西部缺水地区地下水勘查物探技术方法优化研究

西部地区水资源短缺严重制约了本地区的经济发展。如何针对西部缺水地区水文地质特点，合理选择地球物理勘探综合技术方法寻找地下水，提高地下水勘查效率，是水文地质工作面临的十分重要问题。本文针对西部缺水地区浅层孔隙水、浅层岩溶裂隙水、深层孔隙水、深层岩溶裂隙水的四种主要类型，探讨其优化的物探技术方法。     

浅谈地下水地球物理勘查技术几个问题

在笔者多年从事地下水地球物理勘查技术研究工作的基础上,针对目前地下水勘查工作发展的需要,提出了地层岩性与物性关系、深层地下水地球物理勘查技术、地球物理方法评价地下水水质、地下水立体勘查模式建立、地球物理技术求取水文地质参数方法及地下水地球物理勘查资料综合解释信息系统化建设研究等几个问题,并进行了探讨,希望对同行有所帮助。     

综合电法在太行山区地下水勘查实例解析

介绍了利用大功率激发极化法、超高密度电法和音频大地电磁法等物探方法在太行山区抗旱找水工作的实例;就太行山变质岩、灰岩地区地质条件的特殊性,针对性地提出了地球物理的解决方法和思路。在利用已得到的地球物理勘探结果研究水文地质问题的过程中,介绍了以电法为主的几种地球物理方法技术及地下水勘查工作过程;针对不同水文地质情况下利用这些方法技术在应用中面临的难题,总结了成功与失败的勘查经验。针对已有地质资料的局限性和变质岩区含水层结构的特殊性,总结出了一套行之有效且推广性较强的交直流电法相结合的综合电法勘探方式。
     

云南岩溶石山区物探找水方法与实例分析

西南地区水资源短缺严重威胁到当地人民群众生活用水,也制约了本地区的经济发展。如何针对西南缺水地区水文地质特点,合理选择地球物理勘探综合技术方法寻找地下水,提高地下水勘查效率,是水文地质工作面临的十分重要问题。本文介绍了电导率成像系统和高密度电阻率法的基本原理、技术特点和适用范围,结合云南岩溶山区地下水勘查的应用实例,进行对比分析,圈定了含水岩溶带,确定了井位,有效解决了当地供水问题,说明了方法的有效性。提出西南地区地下水勘查建议,为今后的地下水资源利用工作提供借鉴。     

地下水勘查技术方法体系集成研究

当前,运用多种技术方法解决某项地质问题成为地质调查工作的常态化需要,技术方法之间的相互协作、综合集成、一体化应用是地质工作发展的趋势。本文在梳理地下水勘查领域技术方法体系的基础上,分析了地下水勘查技术方法的内容与集成模式,表明技术方法的集成与综合运用能有效支撑当前我国地下水勘查工作。     

城市规划区地下水资源与环境地质问题浅析

宿迁市地质环境研究程度偏低,尤其是水文地质、环境地质方面。随着宿迁市经济的快速发展,地质环境状况与城市可持续发展不相适应的矛盾日益突出。以2006年度江苏省地质勘查补助项目为依托,在分析宿迁城市规划区地下水系统水文地质条件和地下水资源的开采状况的基础上,论述了城市规划区地下水资源开采利用过程中所产生的一系列环境地质问题,并提出建立节水型社会体系、加强地下水开采管理、预防地下水污染以及加强地下水监测等措施,促进规划区地下水资源可持续利用与发展。     

高密度电阻率法在工业园区地下水勘查中的应用

水资源是人类社会不可替代的重要资源,近年来在工业园区经济发展过程中,用水量急剧增加,有些厂区职工日常饮水十分困难.高密度电阻率法作为一种有效的地球物理勘探方法,在地下水资源调查等方面应用广泛.依据区域水文地质条件、现场水文地质调查成果、工程地质钻孔资料,选择高密度电阻率法,在工业园区寻找地下潜在水资源.通过3条高密度电...     

西南岩溶石山区地下水资源勘查与生态环境地质调查技术方法的探讨

为配合西部大开发，中国地质调查局2000年下达“西南岩溶石山地区地下水资源与生态环境地质调查”项目任务，开展了新一西南岩溶石山地区地下水资源勘查与生态环境地质调查工作，本文首先评述了当前调查工作取得的成果及存在的问题，提出并讨论了西南岩溶石山地区地下水资源勘查与生态环境地质调查工作的技术与方法。     

地下水资源是陕西实施西部大开发战略的重要保证

陕西在西部大开发中具有重要地位和良好前景。陕西是一个缺水省份,但存在着地下水赋存的良好地质－水文地质条件,地下水资源是陕西实施西部大开发战略的重要保证。面对西部大开发的新形势,依法加大陕西地下水资源勘查开发力度,把地下水资源勘查开发同其它基础建设要放在同等重要位置。组建专业委员会研讨地下水资源勘查开发问题。     

干旱地区地下水资源勘查方法的探讨--为蒙古国图木尔廷敖包成功找水的实例

蒙古国图木尔廷敖包锌矿处于干旱、半干旱地区,水文地质条件复杂.为解决矿山生产、生活用水的问题,作者笲对蒙古国苏赫巴托洼地地下水系统进行了系统地研究,提出了基于系统论观点的地下水资源勘探思路,从全局出发,抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,辨证地分析区域地下水的补给、径流及排泄条件,科学预见地下储水构造,研究地下水的可控性,寻找到理想供水水源地.实践证明,正确的勘探指导思想对于地下水资源勘探至关重要,对干旱、半干旱地区地下水资源勘查具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Patterns in groundwater chemistry resulting from groundwater flow

 Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages. Received, May 1998 · Revised, August 1998 · Accepted, October 1998     

降水和开采变化对石家庄地下水流场影响强度

为能精确识别降水和开采对石家庄地下水流场影响强度,应用小波变换和相关分析等研究方法,对区域平均地下水位、地下水降落漏斗面积及中心水位与降水和开采变化之间的互动特征进行了研究。结果表明:① 1961—1973年期间,平均地下水位随降水量增大呈幂函数递减趋势;1974—2010年期间,降水量每减小100 mm,漏斗中心水位下降速率增大7.35 m,平均地下水位下降速率增大2.15 m;② 1961—1973年期间,开采量每增加1亿m3,平均地下水位下降0.28 m,漏斗面积扩大11.74 km2,中心水位下降0.52 m,1974年以来累计超采量每增加1亿m3,漏斗面积增幅1.52 km2,中心水位降幅0.18 m;③ 降水量每减小100 mm,降水贡献度减弱3.0%,人类开采影响强度增大2.76%。     

Comparison of GRACE data and groundwater levels for the assessment of groundwater depletion in Jordan

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived groundwater storage (GWS) data are compared with in-situ groundwater levels from five groundwater basins in Jordan, using newly gridded GRACE GRCTellus land data. It is shown that (1) the time series for GRACE-derived GWS data and in-situ groundwater-level measurements can be correlated, with R ² from 0.55 to 0.74, (2) the correlation can be widely ascribed to the seasonal and trend component, since the detrended and deseasonalized time series show no significant correlation for most cases, implying that anomalous signals that deviate from the trend or seasonal behaviour are overlaid by noise, (3) estimates for water losses in Jordan based on the trend of GRACE data from 2003 to 2013 could be up to four times higher than previously assumed using estimated recharge and abstraction rates, and (4) a significant time-lagged cross correlation of the monthly changes in GRACE-derived groundwater storage and precipitation data was found, suggesting that the conventional method for deriving GWS from GRACE data probably does not account for the typical conditions in the study basins. Furthermore, a new method for deriving plausible specific yields from GRACE data and groundwater levels is demonstrated.     

地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能评价的关系

针对中国北方地下水评价中偏重资源而对地下水的生态功能和地质环境功能重视不足的问题,立足于流域尺度的地下水循环系统和地下水的自然属性,突出协调综合发挥地下水的资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能的目标,从地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能的理念基础、评价原则和评价机理3个方面探讨二者的内在关联性,认为它们同源于人与自然和谐的理念,都以流域尺度的地下水循环系统为研究主体,以保护生态与地质环境为目标,彼此相互促进和相互支撑.地下水功能评价是合理确定地下水可持续开采量的充分条件,地下水可持续开采量的合理确定是实现地下水功能评价目标的必要条件;如果二者缺一,则地下水的生态功能或地质环境功能难以得到有针对性的保护.     

松散层水与煤系地层砂岩水混合效应的水文地球化学研究

防止松散层水溃入矿井是祁东煤矿的重点防治水对象,正确判断出水点和出水水源是解决问题的关键。文章通过对松散层水和煤系地层砂岩水混合效应的水文地球化学研究,利用对比分析方法找出变化明显的特征离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和HCO3-),将其作为水质监测的重点对象,从而判断突水水源,为建立防止松散层水溃入矿井的预警系统提供可靠依据。     

Considering groundwater use to improve the assessment of groundwater pumping for irrigation in North Africa

Groundwater resources in semi-arid areas and especially in the Mediterranean face a growing demand for irrigated agriculture and, to a lesser extent, for domestic uses. Consequently, groundwater reserves are affected and water-table drops are widely observed. This leads to strong constraints on groundwater access for farmers, while managers worry about the future evolution of the water resources. A common problem for building proper groundwater management plans is the difficulty in assessing individual groundwater withdrawals at regional scale. Predicting future trends of these groundwater withdrawals is even more challenging. The basic question is how to assess the water budget variables and their evolution when they are deeply linked to human activities, themselves driven by countless factors (access to natural resources, public policies, market, etc.). This study provides some possible answers by focusing on the assessment of groundwater withdrawals for irrigated agriculture at three sites in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). Efforts were made to understand the different features that influence irrigation practices, and an adaptive user-oriented methodology was used to monitor groundwater withdrawals. For each site, different key factors affecting the regional groundwater abstraction and its past evolution were identified by involving farmers’ knowledge. Factors such as farmer access to land and groundwater or development of public infrastructures (electrical distribution network) are crucial to decode the results of well inventories and assess the regional groundwater abstraction and its future trend. This leads one to look with caution at the number of wells cited in the literature, which could be oversimplified.     

地下水分层勘查技术在地下水流系统研究中的应用

地下水流是一种运动流体,空间上分布连续且能传递压力,在能量(势)差驱使下发生从水头高处向低处的运动.通常在补给(势源)区,地下水垂向上由上向下运动,而在排泄(势汇)区地下水由下向上运动,即地下水整个生命过程中总是由源到汇、向着能量减小的方向做径流运动,无论是在单个或多个透水岩层中都是如此.地下水分层勘查技术使在垂向上分...     

Improving the valuation of groundwater

Hydrogeology Journal - An overview of groundwater economics is presented, highlighting the factors contributing to serious resource undervaluation, which is an aspect of resource management that...     

Estimation of unrecorded groundwater abstractions in Jordan through regional groundwater modelling

Jordan suffers from water scarcity and groundwater covers the majority of Jordan’s water supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manage this resource conscientiously. A regional numerical groundwater flow model, developed as part of a decision support system for the country of Jordan, allows for quantification of the overexploitation of groundwater resources and enables determination of the extent of unrecorded agricultural groundwater abstraction. Groundwater in Jordan is abstracted from three main aquifers partly separated by aquitards. With updated geological, structural, and hydrogeological data available in the country, a regional numerical groundwater flow model for the whole of Jordan and the southernmost part of Syria was developed using MODFLOW. It was first calibrated for a steady-state condition using data from the 1960s, when groundwater abstraction was negligible. After transient calibration using groundwater level measurements from all aquifers, model results reproduce the large groundwater-level declines experienced in the last decades, which have led to the drying out of numerous springs. They show a reversal of groundwater flow directions in some regions, due to over-abstraction, and demonstrate that documented abstractions are not sufficient to cause the observed groundwater-level decline. Only after considering irrigation water demand derived from remote sensing data, the model is able to simulate these declines. Illegal abstractions can be quantified and predictive scenarios show the potential impact of different management strategies on future groundwater resources.