at basin creek in central idaho

Arkosic sandstones and conglomerates of Tertiary age beneath the Challis Volcanics of Eocene age at Basin Creek, 10 km northeast of Stanley, Idaho, contain uranium-bearing vitrainized carbon fragments. The economic potential of these sandstones and conglomerates is currently being assessed. Springs abound at the contacts of rock units, and water from these springs supports abundant growths of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts). Water from 22 springs and associated bryophytes were sampled; two springs were found to contain apparently anomalous concentrations (normalized) of uranium — as much as 6.5 μg/L (ppb) in water and 1800 μg/g (ppm) in ash of mosses. Moss samples from both springs also contained anomalous concentrations of arsenic, and one contained highly anomalous amounts of beryllium. Water from a third spring contained slightly anomalous amounts of uranium, and two species of mosses at the spring contained anomalous uranium (400 and 700 μg/g) and high levels of both cadmium and lead. Water from a fourth spring was normal for uranium (0.18 μg/L), but the moss from the water contained a moderate uranium level and highly anomalous concentrations of lead, germanium, and thallium.These results suggest that, in the Basin Creek area, moss sampling at springs may give a more reliable indication of uranium occurrence than would water sampling. The reason for this may be the ability of mosses to concentrate uranium and its associated pathfinder elements and to integrate uranium fluctuations that occur in the spring water over any period of time.     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of the Bursa-Oylat thermal waters, Turkey

The Oylat spa is located 80 km southeast of Bursa and 30 km south of Ineg?l in the Marmara region. With temperature of 40°C and discharge of 45 l/s, the Oylat main spring is the most important hot water spring of the area. Southeast of the spa the Forest Management spring has a temperature of 39.4°C and discharge of 2 l/s. The G?z spring 2 km north of the spa, which is used for therapy of eye disease, and cold waters of the Saadet village springs with an acidic character are the further important water sources of the area. EC values of Main spring and Forest Management hot spring (750–780 μS/cm) are lower than those of Saadet and G?z spring waters (2,070–1,280 μS/cm) and ionic abundances are Ca > Na + K > Mg and SO₄ > HCO₃ > Cl. The Oylat and Sızı springs have low Na and K contents but high Ca and HCO₃ concentrations. According to AIH classification, these are Ca–SO₄–HCO₃ waters. Based on the results of δ¹⁸O, ²H and ³H isotope analyses, the thermal waters have a meteoric origin. The meteoric water infiltrates along fractures and faults, gets heated, and then returns to surface through hydrothermal conduits. Oylat waters do not have high reservoir temperatures. They are deep, circulating recharge waters from higher enhanced elevations. δ¹³C_DIC values of the Main spring and Forest Management hot spring are −6.31 and −4.45‰, respectively, indicating that δ¹³C is derived from dissolution of limestones. The neutral pH thermal waters are about +18.7‰ in δ³⁴S while the sulfate in the cold waters is about +17‰ (practically identical to the value for the neutral pH thermal waters). However, the G?z and Saadet springs (acid sulfate waters) have much lower δ³⁴S values (~+4‰).     

Chemical and physical characteristics of springs discharging from regional flow systems of the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, western United States

The regional carbonate aquifer in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, USA, covers thousands of square kilometers. It is a significant potential source of water for growth in this arid area. Few wells penetrate the carbonate aquifer, so information on water quantity and quality is derived in large part from ‘regional springs’ that discharge from regional interbasin flow systems. For this study, springs in the carbonate-rock province were sampled; their physical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics were compared to those of known regional springs to identify previously unrecognized regional waters using both examination of the data and multivariate statistical analysis. Criteria for comparison included temperature, discharge, ³H activity, carbon isotope values, and ratios of major and trace ions. Of the 18 springs selected for detailed chemical and isotopic sampling, five springs—Hot, Littlefield, Petrified, Saratoga, and Warm (a)—were identified as regional, and one (Monte Neva Hot) was identified as a possible regional spring. Regional springs provide an easy, low-cost means of investigating aquifer properties; identification of regional springs thus increases the ability to understand the regional carbonate aquifer. The techniques applied in this study can also be used in other regional aquifer systems with diverse and complex geology.