景德镇-温州大地电磁剖面深部电性结构研究

华南大陆历经长期复杂的构造演化,其浅部复杂而多样的构造形态与深部壳幔结构及其动力学机制有着密切联系,但当前的深部探测资料有限,深部构造并不明确。为了研究华南的深部岩石圈结构状态,布设了多条宽频长周期大地电磁联合探测剖面。通过对景德镇-温州剖面的数据处理,获得了该剖面的岩石圈电性结构模型。分析表明:华夏地块与扬子地块东部的江南造山带以江绍断裂为界;华夏地块整体呈现高阻特征,可能具有深部岩石圈背景的上虞-政和-大浦断裂将其分为华夏褶皱带与东南沿海岩浆岩带;扬子地块东部的江南造山带整体电阻率较低,结构更破碎,受到深部改造明显,岩石圈底界约为110 km;剖面发现3处低阻带通道,可能与软流圈上涌相关;江绍断裂呈喇叭状向深部张开,华夏地块与扬子地块的裂解拼合可能与断裂深部的高导体活动有关。华夏地块与扬子地块的接触状态呈现为双向汇聚,华夏地块在上地幔挤入扬子地块,深部接触边界可能越过江绍断裂带。     

华南陆块东北部构造特征、成矿作用与动力学机制——来自大地电磁测深的认识

通常认为,华南陆块在元古代由扬子克拉通和华夏地块沿江南造山带碰撞拼合而成,之后经历了陆内造山、洋壳俯冲等多期岩浆—构造活动。但因华南陆块所处的特殊地质构造环境,就目前华南陆块各块体之间的接触关系、江南造山带深部构造特征及区域动力学意义等诸多地质问题争议颇多。本文依托地质调查项目和“深部探测技术与实验研究（SinoProbe）”项目完成的8d和12g两条大地电磁测深剖面,经过精细的数据处理,使用非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）算法对TE+TM模式数据联合反演得到华南陆块东北部岩石圈尺度的二维电性剖面,并用ModEM三维反演代码对全阻抗张量数据反演获得了三维电性模型。对研究区内扬子地块东部、江南造山带以及华夏地块进行电性结构研究,发现研究区内的江南造山带西南段存在扬子地块和华夏地块碰撞镶嵌的构造表现,扬子地块已越过江南造山带,在江绍断裂位置与华夏地块挤压,形成江绍断裂等逆冲型深大断裂,从电性结构推测其现今仍然为活动断裂,但东北段块体之间的接触关系被上侵的地幔物质破坏,江绍、赣东北等断裂的深部结构已被剧烈改造,推测这种深部成矿热物质上涌是形成赣东北以金银矿种为主的岩浆热液型矿床的深部动力原因;研究区东部华夏地块电性特征为高阻的上地壳以及被岩浆底侵而破坏的中下地壳,发育其中的屯溪—鹰潭—安远和上虞—大浦—政和断裂切割深度超过了50 km,为深大断裂构造。结合前人地表侵入岩填图结果,认为由于中生代以来古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲,华南陆块东部上地壳被严重破坏,从电性特征推断可能发生过大面积的板片重融,华夏地块东北部地壳相较于西南部厚度明显更小、后期改造严重,受到的太平洋板块俯冲导致的热扰动更剧烈。     

华南陆块东北部构造特征、成矿作用与动力学机制——来自大地电磁测深的认识

通常认为,华南陆块在新元古代由扬子克拉通和华夏地块沿江南造山带碰撞拼合而成,之后经历了陆内造山、洋壳俯冲等多期岩浆—构造活动。但因华南陆块所处的特殊地质构造环境,就目前华南陆块各块体之间的接触关系、江南造山带深部构造特征及区域动力学意义等诸多地质问题争议颇多。本文依托地质调查项目和“深部探测技术与实验研究（SinoProbe）”项目完成的8d和12g两条大地电磁测深剖面,经过精细的数据处理,使用非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）算法对TE+TM模式数据联合反演得到华南陆块东北部岩石圈尺度的二维电性剖面,并用ModEM三维反演代码对全阻抗张量数据反演获得了三维电性模型。对研究区内扬子地块东部、江南造山带以及华夏地块进行电性结构研究,发现研究区内的江南造山带西南段存在扬子地块和华夏地块碰撞镶嵌的构造表现,扬子地块已越过江南造山带,在江山—绍兴断裂位置与华夏地块挤压,形成江绍断裂等逆冲型深大断裂,从电性结构推测其现今仍然为活动断裂,但东北段块体之间的接触关系被上侵的地幔物质破坏,江绍、赣东北等断裂的深部结构已被剧烈改造,推测这种深部成矿热物质上涌是形成赣东北以金银矿种为主的岩浆热液型矿床的深部动力原因;研究区东部华夏地块电性特征为高阻的上地壳以及被岩浆底侵而破坏的中下地壳,发育其中的屯溪—鹰潭—安远和上虞—大浦—政和断裂切割深度超过了50 km,为深大断裂构造。结合前人地表侵入岩填图结果,认为由于中生代以来古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲,华南陆块东部上地壳被严重破坏,从电性特征推断可能发生过大面积的板片重融,华夏地块东北部地壳相较于西南部厚度明显更小、后期改造严重,受到的太平洋板块俯冲导致的热扰动更剧烈。     

下扬子及其邻区地壳和上地幔结构的接收函数研究及其地质意义

本文通过对两条宽频地震密集台站剖面记录的远震事件进行接收函数分析,得到了切过下扬子地区的高分辨率地壳和上地幔顶部结构断面。接收函数结果揭示了此区主要块体结构特征以及地表出露晚中生代岩浆岩以及相关矿床下方的深部结构响应:①中生代以来新生或活化的地质构造对下扬子及其邻区地壳结构的控制作用明显;②在大别造山带中下地壳出现低速震相,指示了大别造山带下方地壳深部存在低速物质,可能是大别造山带下方地壳中发育的韧性剪切带,此韧性剪切带可能与大别超高压变质岩被抬升剥露于地表的动力学作用有关;③在江南造山带东段怀玉山地区中下地壳观测到褶皱和逆冲叠瓦状复杂转换震相结构,与江南造山带西段雪峰山地区中下地壳结构相似,可能反映了隐伏的元古代江南造山带;④在德兴矿床和皖南白垩纪花岗岩群正下方观测到Moho和LAB界面的突变上隆现象,可能指示了晚中生代以来在华南东部下扬子地区岩石圈的薄弱区域,软流圈的上涌造成了岩石圈地幔的局部破坏,壳幔结构的局部异常是壳幔物质相互作用的结果。以上地震学观测揭示了下扬子及其邻区下方一些重要的壳幔结构特征,反映了华南大陆东部在不同地质历史时期经历的独特构造演化事件,为我们深入理解华南板块的形成和早期演化以及后期中生代以来华南东部强烈的岩浆和成矿作用的深部机制提供了关键的地球物理约束信息。     

利用S波接收函数研究下扬子及其邻区的岩石圈结构

下扬子及其邻区位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的交汇地带,自中生代以来经历了广泛的伸展变形和岩浆活动,其岩石圈结构和性质对深入认识华南块体乃至整个中国东部的显生宙构造演化以及相关动力学过程都具有重要意义。本文使用中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所地震台阵实验室在合肥—金华沿线布设的流动地震台阵数据,通过S波接收函数偏移成像方法对下扬子及其邻区岩石圈的速度间断面结构进行了研究。成像结果显示,主测线下方Moho面深度为32~42 km,岩石圈底界面深度为84~112 km,总体表现为西深东浅,且速度间断面结构与区域构造特征变化趋势相一致。这为下扬子及其邻区岩石圈中生代以来的改造和减薄提供了新的观测证据：华北南部盆地区下方Moho面结构复杂,岩石圈较厚（90~112 km）,表明该区域的改造程度相对较低;下扬子克拉通与华夏块体北缘岩石圈结构特征相似,仅在江南造山带附近Moho面和岩石圈底界面有小尺度变化,表明它们自新元古代拼合以来可能作为一个整体被改造。进一步结合同剖面南段大地电磁测深成像结果,文章对研究区的岩石圈改造提出了与华北地区相似的地幔流模型,郯庐断裂带和江南造山带两侧断裂带等薄弱带在太平洋板块俯冲的作用下,可能成为软流圈物质上涌的通道。     

华南大陆东部若干构造问题的思考

华南大陆的结构、属性、过程与动力学一直是地质学家关注的热点。本文以钦杭构造带东段为主要研究地区,通过精细的构造解析、变质变形研究、年代学分析,结合反射地震剖面,探讨了华南大陆东部几个科学问题。（1）江南造山带形成于新元古代华夏板块与扬子板块的“软碰撞”作用,可划分为扬子板块南缘、扬子—华夏汇聚带和华夏板块北缘3个构造单元,江南断裂带和武夷山—遂昌断裂带分别为江南造山带的北界和南界。（2）扬子—华夏板块汇聚带由多个小板块拼合而成,其间有多条缝合带,大约900 Ma开始汇聚,760 Ma全面闭合,850~780 Ma为活动高峰期,具有递变式的汇聚拼合过程,由南向北发展,先斜向俯冲,后右旋走滑,最晚集中在中部活动。（3）华南大陆东部为中生代奠定的构造格架,主要构造为一系列北东走向褶皱和逆冲断层,大量地壳范围内的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造,由南向北逆冲,可下切到中—下地壳。（4）华南大陆燕山晚期区域性伸展构造广泛发育,存在“华南热隆”构造,震旦系内的滑覆构造典型,同期大规模岩浆活动、火山活动和大规模的热液成矿。（5）华南大陆构造演化为：850 Ma扬子—华夏板块递进式汇聚,760 Ma全面拼合,江南造山带形成;600 Ma华南大陆盖层发育;430 Ma钦杭构造带受南部构造影响;220 Ma钦杭构造带受北部远程构造影响;160 Ma逆冲推覆构造产生;140 Ma大规模伸展,构造-岩浆-成矿关系密切;随后江南持续隆升,华南强烈热隆。     

江南造山带中段地壳结构特征——来自武宁—吉安深反射地震随机介质相关长度分析的认识

江南造山带位于扬子和华夏地块中间, 受华南陆块及其周缘多期次的碰撞、裂解及再造过程影响, 经历了复杂的构造运动和变形, 于中生代期间受区域构造-岩浆事件影响, 发生成矿“大爆发”, 是研究陆内深部过程、成矿作用的关键地区。受沉积覆盖、出露较少等因素影响, 江南造山带中段地壳结构、深部过程及其边界范围等还存在争议。为进一步提高对江南造山带中段中生代深部构造背景、动力学过程及成矿作用的认识, 本文利用武宁—吉安深反射地震数据, 进行随机介质参数的计算, 获得了相关长度剖面。结果发现江南造山带中段地壳厚度沿剖面由北向南逐渐减薄, 结合前人研究推测研究区受控于燕山期晚期伸展构造体制, 在伸展构造背景下, 导致地壳减薄, 诱发幔源物质上涌, 受地幔上涌影响由南往北逐渐减弱。同时揭示了宜丰—景德镇断裂深大断裂极性, 进一步证明了萍乡—广丰断裂为江南造山带中段与华夏地块的边界。最后综合分析了中生代区域构造对成矿的影响, 认为在伸展构造背景下, 幔源物质沿断裂上涌控制了该区金、钨等矿床的形成。     

新元古代扬子—华夏陆块拼合带：来自华南重磁异常的启示

扬子和华夏两大陆块是构成华南大陆的最基本单元, 但它们的拼合带位置（尤其是西延位置）是人们长期争论的焦点。本文以国家专项“深部探测技术与实验研究”探测得到的深反射地震剖面以及华南大陆的地质资料为约束, 对重、 磁异常作地壳构造融合解译, 追踪扬子—华夏陆块拼合带。由于华南大陆广泛发育具有剩磁多期、 多类的火山—侵入岩, 本文将磁异常换算为受剩磁影响小的解析信号作构造解译, 减小剩磁造成的地质解释偏差。研究认为, 扬子与华夏两陆块的拼合带东界为鹰潭—萍乡—衡阳—贺州—北海一线, 而西界为宜昌—张家界—铜仁—都匀—百色一线, 鹰潭以东和以北的拼合带位置因为受大规模岩浆岩的干扰而不清。     

华南地区进贤-柘荣剖面深部电性结构

为了研究华南地区的深部电性结构,探寻浅部地质过程的深部背景,布设了江西进贤至福建柘荣超长周期大地电磁测深剖面。通过剖面数据的处理、定性分析及二维反演,获得剖面岩石圈尺度的电性结构模型,并分区块对壳幔电性结构及主要断裂进行了分析。反演结果表明：1）剖面可分为4个构造单元,分别为江南造山带、华夏地块内部、华夏褶皱带和东南沿海岩浆岩带;2）武夷山与东南沿海岩浆岩带两处电性莫霍面隆起,电性莫霍面的起伏特征受控于区域深大断裂;3）剖面电性岩石圈整体表现为西薄东厚,江南造山带岩石圈-软流圈界面埋深为80~100 km,华夏褶皱带及东南沿海岩浆岩带的岩石圈-软流圈界面埋深约为140 km,存在一处岩石圈减薄区和两处软流圈上涌区,反映了伸展构造作用对岩石圈的不均匀改造。     

长江中下游成矿带及邻区地壳速度结构：来自利辛-宜兴宽角地震资料的约束

为了理解长江中下游地区在中生代成矿的深部动力学过程,Sinoprobe-03-02项目于2011年9月至10月,在跨宁芜矿集区和郯庐断裂带实施了从安徽利辛至江苏宜兴450km长的宽角反射/折射地震剖面。速度剖面结果显示,Moho面深度和地壳速度结构在郯庐断裂两侧东西方向存在明显的差异:(1)在东部扬子块体内部,地壳覆盖层厚3~5km,西部的合肥盆地下方,则达到4~7km。(2)剖面平均Moho面深度为30~32km左右,在郯庐断裂下方,Moho面深度在35km左右;在宁芜矿集区下方,Moho面整体深度偏浅,达30~31km左右,但局部范围内,Moho面深度至34km左右。(3)剖面的下地壳平均速度在6.5~6.6km/s左右,在宁芜矿集区下方,下地壳速度偏低,为6.4~6.5km/s左右。剖面上地幔顶部的速度结构平均在8.0~8.2km/s。在宁芜矿集区下方,速度偏低,为7.9~8.1km/s左右。(4)郯庐断裂带的下方,从地表开始,还存在20多千米长的低速异常带,一直延伸到Moho面附近。剖面的宁芜矿集区下方Moho面上隆、下地壳及上地幔的低速异常等壳幔结构特征,预示下地壳不以榴辉岩残体为主,支持燕山期地幔岩浆的上涌和侵入并成矿,是热上涌物质的源地。     

Late Jurassic high-Mg andesites in the Youjiang Basin and their significance for the southward continuation of the Jiangnan Orogen,South China

The South China Block (SCB) consists of the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks which, in the northeast, are separated from each other by the Jiangnan Orogen. The southward continuation of the Jiangnan Orogen into the Youjiang Basin remains much debated. Here, we present detailed petrological, chemical and isotope evidence from the Late Jurassic (~159 Ma) Yangtun and Liuliang high-Mg andesites (HMA), eastern Youjiang Basin, to place important constraints on an ancient subduction event. These HMA are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and depleted in Nb-Ta-Ti, with negative whole-rock εNd_(t) and zircon εHf_(t) values, similar to Neoproterozoic high-Mg rocks that occur in the eastern Yangtze Block. Considering the distance of our study areas to penecontemporaneous Pacific or Tethyan trenches, we infer that these HMA derived from a metasomatised lithospheric mantle preserved beneath the eastern Yangtze Block, which was associated with a Neoproterozoic subduction event. The Late Jurassic HMA in the eastern Youjiang Basin provide potential clues for the southward continuation of the Jiangnan Orogen into the basin.     

江南造山带新元古代中期(830～750Ma)岩浆活动及对构造演化的制约

连接扬子地块和华夏地块的江南造山带是华南前寒武纪最重要的构造单元,其形成和演化长期以来备受关注。在江南造山带的范围内广泛发育了新元古代岩浆岩,它们是探讨江南造山带构造演化的重要对象,但其成因和形成的构造背景却备受争论。本文系统收集和分析了江南造山带830~820 Ma花岗岩、800~780 Ma酸性岩和800~750 Ma基性岩的地球化学数据。研究表明,不同时间段的岩石成因类型存在系统差异,830~820 Ma的花岗岩主要为S型花岗岩,800~780 Ma的酸性岩主要为A型酸性岩,而800~750 Ma的基性岩以拉斑系列和碱性系列为主,并在构造判别图中显示了板内玄武岩(WPB)和洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的特征。综合同位素年代学、岩石地球化学和沉积学等学科领域的研究成果我们认为:扬子北缘和西缘应先于东南缘在1000~900 Ma期间发生碰撞,而此时的东南缘仍为活动大陆边缘;直到~830 Ma,扬子地块与华夏地块沿江南造山带发生拼贴,但只是陆-弧-(微)陆之间的"软碰撞",而无山脉隆升和高级变质作用,各个块体之间处于"联而不合"的状态,大洋岩石圈拆沉之后的软流圈上涌和由拆沉所引起的拉张作用导致了上覆岩石圈和陆壳发生部分熔融,产生了江南造山带830~820 Ma的S型花岗岩;随着全球Rodinia超大陆的裂解,~820 Ma,华南裂谷盆地开启,并在随后的裂解过程中发育了大量与伸展有关的800~780 Ma A型酸性岩和基性岩脉/墙,而其明显高于同时代MORB源区的地幔潜能温度显示,导致Rodina超大陆裂解的地幔柱可能对该时期岩浆岩的地幔源区有一定影响;随着拉张作用的不断加强,出现了760~750 Ma碱性系列和具MORB特征的基性岩,此时的软流圈地幔既提供热量又有物质供应。     

Crustal complexity in the Lachlan Orogen revealed from teleseismic receiver functions

There is an ongoing debate about the tectonic evolution of southeast Australia, particularly about the causes and nature of its accretion to a much older Precambrian core to the west. Seismic imaging of the crust can provide useful clues to address this issue. Seismic tomography imaging is a powerful tool often employed to map elastic properties of the Earth's lithosphere, but in most cases does not constrain well the depth of discontinuities such as the Mohorovi?i? (Moho). In this study, an alternative imaging technique known as receiver function (RF) has been employed for seismic stations near Canberra in the Lachlan Orogen to investigate: (i) the shear-wave-velocity profile in the crust and uppermost mantle, (ii) variations in the Moho depth beneath the Lachlan Orogen, and (iii) the nature of the transition between the crust and mantle. A number of styles of RF analyses were conducted: H-K stacking to obtain the best compressional–shear velocity (V _P /V _S) ratio and crustal thickness; nonlinear inversion for the shear-wave-velocity structure and inversion of the observed variations in RFs with back-azimuth to investigate potential dipping of the crustal layers and anisotropy. The thick crust (up to 48 km) and the mostly intermediate nature of the crust?mantle transition in the Lachlan Orogen could be due to the presence of underplating at the base of the crust, and possibly to the existing thick piles of Ordovician mafic rocks present in the mid and lower crust. Results from numerical modelling of RFs at three seismic stations (CAN, CNB and YNG) suggest that the observed variations with back-azimuth could be related to a complex structure beneath these stations with the likelihood of both a dipping Moho and crustal anisotropy. Our analysis reveals crustal thickening to the west beneath CAN station which could be due to slab convergence. The crustal thickening may also be related to the broad Macquarie volcanic arc, which is rooted to the Moho. The crustal anisotropy may arise from a strong N–S structural trend in the eastern Lachlan Orogen and to the preferred crystallographic orientation of seismically anisotropic minerals in the lower and middle crust related to the paleo-Pacific plate convergence.     

Revisiting the ca. 845–820-Ma S-type granitic magmatism in the Jiangnan Orogen: new insights on the Neoproterozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of South China

ABSTRACT

The Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiangnan Orogen is controversial, with one of the issues being whether the ca. 850–820-Ma granitoids were generated by mantle plumes or the collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. This paper tackles this problem by examining the age and petrogenesis of one of the granitoids, the Getengling pluton in the central Jiangnan Orogen, and through comparison with a regional geochronological–geochemical database compiled from previous studies. The Getengling pluton is characterized by high A/CNK values (~1.5), slight negative whole-rock ε_Nd(t) values (?2.8 to ?3.4), and positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values (0.7 ± 1.1), suggesting S-type granite affinities with juvenile contributions. Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba, and high CaO/Na₂O ratios indicate psammitic sources with both clay-rich and clay-poor characters. These geochemical characteristics are distinct from those of the granitoids (typically of A type) associated with mantle plumes. The zircon laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry U–Pb age of 845 ± 4 Ma obtained in this study, together with other ca. 835–820 Ma ages of S-type granites in the Jiangnan Orogen, indicates that the felsic magmatism in the Jiangnan Orogen lasted for ca. 25 Ma, which is longer than typical plume-related felsic magmatism. In addition, the mafic rocks in the Jiangnan Orogen and elsewhere in the South China Block are geochemically distinct from the coeval mantle plume-related ones in Australia and west Laurentia. In geochemical diagrams diagnostic of tectonic settings, the Getengling pluton and other ca. 850–820 Ma intrusions plot in the syn- and post-collisional fields, whereas the pre-850 and post-820-Ma igneous rocks plot in the arc and within-plate settings, respectively. This sequential tectonic evolution from plate subduction through collision to within-plate environments further supports the hypothesis that the ca. 850–820-Ma granitoids in the Jiangnan Orogen resulted from the Yangtze–Cathaysia collision rather than from mantle pluming.     

Petrogenesis of Ore‐Related Granodiorite Porphyry in the Jiande Copper Deposit,SE China: Implications for the Tectonic Setting and Mineralization

Adakitic rocks and related Cu–Au mineralization are widespread along eastern Jiangnan Orogen in South China. Previous studies have mainly concentrated on those in the Dexing area in northeastern Jiangxi Province, but information is lacking on the genesis and setting of those in northwestern Zhejiang Province. The Jiande copper deposit is located in the suture zone between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks of South China. This paper presents systematic LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating and element and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data of the Jiande granodiorite porphyry. Zircon dating showed that the Jiande granodiorite porphyry was produced during the Middle Jurassic (ca. 161 Ma). The Jiande granodiorite porphyry is characterized by adakitic geochemical affinities with high Sr/Y and La_N/Yb_N ratios but low Y and Yb contents. The absence of a negative Eu anomaly, extreme depletion in Y and Yb, relatively low MgO contents, and relatively high ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, indicated that the Jiande granodiorite porphyry was likely derived from partial melting of the thickened lower continental crust. In addition, the Jiande granodiorite porphyry shows arc magma geochemical features (e.g., Nb, Ta and Ti depletion), with bulk Earth‐like ε_Nd (t) values (?2.89 to ?1.92), ε_Hf (t) values (?0.6 to +2.8), and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7078 to 0.7105). However, a non‐arc setting in the Middle Jurassic is indicated by the absence of arc rocks and the presence of rifting‐related igneous rock associations in the interior of South China. Combined with the regional Neoproterozoic Jiangnan Orogeny, it indicates that these arc magma geochemical features are possibly inherited from the Neoproterozoic juvenile continental crust formed by the ancient oceanic crust subduction along the Jiangnan Orogen. The geodynamic environment that is responsible for the development of the Middle Jurassic Jiande granodiorite porphyry is likely a localized intra‐continental extensional environment along the NE‐trending Jiangshan‐Shaoxing Deep Fault as a tectonic response to far‐field stress at the margins of the rigid South China Plate during the early stage of the paleo‐Pacific plate subduction. In terms of Cu mineralization, we suggest that the metal Cu was released from the subducted oceanic slab and reserved in the juvenile crust during Neoproterozoic subduction along the eastern Jiangnan Orogen region. Partial melting of the Cu rich Neoproterozoic juvenile crust during the Middle Jurassic time in the Jiande area caused the formation of adakitic rocks and the Cu deposit.     

Geochronology and Tectonic Evolution of the West Section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt

As an important part of South China Old Land, the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt plays a significant role in explaining the assembly and the evolution of the Upper Yangtze Block and Cathaysia, as well as the structure and growth mechanism of continental lithosphere in South China.The Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups are the base strata of the west section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.Thus, the research of geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups is significant.The maximum sedimentary age of the Lengjiaxi Group is ca.862 Ma, and the minimum is ca.822 Ma.The Zhangjiawan Formation, which is situated in the upper part of the Banxi Group is ca.802 Ma.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata should thus belong to the Neoproterozoic in age.The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt consisting of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as important constituents is not a Greenville Orogen Belt(1.3 Ga–1.0 Ga).The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a recyclic orogenic belt, and the prototype basin is a foreland basin with materials derived from the southwest and the sediments belong to the active continental sedimentation.By combining large amounts of dating data of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as well as equivalent strata, the evolutionary model of the western section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is established as follows: Before 862 Ma, the South China Ocean was subducted beneath the Upper Yangtze Block, while a continental island arc was formed on the side near the Upper Yangtze Block.The South China Ocean was not closed in this period.From 862 Ma to 822 Ma, the Upper Yangtze Block was collided with Cathaysia; and sediments began to be deposited in the foreland basin between the two blocks.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata were thus formed and the materials might be derived from the recyclic orogenic belt.From 822 Ma to 802 Ma, Cathaysia continued pushing to the Upper Yangtze Block, experienced the Jinning-Sibao Movement(Wuling Movement); as result, the folded basement of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt was formed.After 802 Ma, Cathaysia and the Upper Yangtze Block were separated from each other, the Nanhua rift basin was formed and began to receive the sediments of the Banxi Group and equivalent strata.These large amounts of dating data and research results also indicate that before the collision of the Upper Yangtze Block with Cathaysia, materials of the continental crust became less and less from the southwest to the east in the Jiangnan Orogeneic Belt; only island arc and neomagmatic arc were developed in the eastern section.Ocean-continent subduction or continent-continent subduction took place in the western and southern sections, while intra-oceanic subduction occurred in the eastern section.Comprehensive analyses on U-Pb ages and Hf model ages of zircons, the main provenance of the Lengjiaxi Group is Cathaysia.     

江南造山带东段新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用特征

新元古代江南造山带远离晚中生代活动大陆边缘,是研究华南地区新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用的理想对象。文章通过对江南造山带东段沉积建造、岩浆活动、构造变形以及同位素年代学数据的综合分析,总结了其晋宁期、广西期以及印支期造山作用的特征。江南造山带东段在晋宁期经历了南北两侧大洋俯冲和两期碰撞造山作用。新元古代早期(880~860 Ma)双溪坞岛弧与扬子陆块东南缘发生弧-陆碰撞作用,形成淡色花岗岩、高压蓝片岩、NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造以及弧后前陆盆地。新元古代中期(约850 Ma),扬子陆块北缘开始发育由北向南的大洋俯冲。随着俯冲作用的进行,弧后盆地发生关闭,扬子陆块与华夏陆块发生陆-陆碰撞并形成新元古代(820~810Ma)江南造山带,导致近E-W走向褶皱-逆冲构造、韧性变形以及过铝质花岗岩的发育。江南造山带东段在约810Ma开始发生后造山垮塌和裂谷作用,以发育南华纪早期(805~750 Ma)花岗岩、中酸性火山岩、基性岩以及裂谷盆地为特征。江南造山带东段万载—南昌—景德镇—歙县断裂带以南地区卷入了华南广西期造山作用,发育近E-W走向由南向北的逆冲构造(465~450 Ma)、NNE向正花状构造(449~430 Ma)以及后造山近E-W走向韧性走滑剪切带(429~380 Ma)。印支期造山作用导致了NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造和花岗岩的发育,并奠定了江南造山带东段的基本构造面貌。     

Crust–upper mantle seismic velocity structure across Southeastern China

One in-line wide-angle seismic profile was conducted in 1990 in the course of the Southeastern China Continental Dynamics project aimed at the study of the contact between the Cathaysia block and the Yangtze block. This 380-km-long profile extended in NW–SE direction from Tunxi, Anhui Province, to Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. Five in-line shots were fired and recorded at seismic stations with spacing of about 3 km along the recording line. We have used two-dimensional ray tracing to model P- and S-wave arrivals and provide constraints on the velocity structure of the upper crust, middle crust, lower crust, Moho discontinuity, and the top part of the lithospheric mantle. P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and V_P/V_S ratio are mapped. The crust is 36-km thick on average, albeit it gradually thins from the northwest end to the southeast end (offshore) of the profile. The average crustal velocity is 6.26 km/s for P-waves but 3.6 km/s for S-waves. A relatively narrow low-velocity layer of about 4 km of thickness, with P- and S-wave velocities of 6.2 km/s and 3.5 km/s, respectively, marks the bottom of the middle crust at a depth of 23-km northwest and 17-km southeast. At the crust–mantle transition, the P- and S-wave velocity change quickly from 7.4 to 7.8 km/s (northwest) and 8.0 to 8.2 km/s (southeast) and from 3.9 to 4.2 km/s (northwest) and 3.9 to 4.5 km/s (southeast), respectively. This result implies a lateral contrast in the upper mantle velocity along the 140 km sampled by the profile approximately. The average V_P/V_S ratio ranges from 1.68–1.8 for the upper crust to 1.75 for the middle and 1.75–1.85 for lower crust. With the interpretation of the wide-angle seismic data, Jiangshan–Shaoxin fault is considered as the boundary between the Yangtze and the Cathaysia block.     

粤西云开地区基底变质岩的组成和形成

云开地块被认为是华南西南部一个重要的前寒武纪变质基底出露区,但对其基底组成的认识仍存在较大争议。本文对云开地块内基底变质岩进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素分析。分析结果表明云开地块的基底主要由于新元古代-早古生代的变质沉积岩组成。它们具有比上地壳平均成分更高的Si O2和相对更低的Al2O3、Ca O、Na2O,岩石成熟度中等。微量元素与PAAS相似,但Sr、Cr、Ni等强烈亏损,高场强元素Nb、Ta轻度亏损,而大多数样品的Zr、Hf、Th、U等轻度富集,说明源区更富集长英质组分而贫镁铁组分。地球化学特征和碎屑锆石组成指示这套沉积岩形成于被动大陆边缘环境,源区既有古老的再循环物质,也有大量未经明显改造的新元古代岩浆物质。综合本文和前人的锆石U-Pb定年数据,云开地块基底变质岩原岩可以分为两组:第一组样品形成较早(时代上限为850~522Ma),总体年龄谱特征显示出与华夏南岭地区的亲缘性。这组样品的源区主要有4次岩浆作用(2700~2400Ma、1800~1400Ma、1150~900Ma、850~700Ma),均涉及到古老地壳再循环以及新生地壳的加入,但以再循环的物质为主。最主要的新生地壳生长发生在新太古代和Grenville期。而第二组样品的沉积时代在517Ma之后,具有与扬子南缘新元古代沉积岩的相似性。这组亲扬子沉积物的源区具有不同的4次岩浆事件(2600~2350Ma、2000~1750Ma、1700~1500Ma、900~750Ma),新太古代晚期-古元古早期岩浆主要涉及古老基底再循环。古元古晚期-中元古早期岩浆大多起源于新生地壳物质,而新元古代是最重要的新生地壳生长期,同时也涉及大量古老地壳物质的再循环。不同时代沉积岩的碎屑物质组成变化表明大概在522~517Ma之间云开沉积盆地和物源区受到一定程度的构造运动影响,使得源区由华夏地块变成扬子地块。这期构造事件很可能是早古生代造山事件的初始阶段。根据本文资料和其他证据我们认为云开地块归属于华夏板块,扬子与华夏地块的分界线至少在云开地块以北,且很可能在平乐与平南之间。     

中国东南地区岩石圈热结构特征及其构造意义

中国东南地区地质演化复杂,中—新生代构造变形强烈,岩石圈深部热力学状态及其对构造活动的影响有待深入。文章结合最新的大地热流数据与地壳结构Crust 1.0模型,利用稳态热传导方程,以岩石捕虏体温压数据和地震学观测为约束,构建了华南地区扬子克拉通、华夏地块以及南海北缘等不同单元的岩石圈热结构。结果表明该区岩石圈热结构存在强烈的不均一性：除了上扬子地区（四川盆地）为“温壳温幔”的热结构,华南其他大部分地区都表现为“热壳热幔”的特征;同一深度下,华夏地块与南海北缘的深部温度显著高于扬子克拉通;热岩石圈厚度从克拉通内部向沿海地区（NWSE）逐渐降低,也即由四川盆地的~200 km减少到华夏地块的~110 km,再到南海的~70 km。此外,我们还发现陆内地震的分布与岩石圈温度密切相关,地震活动集中分布于600℃等温线以内。总体而言,扬子克拉通中西部岩石圈热结构具有冷而厚的特征,而华夏地块和南海北缘受古太平洋平板俯冲和新生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆作用的改造,表现为热且薄的特征,岩石圈的热弱化进而加速了华南大陆边缘的裂解及随后的南海扩张过程。