中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程:松科一井科学钻探工程的实施与初步进展

获取全球环境与气候变化记录是世界科学钻探发展的必然趋势.白垩纪作为地质历史时期"温室气候"的典型范例时期,提供了温室气候条件下地球气候系统运作和变化的良好档案.但是目前国际上针对白垩纪地层的科学钻探主要限于海相地层,对陆相白垩系的科学钻探尚属空白.在我国松辽盆地北部新近完成的中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程——松科1井项目有望在此方面取得重要的突破.该项目经过一年多的努力,钻探工程已经全都结束,总计获取岩心长2485.89 m,收获率达96.46%,是目前为止所获取的国际上第一条最长而且连续的白垩系陆相沉积记录.针对岩心的全面研究工作正在开展并已取得初步成果.相关研究工作进展突出表现在通过厘米级样品的取样与分析,将传统地质学百万年的时间分辨率提高到万年尺度,预计其研究结果可为解决当今的全球变暖问题提供重要的参照.利用松科1井科学钻探工程的原始科学资料和研究成果,对岩心已经和在建的包括岩石地层、古生物、沉积相、古地磁、有机地化、旋回地层、地微生物等十大剖面系列,进行科学钻探成果的集成.初步研究在沉积学和有机地球化学、旋回地层学、松辽古湖泊温度变化、地微生物和古大气中CO2浓度定量重建方面已取得重要进展."松科1井"全部岩心剖切后,38%将馆藏保存,其余将用于现阶段研究,并向全世界科学家开放.后续工程"松科2井"也已经被列入国际大陆钻探计划(ICDP)候选项目.     

松辽盆地大陆深部科学钻探2号井完井暨学术研讨现场会召开

正2018年5月26日,自然资源部中国地质调查局在黑龙江省安达市松科二井工程现场召开大陆科学钻探工程(松科二井)完井暨学术研讨现场会。中国地质学会常务副理事长兼秘书长、自然资源部中国地质调查局副局长、松科二井工程领导小组组长李金发宣布松辽盆地大陆深部科学钻探工     

松科二井邻域沙河子组含油气地层结构特征——基于测井和地震数据的分析

松辽盆地大陆深部科学钻探工程"松科二井"获得了最完整的沙河子组地层岩心,初步识别出深部页岩气气测异常43层,累计厚度102 m,显示出沙河子组地层具有良好的深部能源前景。为进一步分析松辽盆地沙河子组地层油气资源潜力,本文在前人研究的基础上,结合松科二井测井、岩心数据和地震数据,分析松科二井邻域沙河子组地层的层序特征和空间展布,同时以随钻录井记录到的气测异常为出发点,分析沙河子组地层的测井和地震响应。结果显示:松科二井邻域沙河子组地层具有厚度大、横向延续小的地层展布特点,根据测井、岩心及地震数据,将沙河子组地层分为4个三级层序:SQ1、SQ2、SQ3和SQ4,其中顶部SQ4层序具有较好的油气前景,其岩性以泥岩为主,并具有相对较高孔隙度、低波阻抗的测井曲线特征,在地震剖面上表现为连续强振幅,阻抗反演剖面上存在局部低波阻抗特征,揭示了该区沙河子组深层天然气资源的赋存条件。     

松辽盆地科学钻探工程松科2井东孔测井设计

松辽盆地资源与环境深部钻探工程计划实施两井四孔,其中松科2井东孔是钻探的主体钻孔,设计井深为6 400m,拟穿透白垩纪地层。松科2井东孔的实施对于开展白垩纪沉积环境和气候研究、实现油气勘探新突破、提升深部钻探技术和复杂井况的测井技术水平等具有重要意义。围绕钻探的科学目标和任务,结合松科2井东孔钻井工程设计及井况特点,开展了测井设计。提出松科2井东孔拟采用先进的测井仪器设备采集测井数据,设计的测井方法系列包括裸眼井综合测井和套管井固井质量检查测井2大类。根据钻井开次和钻进计划情况,设计了8次裸眼井综合测井和5次套管井固井质量检查测井。不同钻井开次的裸眼井综合测井项目有所不同;考虑到井深4 500m以下高温测井的挑战性,设计了必测项目和选测项目。总之,松科2井东孔测井设计既力求取全取准各项测井资料,又体现了应对复杂井况的灵活性,有利于松辽盆地资源与环境深部钻探科学目标的顺利实现。     

我国“十二五”期间的科学钻探活动

介绍了我国“十二五”期间主要的科学钻探项目实施情况,主要有“深部探测技术与实验研究专项”中的科学钻探、汶川地震科学钻探、松辽盆地科学钻探工程项目“松科二井”项目、铀矿科学深钻、东南沿海第一口干热岩科学钻探、大陆架科学钻探、长白山天池火山科学钻探、胶莱盆地白垩纪科学钻探、海洋科学钻探、冰心钻探等,以及在这些项目实施过程中开展钻探技术研发获得的成果,并对我国科学钻探的发展进行了展望。     

松辽盆地科学钻探工程松科二井东孔上白垩统地球物理测井科学成果

松辽盆地科学钻探工程是围绕地球深部资源、古环境与古气候等一系列重要地球科学问题而实施的重大科学工程。作为该工程的主体钻孔, 松科二井东孔设计为松辽盆地最深钻孔, 设计深度6 400.0 m, 计划穿透白垩系地层、钻至盆地基底。由于上白垩统井段取心量非常少, 因此地球物理测井的作用尤为重要。该孔正式开钻后, 采用先进的成像测井设备对一开和二开钻井井段(上白垩统井段)先后实施4次裸眼井综合测井和套管井测井作业, 并系统地开展测井综合评价, 取得以下科学成果: (1)原位获取了常规测井、特殊测井和固井质量检查测井资料共20种, 资料丰富、质量优良, 建立了上白垩统连续的岩石物理参数标准剖面; (2)完成了上白垩统地层划分、岩性识别、沉积和构造精细解释; (3)识别出泉头组油气储层、嫩江组和青山口组烃源岩层、嫩江组高放射性异常层, 以及上白垩统地热开发潜力层; (4)探索了青山口组古气候分析的有利测井指标; (5)及时提供准确的井径、钻孔轨迹和固井质量等关键钻探工程信息。研究成果对于松辽盆地地球物理勘探科学“标尺”建立、古环境与古气候研究、钻探工程施工起到至关重要的作用, 为整个钻探工程科学目标的实现奠定良好基础。     

松科二井火石岭组地层岩石物理学特征研究

松辽盆地资源与环境深部钻探工程是针对白垩纪古气候与古环境研究、地球深部资源调查以及基础地质研究等一系列科学问题而实施的科学钻探。松科二井是松辽盆地科学钻探工程的主体钻孔,设计的测井项目齐全,采集了丰富、连续、原位的地球物理测井资料。本文主要利用该孔的测井资料研究深部火石岭组地层岩石物理学特征;结合实验室岩心核磁共振测试结果,分析不同岩性储层的孔隙结构特征。研究表明,火石岭组地层主要发育安山岩、凝灰岩、复成分砾岩和凝灰质泥岩,其中火成岩岩相以爆发相和喷溢相为主,安山岩和复成分砾岩表现为高电阻率、低声波时差特征,凝灰岩为低电阻率、高声波时差特征,凝灰质泥岩电阻率最低;储层整体上具有低孔低渗的特点,但凝灰岩储层小孔和中孔发育,物性相对较好,是较为有利的储层。研究结果为进一步评价松辽盆地深部油气资源和地层结构提供了有力支持。     

松辽盆地南部上、下白垩统界线研究：以松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松科3井为例

国际上公认的上、下白垩统界线绝对年龄为100.5 Ma,该界线的“金钉子”位于海相地层中,而陆相层序中有关该地层界线的“金钉子”迄今尚无报道。陆相上、下白垩统界线的研究对于了解白垩纪中期温室条件下陆地上所经历的古地理、古环境、古气候的演化过程具有重要价值。我国东北地区的松辽盆地发育完整的白垩纪陆相地层,可能为陆相的上、下白垩统地层界线的研究提供连续的地质记录。本文基于松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松辽盆地南部松科3井全取心资料,通过对岩石类型、岩性序列和沉积相研究,于井深1 191.6 m处的泉头组二段上部滨浅湖相沉积序列中发现灰色、灰绿色流纹质岩屑晶屑沉凝灰岩。通过同沉积期岩浆锆石U-Pb测年获得年龄(96.8±2.9) Ma,时代属于塞诺曼中期。结合前人资料得到研究区登娄库组—泉头组沉积速率为90.54～110 m/Ma,由此确定出上、下白垩统界线位于松科3井泉一段中部(井段1 526.6～1 598.6 m)。本文在考虑测年结果误差的情况下,另外计算出松科3井上、下白垩统界线介于泉二段中部至登四段上部(井段1 279.6～1 917.6 m)。其他学者基于松辽盆地北部松科1井和松科2井...     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷沙河子组顶界面特征研究——基于松辽盆地大陆科学钻探松科2井

为精确划分松辽盆地沙河子组层序地层,限定断陷期沙河子组与营城组地层时代,进而研究断陷期盆地的演化,笔者利用松辽盆地大陆科学钻探松科2井获取的下白垩统地层岩芯资料,从岩芯尺度对沙河子组与营城组界面进行揭示,结合过松科2井地震剖面解释、松科2井及邻井测井响应特征分析和岩芯精细描述,总结出沙河子组顶界面在不同尺度的具体特征:(1)在地震剖面尺度,其表现为明显上超的特征;(2)在测井曲线上,界面附近表现为由下到上自然伽马曲线变化幅度增大,双侧向电阻率曲线由低值变为中高值的特征;(3)岩芯尺度上,表现为细粒沉积的砂泥岩突变为砾岩或火山岩。     

松辽盆地白垩系大陆科学钻探“松科2井”选址

松辽盆地大陆科学钻探工程已经进行了十余年(2005—2016),松科1井于2007年完钻,松科2井于2014年开钻,预计2017年底完钻。该工程的目标是通过实施"2井4孔"钻探,打穿松辽盆地白垩系,获取万米连续高分辨率的陆相地质记录,用以研究白垩纪时期的温室气候变化,以期更好地应对全球变暖使人类面临的挑战。据此确定松科2井的选址原则:地层沉积记录连续;以沉积岩为主,尤其是以湖相细碎屑岩为主;厚度尽可能薄;构造简单;地面施工条件好。松科2井选在松辽盆地徐家围子断陷中沙河子组湖相泥岩最为发育的宋站地区。钻探主要目的层为下白垩统断陷层序的营城组、沙河子组和火石岭组。钻遇主要岩性为含火山岩和火山碎屑岩的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、煤层互层序列,以河湖相反映还原环境的暗色岩系为主。期间穿过断陷层顶(T_4)、底(T_5)界面,上下白垩统界面和白垩系/侏罗系(K/J)界面等反映区域构造-成盆作用的重要地质界线,还会取得与白垩纪超静磁带(CNS)和全球大洋缺氧事件(OAE-1)等重要地质事件相对应的连续岩心记录。     

Deep Continental Scientific Drilling Engineering Project in Songliao Basin: progress in Earth Science research

The Songke No.2 well (eastern hole) (referred to as Well SK-2), one of the “two wells and four holes” of the Deep Continental Scientific Drilling Engineering Project in the Songliao Basin, is in Anda City, Heilongjiang Province, and was officially completed on May 26, 2018. The scientific goals of Well SK-2 cover four aspects: paleoclimate research, resource and energy exploration, primary geological research, and development of deep earth exploration techniques. Since the official commencement of drilling in 2014, the Well SK-2 scientific drilling engineering team has organized and implemented drilling for coring, in situ logging, chemical analysis of core elements, and deep structural exploration around the well. Currently, the following preliminary scientific research progress has been made: 4334.81 m in situ core data has been obtained; the centimeter-level high-resolution characterization of the most complete and continuous Cretaceous continental strata ever unearthed has been completed, and the standard profile of continental strata has been initially established; the unconventional natural gas resources and basin-type hot dry rocks in the deep Songliao Basin were found to have good prospects for exploration and development; the climatic evolutionary history of the Cretaceous continental strata was rebuilt for the first time, covering hundreds of thousands to millions of years, and the major events of Cretaceous climate fluctuations have been discovered; all these reveal strong evidence for the subduction and aggregation of paleo-ocean plates, providing a theoretical basis for the re-recognition of the genesis of the Songliao Basin and for deep earth oil and gas exploration. The implementation of the Deep Continental Scientific Drilling Engineering Project in the Songliao Basin is of great significance for exploring the mysteries of the Earth and solving major problems such as those related to the deep energy environment. It is a solid step along the road of “going deep into the Earth”.     

Progress of Deep Geological Survey Project under the China Geological Survey

Serving as a way to understand the material composition, structure, and dynamic process of the Earth’s interior, deep earth exploration is driven by not only mankind’s pursuit of natural mysteries but also mankind’s basic need to obtain resources and guarantee economic and social development. The first phase of deep earth exploration of China (SinoProbe) was carried out from 2008 to 2016 and tremendous results were achieved. In 2016, the China Geological Survey launched a Deep Geological Survey Project (also referred to as the Project) to continuously explore the deep Earth. Focusing on the national energy resources strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative, and major basic issues of the geological survey, the Project was carried out in Songliao Basin (an important energy base in China) and major geological boundaries and tectonic units including Qilian Mountains-Tianshan Mountains and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt. The purpose of it is to reveal the process, structure, and forming patterns of the deep ore deposits and petroleum reservoirs, clarify the evolutionary pattem and controlling factors of Mesozoic environmental climate, and discover deep fine structures of key orogens, basins, and mountains by comprehensive geophysical exploration and scientific drilling. Great achievements have been obtained after more than three years of efforts, including a cumulative 1552 km of deep seismic reflection profiles and magnetotelluric profiles, an ultra-deep continental scientific drilling well, a scientific drilling pilot hole, and a magnetotelluric array and a portable broadband seismic array, both of which cover South China. Moreover, significant progress has been made in ultra-deep drilling technology, deep oil and gas discovery in Songliao Basin, and basic geological issues of Qilian Orogen and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt in South China, greatly accelerating the deep earth exploration in China and further consolidating China’s position as a power in deep earth exploration.     

松辽盆地坳陷层控地热系统研究

松辽盆地是在印支运动末期至燕山运动早期形成的大型沉积盆地,其不仅蕴藏丰富的油气资源,也是我国主要的地热资源潜力区。本文以大陆科学钻探松科二井为基础通过建立盆地热导率、生热率、孔隙度等物性柱,分析了盆地深部地温场特征,最后给出了松辽盆地坳陷层控型地热系统的形成机制。松辽盆地物性具有明显的垂向分层特征,按照垂向变化可分为4段,分别为盖层段、储层段、稳态热传导段和基底段。热导率随岩性、沉积时代的不同存在较大的差异,总体上随深度的变大逐渐增大,储层段表现出热导率的快速增长,而基底段则热导率差异性大;生热率在白垩系沉积层总体偏低,表现出“冷壳热幔”的热结构;孔隙度表现为从1800 m到2700 m的储层段快速下降趋势,地层储水能力逐渐变弱。松辽盆地地热系统具有坳陷层控的特点,中、晚侏罗世莫霍面隆起形成的热隆张导致了后期浅部的断陷-坳陷双重结构。在坳陷沉积阶段沉积了河湖相为主的砂、泥岩地层,后期随着地下水的循环补给及聚热作用,在白垩系姚家组、青山口组、泉头组中形成了以砂岩为主且空间上由盆地边缘向盆地中心逐渐变薄的层控型地热系统。寻找高渗透热储层是松辽盆地地热探测的关键,本研究可以为盆地深部找热提供...     

High-precision geochronology of the Early Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation and its stratigraphic implications for Songliao Basin,China

The Songliao Basin in Northeast Asia is the largest and longest-lived rift basin and preserves a near-continuous continental succession of the most of the Cretaceous period, providing great material to investigate the adaption of the terrestrial systems to the Cretaceous greenhouse climate and tectonic events. However, the paucity of precise and accurate radioisotopic ages from the Early Cretaceous strata of the Songliao Basin has greatly held back the temporal and causal correlation of the continental records to the global Early Cretaceous records. Three tuff layers intercalated in the Yingcheng Formation have been intercepted by the SK-2 borehole, which offer excellent materials for radioisotopic dating and calibration of the chronostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous sequence of Songliao Basin. Moreover, the Yingcheng Formation recorded the largest and the last of the two major volcanic events in Songliao Basin, which also represents a turning point in the basin evolution history of Songliao from syn-rift stage to post-rift stage. Here we report high-precision U–Pb zircon geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS technique on three tuff samples from the Yingcheng Formation of the SK-2 borehole in the Songliao Basin to construct a greatly improved, absolute age framework for the Yingcheng Formation and provide crucial age constraints for the Songliao Lower Cretaceous Strata. The new CA-ID-TIMS geochronology constrained the Yingcheng Formation at 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma to ca. 113 Ma, correlating to the Albian Stage. Combined with the previous published Songliao geochronology, the Quantou Formation is constrained to between 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma and 91.923 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma; the Denglouku Formation is constrained to between 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma and 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma; the age of the Shahezi Formation is estimated at ca. 113 Ma to ca. 118 Ma, which could extend to ca. 125 Ma in some locations in Songliao Basin. The major unconformity between the Yingcheng Formation and the Denglouku Formation, which represents the transition of the basin from syn-rift to post-rift is thus confined to between 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma and 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma. This is roughly contemporaneous with the change in the direction of the paleo-Pacific plate motion from west-southwest to north or northwest in mid-Cretaceous, suggesting their possible connections.     

毛塞几比盆地油气成藏条件特征分析

西非毛塞几比盆地(又称塞内加尔盆地)已经成为世界油气勘探的热点区。通过对毛塞几比盆地近5年的油气勘探新发现的综合地质研究,明确了盆地油气成藏条件新特征。认为盆地发育下白垩统阿普特-阿尔布阶和上白垩统赛诺曼-土伦阶2套优质的海相烃源岩;发育下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩储层和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2套有利储层,是盆地两套新目的层系。通过综合地质研究,总结出下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2类有利成藏组合,陆架边缘砂岩储层分布和深水区构造岩性复合圈闭条件分别是2个勘探新层系油气成藏的主控因素。对油气成藏条件特征的研究认识为明确盆地勘探潜力和方向起到了指导作用。     

大庆油田莺深2井钻井设计与实践

莺深2井是大庆油田2008年完钻最深的一口天然气探井。根据松辽地区的特点,在深入分析影响该地区钻井速度和安全钻进的主要因素的基础上,针对不同的影响因素,进行了优化钻井设计研究,主要从优化井身结构、优选钻头和优选钻井工艺方式几个方面对莺深2井进行了设计优化。实钻结果表明,该井创造了大庆油田超过5500 m深层天然气探井钻井记录,并且采用氮气及水包油欠平衡钻井技术取得了勘探突破,中途测试获得低产气流,完钻测试获得工业气流,取得了较好的勘探效果。     

Cretaceous Phytoplankton Assemblages from Songke Core-1,North and South(SK-1,N and S) of Songliao Basin,Northeast China

Abstract: Cretaceous phytoplankton from the newly completed core hole (SK-1, N&S) in the central Songliao Basin was studied. The target interval is from the upper Quantou Formation of Upper Cretaceous to Mingshui Formation. Twelve genera of dinoflagellates, six of acritarcha and three of chlorophyta were identified in 588 samples from the 2300-m deep core. Ten phytoplankton assemblages have been classified: Tetranguladinium-Subtilisphaera-Botryococcus, Botryococcus-Pediastrum, Pediastrum, Dinogymniopsis-Chlamydophrella-Vesperopsis bifurcate, Dinogymniopsis minor-Balmula, Pediastrum-Botryococcus, Schizosporis-Campenia, Kiokansium-Dinogymniopsis-Botryococcus, Dinogymniopsis-Granodiscus-Filisphaeridium and Granodiscus. According to the findings mentioned above, the age of the upper Qantou Formation is Cenomanian, the Qingshankou Formation belongs to upper Cenomanian-Turonian, the Yaojia Formation to Coniancian-Santonian age, the Nenjiang Formation is of Campanian age, and Sifangtai-Mingshui formations are referred to Maastrichtian stage. The ecology of phytoplankton is closely related to water salinity. Each type of phytoplankton is within a certain living water mass whose evolution type reflects salinity change of the Songliao Lake. The assemblages from the SK-1 indicate that water salinity changes with the cycle of freshwater–slight brackish water–brackish water–slight brackish water–freshwater in the lake.