湖北宜昌地区寒武系水井沱组探获页岩气

<正>1研究目的(Objective)中扬子中部黄陵隆起东南缘宜昌斜坡带在太古宙结晶基底之上,发育有元古宙至第四纪各时代地层,保存有埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组、寒武系水井沱组,奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组等多套黑色富有机质泥岩。区域构造稳定,地层产状平缓,页岩气地质条件优越,但页岩气的勘探一直未获突破。本文的目的旨在查明宜昌斜坡带寒武系水井沱组页岩的分布和含气性,确定页岩气储层特点,为区域页岩气的勘探开发提供基础资料。     

鄂西宜昌地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组页岩沉积环境及其页岩气地质意义

基于鄂西宜昌黄陵隆起周缘不同古地理部位埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组剖面的野外调查,岩石矿物和碳同位素样品的成分分析,页岩地球化学分析和物性实验结果,系统研究宜昌地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段页岩地层格架与分布、形成环境、地球化学和页岩气储集层特征。结果表明峡东宜昌地区在埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段下部页岩沉积于氧化环境,而中上部黑色页岩沉积形成于还原环境,碳酸盐是甲烷泄漏的结果。陡山沱组二段暗色泥页岩地层厚度超过50m,有机碳含量(TOC)普遍大于1%,局部地区超过2%,有机质类型以I型和Ⅱ1型为主,成熟度(Ro)变化于1.58%~2.38%之间,平均1.98%;矿物成分主要为碎屑矿物。与美国和中国页岩气主产区的页岩指标相比较,宜昌地区陡山沱组二段泥页岩具有形成页岩气良好地质条件。     

宜昌地区寒武系水井沱组(第二统第三阶)生物组合面貌及其地层分布

近年来随着“鄂宜页1井”高产气井的突破,寒武系水井沱组(第2统第3阶)已成为中扬子区页岩气勘查开发新的主力层系。本文旨在前人研究的基础上,通过对水井沱组中主要生物类型、古生物组合面貌及其时空分布的简要总结,为鄂西地区的页岩气勘探提供对比借鉴。宜昌地区寒武纪地层发育完整,广泛出露于宜昌、秭归、长阳、兴山等地,古生物化石较为丰富,是开展寒武纪地层及古生物研究的经典地区之一。埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡时期的地质记录中保存了寒武纪大爆发和后生动物多样化事件的化石证据,从寒武系纽芬兰统到第二统,自下而上发现了岩家河生物群、水井沱生物群(包括清江生物群)、石牌生物群和京山布尔吉斯页岩型生物群等,它们化石类群多样,浮游生物和底栖生物丰富,而在长阳发现的清江生物群更是具有典型布尔吉斯页岩型动物群特异埋藏化石库的特点,出现了大量高保真度的软躯体类群,代表了远离海岸的较深水环境,为寒武纪大爆发研究打开了一个新的窗口。从岩性、生物类型以及构造运动来看,宜昌地区水井沱组发育一套以黑色页岩或钙质页岩夹碳质灰岩为主的黑色岩系,其中海绵化石在黑色岩系中呈现出较高的丰度和多样性,显示当时深水低氧的沉积环境。同时繁盛的微体...     

鄂西宜昌地区晚奥陶世—早志留世页岩气藏的主控地质因素与富集模式

湖北宜昌地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组年代和岩石地层格架显示,宜昌地区奥陶系—志留系界线附近地层连续,但自南而北在早志留世鲁丹阶上部至埃隆阶下部有不同程度的笔石带缺失,并由此造成了富有机质页岩厚度的减薄。页岩微量元素V/Cr、Ni/Co、V/(V+Ni)的比值和化学蚀变指数(CIA)指示,宜昌地区在奥陶纪凯迪期晚期—志留纪埃隆期早期总体处于缺氧-贫氧海洋环境和寒冷干燥的气候条件,富有机质页岩的厚度变化受气候变冷所引起的海平下降和宜昌上升作用的双重影响。页岩中总有机碳含量(TOC),受海底氧化还原环境和海底有机碳通量(Mo-xs)的双重制约。由于不同古地理部位TOC与Ni-xs的相关性不同,在盆地靠近隆起一侧,TOC与Mo-xs的相关性明显高于TOC与Ni-xs的相关性,据此,并结合同期地层碳酸盐碳同位素具有负偏特征,与全球其他地区同期碳同位素组成特点相反,推测奥陶纪凯迪期晚期—志留纪埃隆期早期可能因海平面下降或宜昌上升作用导致海底发生了天然气水合物的溶解和甲烷释放,并由此引起海底有机碳通量的升高,促进有机质的聚集保存。页岩中总有机碳含量与页岩的含气性和孔隙度具有明显的相关性,但孔隙度主要受储层的渗透率和岩石类型制约,与储层的含气性关系不明显,证明孔隙不是页岩气富集的最主要因素。由于储层的含气性主要受控于优质储层的厚度、总有机碳含量和压力系数,因此,有利的沉积相带和良好的保存条件是志留系页岩气藏的主控地质因素。具体到宜昌地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪页岩气保存富集上,奥陶纪—志留纪过渡时期中,扬子台地内部坳陷盆地的形成和其中广泛发育的富有机质页岩是页岩气形成富集的基础。而宜昌地区古老基底的发育及其从三叠纪晚期之后开始的缓慢抬升,导致志留系页岩气储层埋深浅,生气高峰时间晚,是志留系页岩气富集保存的关键。     

鄂西宜昌地区寒武系常规、非常规天然气显示及勘探意义

鄂西寒武系具有良好的油气成藏条件,但由于地层时代早、经历构造运动次数多,勘探成果不理想。近期在宜昌地区寒武系水井沱组获得页岩气流,并在寒武系天河板组、石龙洞组等多套层系获得了天然气显示,表明鄂西宜昌地区是寒武系页岩气、天然气的有利勘探区。以储集层为核心划分出水井沱组页岩气、天河板组-石龙洞组常规天然气成藏组合。寒武系水井沱组页岩生烃潜力大、含气性高,以页岩中的有机质孔和微裂缝作为储集空间,构成自生自储的页岩气藏;水井沱组页岩气测试获工业气流,气体组分中甲烷含量超过90%。宜地2井天河板组发生井喷,气体成分以甲烷为主,储集空间主要为半充填状裂缝和溶孔,地层水为氯化镁型,保存条件中等。石龙洞组砂屑云岩储层具有累计厚度大、低孔中低渗并局部发育高孔渗段的特点。以水井沱组富有机质页岩为烃源岩,以天河板组灰岩裂缝和石龙洞组白云岩孔洞为储集空间,以覃家庙组含膏云岩和云质膏岩为盖层,组成垂向供烃的生储盖组合。油气成藏演化史分析表明,寒武系烃源岩在早志留世开始生油,早二叠世开始生气,晚三叠世达到生气高峰期,经历了多期次构造运动的改造,现全部转化为气态烃。宜昌地区为页岩气有利区,也是天河板组-石龙洞组常规天然气勘探的有利区。上述认识对鄂西地区寒武系天然气勘探领域的拓展具有重要指导意义。     

峡东地区埃迪卡拉系黑色页岩的微量元素和Fe同位素特征及其古环境意义

通过分析宜昌峡东地区九龙湾剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组黑色页岩的微量元素和Fe同位素组成,对埃迪卡拉纪海洋的氧化还原状态进行了制约。黑色页岩氧化还原敏感元素的富集系数以及U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr值等在陡山沱期存在着明显的演化趋势。这些趋势显示陡山沱组二段下部水体处于氧化的状态,陡山沱组二段上部水体处于还原状态,陡山沱组四段黑色页岩发育在氧化环境中。同时,陡山沱组二段下部黑色页岩富集重的Fe同位素,表明黑色页岩来自于海水的铁主要是以Fe3+的氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀的,进一步说明这个时期的水体处于氧化状态。综合黑色页岩微量元素和Fe同位素信息,显示在埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱早期海水经历了先氧化后还原的过程,陡山沱晚期海水变得氧化了。这种特征与埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱期生物群的出现和演化相对应,说明海洋的氧化为埃迪卡拉纪生物的出现和演化提供了前提条件。     

鄂西宜昌下寒武统水井沱组页岩气聚集条件与含气特征

鄂西宜昌下寒武统水井沱组页岩具有良好的气体显示,页岩气成藏条件研究薄弱.利用最新钻探的井下资料、周边露头地质调查资料及大量样品的分析测试结果,从富有机质页岩区域展布、地球化学特征、岩石储集特征、含气性、保存条件等方面研究鄂西宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组页岩气聚集条件.研究区水井沱组形成于陆棚-斜坡相带,厚度为50~140 m.有机碳含量高（TOC值为0.43%~10.45%,平均值达2.65%）,TOC大于2%的优质页岩有效厚度为28~41 m,有机质热成熟度为2.4%~3.2%,处于高演化阶段.页岩脆性矿物含量高,石英含量平均值为29.33%,碳酸盐含量平均值为25.94%,黏土矿物含量平均值为35.06%,且以伊/蒙间层为主.水井沱组富有机质页岩孔隙度为0.96%~3.32%,平均值为2.08%,页岩渗透率为0.01×10-3~3.05×10-3 μm2.氩离子抛光电镜与吸附测试表明,页岩孔隙发育具有成因类型多、孔径尺度小的特点,有机孔孔径主要集中在10~50 nm范围内.水井沱组页岩气层顶、底板条件良好,区域构造稳定、断裂不发育,页岩气保存条件优越.钻井过程中水井沱组气显频繁,解析含气量为0.31~5.48 m3/t,连续含气量大于2 m3/t的累计厚度达44.05 m.水井沱组水平井压裂获工业气流,页岩气组分中CH₄含量为87.17%~92.75%,C₂H₆为0.83%~0.94%,N₂为5.86%~9.37%,CO₂为0.05%~2.25%.总体上宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组页岩气成藏条件较好,是四川盆地外页岩气新的勘探区.      

我国南方不同地区寒武系页岩含气性差异主控因素探讨

中国南方寒武系富有机质页岩具有很大的页岩气资源潜力,但不同地区的勘探效果差异较大。本文分析了近年来我国寒武系页岩含气性研究进展,讨论了寒武系页岩的储层特征、总有机碳(TOC)含量、孔隙度和构造保存条件等因素对页岩含气性的影响。中上扬子地区的寒武系富有机质页岩主要发育在绵阳—长宁裂陷槽、鄂西裂陷槽和湘黔渝深水陆棚—斜坡等沉积相区。寒武系页岩的孔隙度主要分布在1%～6%,孔隙以微孔和介孔占主导,总体以孤立密集发育的海绵状有机孔为主,区别于志留系龙马溪组页岩极为发育的气泡状有机孔。位于裂陷槽环境的寒武系筇竹寺组/水井沱组页岩的有机孔隙发育程度较好(有机质平均面孔率可达20%～50%),且无机孔也对总孔隙度有所贡献;页岩现今含气量为1.5～5.5 m³/t,是理论总生成气量的10%～30%(最大甚至超过50%),反映页岩气保存条件总体较好。而位于深水陆棚—斜坡环境的寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩有机孔发育程度较差(有机质平均面孔率小于20%),页岩现今含气量基本小于1.0 m³/t,不足理论总生成气量的10%,反映页岩气可能发生过大规模散失,页岩气保存条件较差。...     

宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组黑色页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组黑色页岩是一套重要的区域性烃源岩,探讨其沉积古环境及沉积模式有助于对地质历史演化的认识,推动油气勘探进展,为页岩气勘探提供科学依据.本文通过对宜昌地区水井沱组野外剖面观测,利用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、全岩X射线衍射(XRD)、总有机碳(TOC)及主微量元素等分析测试,分析其地球化学特征,探讨其沉积古环境及页岩气勘探潜力.结果表明,黑色页岩中的SiO2、CaO较高,V/(V+Ni)为0.645～0.902,δU＜1,CIA均值为67.59,指示该套黑色页岩形成于伴有间歇性热液活动的缺氧环境中,气候以温暖湿润为主,古水深整体为由浅到深的变化特征.其TOC含量高,均值为4.21％,有机质以腐泥型为主,Ro＞2.0％,页岩含气饱和度高,有效厚度大,具有良好的页岩气勘探潜力.     

鄂西宜昌地区寒武系页岩过剩钡成因及其对有机质富集的指示

通过对鄂西宜昌地区鄂阳页1井(EYY1)寒武系底部岩家河组和水井沱组下部的总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)、微量元素(Ba、U、Th)和稀土元素分析,并结合前人对中上扬子地区7个位于不同沉积环境区寒武系剖面的研究结果和已有数据报道,讨论了寒武系水井沱组富有机质页岩中过剩钡(Ba_过剩)的成因、来源及其对海洋古生产力水平的指示。结果表明,中上扬子地区寒武系富有机质页岩普遍富集Ba_过剩,而且从浅水内陆棚到深水外陆棚——大陆斜坡,再到热水沉积区,寒武系页岩的Ba_过剩富集程度趋于增加,反映了与古陆物源区的距离远近以及古地理背景对Ba_过剩富集的控制。寒武系富有机质页岩中所富集的Ba_过剩有热液成因和生物成因两种来源,Ba_过剩-Eu异常图版可用于推测其主要来源：黔北—湘西北地区所处的热水沉积区内Ba_过剩含量极高(>10 000μg/g),具有显著的正Eu异常,且Ba_过剩与Eu异常值具有正相关性,指示Ba_过剩...     

锶的生物矿化与地球化学代用指标在古环境重构中的应用

锶是自然界广泛分布的微量元素,与钙原子大小接近、化学性质相似。在钙的矿化中锶通过类质替换进入生物矿化体中,从而使生物体尤其是化石具有锶元素蕴含的地球化学信息。本文首先介绍了锶的生物矿化及其机制,然后着重从锶在古环境重构中地球化学代用指标作用、影响锶地球化学代用指标的因素及机制等方面分析了锶的生物矿化行为所蕴含的地球化学信息和应用现状,为今后更好地利用锶地球化学信息进行古环境重构,开展锶生物矿化的环境修复、医学应用提供参考。     

Aluminum in quartz as a geothermometer

Quartz forming in aluminum-saturated environments has a trace aluminum content which varies linearly and directly with its temperature of crystallization. The aluminum content varies at a rate of approximately 1 ppm Al per 3.6° C change in temperature. Use of this geothermometer gives temperatures which are consistent with those expected by geologic reasoning or through the use of other geothermometers.     

Anthropogenic gadolinium as a microcontaminant in tap water used as drinking water in urban areas and megacities

Gadolinium chelates have been used since 1988 as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and produce positive anthropogenic Gd anomalies in rare earth element (REE) patterns of river and lake waters. These Gd compounds are not removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) due to their high stabilities, and are transferred to surface waters with the clearwater discharge from WWTP. Through natural and induced bank filtration, the anthropogenic Gd is also transported into groundwater. To date, there are no related acute health risks known, but the potential long-term effects of exposure to low doses have not been studied.Here REE data is presented for tap water from the City of Berlin, Germany, a metropolitan area that is known for its anthropogenic Gd-rich rivers and groundwater. Natural and induced bank filtration play important roles in Berlin’s freshwater resource management. Therefore, the extent to which municipal tap water that is used as drinking water is affected by anthropogenic Gd was investigated. Large positive Gd anomalies were found in tap water samples from the western districts of Berlin, indicating the presence of up to 18 ng/L of anthropogenic Gd on top of a geogenic background of 0.54 ng/L. In marked contrast, the amount of anthropogenic Gd in tap water from the eastern districts of Berlin is negligible to minor (maximum of 0.18 ng/L on top of a geogenic background of 0.26 ng/L). This strong regional difference likely results from the specific historical situation of Berlin, where before the re-unification of Germany in 1990, natural and induced bank filtration were necessities in isolated West Berlin, but unimportant in East Berlin, a situation that has seen little change during the past 20 years. Thus, drinking water resources in the western part of Berlin are more strongly affected by anthropogenic Gd than those in the eastern part. The high anthropogenic Gd concentrations found in some tap waters in Berlin clearly show that the Gd initially used as contrast agent is removed neither during natural nor artificial water treatment. This is further evidence for the high stability and long environmental half-lives of these compounds. Considering that the amount of anthropogenic Gd in the Havel River in Berlin has increased more than 4-fold over the past 15 years and that water migration from the Havel River to the groundwater wells take years to decades, the amounts of anthropogenic Gd in West Berlin tap water will increase further over the next few years. Due to its presence in tap water that is consumed as drinking water, millions of people are exposed to low doses of these anthropogenic Gd chelates. Additional data for the City of London, UK, for example, indicate that this is not a local phenomenon confined to the City of Berlin, but rather a common feature of tap water in metropolitan areas and megacities in countries with highly developed health care systems. Hence, the REE distribution in tap waters used for human consumption should be monitored, especially since the anthropogenic Gd chelates can also be used as tracers for emerging microcontaminants such as steroids, pharmaceuticals and personal care products.     

福建省防震减灾与可持续发展研究

本文从本区独特的地震地质背景、地震活动与断裂构造关系出发,论述地震破坏对经济发展的影响,说明只有加强防震减灾体系建设,方可保障社会与经济可持续发展。     

地学时间单位Ma和Myr及其派生单位用法的探讨

针对夏明生先生认为“Ma”及其派生单位(如“m/Ma”和“℃/Ma”)在地学期刊中属错误用法的观点,查阅了国家标准GB 3100-93和国际地学期刊有关规定。进而提出“Ma”和“Myr”均可表示“100万年”的观点,并指出这两个单位在国际期刊用法中的区别,即“Ma”用于表示某一地质事件距今的绝对年代(absolute dates),而“Myr”用于表示某一地质事件的延续时间或时间间隔(duration或interval)。另外,还提出了Ma”和“Myr”的派生单位供大家讨论。      

Ostracods as tsunami tracers in Holocene sequences

This review analyses the ostracod record in Holocene tsunami deposits, using an overview of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impact on its recent populations and the associated tsunamigenic deposits, together with results from numerous investigations of other Holocene sequences. Different features such as the variability of the local assemblages, population density, species diversity, age population structure (e.g., percentages of adults and juvenile stages) or taphonomical signatures suggest that these microorganisms may be included amongst the most promising tracers of these high-energy events in marshes, lakes, lagoons or shallow marine areas.     

海洋沉积物中色素生物标志物研究进展

海洋沉积物中的光合色素包含着水体、沉积物中浮游和底栖植物以及微生物群落的丰富信息,能表征特定生物来源,在埋藏到沉积物甚至发生某些改变之后仍然保留其源信息,是一类重要的化学生物标志物.结合总有机碳、总氮等其他海洋地球化学参数,沉积色素可用来研究海洋浮游植物和光合细菌的群落组成和丰度,反演海洋初级生产、水体富营养化水平及其历史趋势,指示水体和沉积物氧化还原条件,揭示海域气候条件等现状及其历史变化.沉积色素的研究,对于掌握海洋中碳的生物地球化学循环过程,回溯古环境、古海洋、古生态以及古气候记录,制定合理的海洋管理政策具有十分重要的意义.阐述了沉积物中色素的分类、来源、性质和分析方法,分析了色素在沉积物中的保存和变化规律,探讨总结了沉积色素作为化学生物标志物在海洋学研究中的应用.     

Thermoluminescence as a tool in uranium exploration

Fundamental principles of thermoluminescence (TL) and the special role of TL in uranium exploration techniques are given in this paper with examples from Australia illustrating its application.TL can be used in two ways in uranium exploration. The first usage stems from the property of minerals capable of TL, to act as dosimeters accounting for charging of available traps by ionizing radiation. The second usage relates to ionizing radiation interfering with the crystal structure of the host mineral and thereby changing the capability for TL. Studies at the Beverley and Westmoreland uranium deposits utilize this second property.At Beverley a continuous drop in TL intensity is observed upon approaching the orebody with TL intensity at a minimum within the orebody. Recognition of ore type TL glow curves and sensitized (or marginal) TL glow curves within the area surrounding the orebody have enlarged the exploration target beyond that of the orebody and its associated radiometric halo.Traverses examining the variations in glow peak intensities, ratios and temperatures across the Junnagunna orebody at Westmoreland show that the glow peak intensity of the high-temperature glow peak increases, that of the low-temperature peak fluctuates though generally decreases, the high temperature/low-temperature glow peak ratio increases upon approaching the orebody. The high-temperature glow peak temperature is at a minimum within the orebody. Similar variations detected nearby may indicate further potential exploration sites.An example from an unmineralized area at Bremer River has indicated a lack of widespread radiation sensitization indicating the unsuitability of the area for economic uranium accumulation.     

Quaternary Tectonics as the Neotectonics in Turkey

Geotectonics - The base of the Quaternary was formally redefined in 2009 by the International Commision on Stratigraphy at 2.6 Ma by shifting a 800 ka, formerly part of the Pliocene epoch, into the...     

Trace elements in magnetite as petrogenetic indicators

We have characterized the distribution of 25 trace elements in magnetite (Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, and Pb), using laser ablation ICP-MS and electron microprobe, from a variety of magmatic and hydrothermal ore-forming environments and compared them with data from the literature. We propose a new multielement diagram, normalized to bulk continental crust, designed to emphasize the partitioning behavior of trace elements between magnetite, the melt/fluid, and co-crystallizing phases. The normalized pattern of magnetite reflects the composition of the melt/fluid, which in both magmatic and hydrothermal systems varies with temperature. Thus, it is possible to distinguish magnetite formed at different degrees of crystal fractionation in both silicate and sulfide melts. The crystallization of ilmenite or sulfide before magnetite is recorded as a marked depletion in Ti or Cu, respectively. The chemical signature of hydrothermal magnetite is distinct being depleted in elements that are relatively immobile during alteration and commonly enriched in elements that are highly incompatible into magnetite (e.g., Si and Ca). Magnetite formed from low-temperature fluids has the lowest overall abundance of trace elements due to their lower solubility. Chemical zonation of magnetite is rare but occurs in some hydrothermal deposits where laser mapping reveals oscillatory zoning, which records the changing conditions and composition of the fluid during magnetite growth. This new way of plotting all 25 trace elements on 1 diagram, normalized to bulk continental crust and elements in order of compatibility into magnetite, provides a tool to help understand the processes that control partitioning of a full suit of trace elements in magnetite and aid discrimination of magnetite formed in different environments. It has applications in both petrogenetic and provenance studies, such as in the exploration of ore deposits and in sedimentology.