基于真三维GIS的地质构造模型与空间分析

带有断层的地质体建模难于层状地层,是当前研究的难点,模型完成后的三维空间分析功能目前也处于研究阶段,是当前研究的热点.以某石膏矿为例,介绍了利用存在地层倒转、地层缺失等复杂钻孔数据进行三维建模的流程以及模型建立后的三维空间分析方法和地学应用,尝试了三维GIS空间-属性查询、空间裁剪、纵剖面横切面的自动生成方法和实例研究.结果表明,地质体和构造的特征的三维建模和空间分析有利于地质演化的理解和开采设计的优化.     

姚家岭地区重力场视密度三维反演应用

重力场数据处理涉及的内容一般有场的延拓、方向导数以及局部场、背景场分离提取等,它们均属于重力异常分离问题的范畴。而重力场视密度三维反演技术是根据重力异常求取和确定场源体视密度的三维分布,其视密度分布图与地层岩性、地质构造以及地下矿体直接关联。对姚家岭地区重力场视密度三维反演技术的应用结果表明,视密度分布图对区内不同岩性地层的分布、褶皱和坳陷构造的分布特征等地质现象取得了良好的应用效果。     

基于组件技术开发三维地质建模软件的探讨

用计算机模拟软件来直观展示地质对象的三维形态,能准确地观察研究其内部蕴含的丰富信息,为开发利用矿产资源提供有效的帮助.组件技术开发应用程序的发展为地学三维可视化软件的编制提供了新的思路.经过对地质建模实验系统的开发、研究发现,在.Net环境下利用RSI公司的MapObjects组件和IDL程序提供的IDLDraw Widget及slicer3组件,能够方便快速地实现对钻孔资料进行基于GIS的管理和最优空间插值、三维建模可视化及模型操作.最后对该系统的完善与拓展做出了展望.     

基于Arc／INFO的地学信息系统的设计与开发

论文主要研究了基于GIS技术和数据融合技术的地学信息系统的开发问题。采用国际先进的硬件、软件作为开发平台，建立了一个比较完善的湖南省国土资源地学信息系统。系统功能除常规空间信息查询外，还包括缓冲区分析、叠置分析、地质成图等各种复杂的分析功能。它为湖南省国土资源地学信息管理提供了一个重要手段，为区域地质找矿提供了一种新的研究思路。     

浑河断裂地球物理场特征及地震活动性

浑河断裂是辽宁省内一条重要的北东向地震构造带,断裂两侧的地球物理重磁场存在差异。通过浑河断裂的区域重力场与磁场研究,认为浑河断裂既控制了深、浅部岩石地层的发育,同时浑河断裂的重力场、磁场分布随着深、浅部地层岩性发育的差异而有所变化。浑河断裂的重力场和磁场梯度带主要位于抚顺以西至沈阳一带,浑河断裂历史以来有记录的最大破坏性地震位于重力梯度变化较大的沈阳段。综合浑河断裂地球物理场特征及区域地质资料,浑河断裂虽然活动性一般,但抚顺地区的采煤活动对断裂的活动性有一定影响。近些年抚顺地区频发的沉降、滑坡和地裂缝等地质灾害应当引起对浑河断裂活动性研究的重视。     

攀枝花大河流域仁和街幅地质灾害遥感调查与分布规律分析

通过对攀枝花大河流域仁和街幅地质灾害的遥感解译和现场调查,共获得地质灾害点61处,其中以崩塌滑坡为主,泥石流次之。在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析方法对灾害点的空间分布与距水系距离、距断层距离、地形坡度、海拔高程、地层岩性的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:地质灾害点分布较少;崩塌滑坡主要受水系控制,沿水系呈线状分布,在距离水系300m范围内分布密度最大;海拔高程、地层岩性和距断层距离都是影响崩塌滑坡分布的重要因素;崩塌滑坡主要分布在海拔高度1 300~1 600m范围内;距断层1km范围内,崩塌滑坡分布密度最大;软弱半成砂岩、泥岩出露的地方更易发生地质灾害;在坡度0°~15°范围内,分布密度最大。     

三维地学模拟几个方面的研究现状与发展趋势

对三维地学模拟中的三维空间数据模型,三维地学模拟技术以及三维地学模拟软件的应用３个方面的研究现状进行了总结,并指出了发展趋势与研究思路。     

层状地质体与地下工程开挖三维可视化

地质体与人造工程几何形态极其复杂,其三维可视化是地学的一个难题。通过多层DEM形成层状地质体界面,在此基础上,借助中轴变换技术概念,用地层厚度和地层中层面将地层的形状特征及拓扑关系表现出来,建立了一个判断地层任意位置属性值的方法,藉此运用空间插值技术、等值线生成技术、扫描表示技术等可视化技术将地层以及地下工程开挖绘制出来,避免了复杂的开挖体元属性及形体判断和开挖面与体元求交过程。采用此方法实现了某水电站地层与厂房基坑开挖三维可视化。     

基于三维有限元法的巷道影响特征

在矿井瞬变电磁法探测中,巷道空间对探测结果存在影响,不利于探测资料的解释。采用三维有限元法,通过建立地质模型模拟了有无巷道时瞬变电磁场的分布情况,绘制了10 us和0.1 ms时刻有无巷道以及巷道不同长度和高度下XOZ平面磁场强度等值线分布图。结果表明:磁场在高阻区扩散速度比低阻区慢;巷道长度的变化对巷道长度方向磁场分布影响较大;巷道高度的变化对巷道上下方磁场分布影响较大。巷道空间在早期对磁场分布影响较大,晚期则影响不大,这为探测资料异常的解释提供了理论依据。      

基于GIS的鄂尔多斯盆地地下水水化学场研究

文章以MAPGIS65为基础平台,采用Visual C#编程语言进行二次开发,利用组件式开发技术,建立地下水水化学辅助分析信息系统(EKGHAS),在实现基本数据管理、图形显示及查询的同时,实现等值线生成和叠置分析等空间分析功能,绘制相关图件。然后,将之用于鄂尔多斯盆地洛河组地下水水化学类型的分区研究,结果显示该区域水化学类型分布与当地水动力场分布所反映出的地下水补、径、排规律基本一致,表明该GIS系统能满足对地下水水化学场研究所需数据的实时、可视化管理需要。 更多还原     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.