山东淄博金岭地区辛庄铁矿地质地球物理特征及深部找矿预测

临淄区辛庄铁矿位于山东金岭富铁矿集区的东南侧,具有较好的矽卡岩型铁成矿地质条件。区内以往发现的矿体为-500 m以浅,深部成矿认识欠缺,导致资源接替不足。通过对成矿地质体分布及形态变化、重磁电异常特征和已发现矿体展布规律的分析,基于可控源音频大地电磁测深、重磁联合反演等技术手段,对区内深部成矿进行了预测。认为：辛庄铁矿为典型的矽卡岩型矿床,接触带不同位置成矿差异性明显,具有“平缓凹陷处易成矿,陡峭凸起处不易成矿”的特点;重、磁、电、地综合方法指示,金岭杂岩体在研究区南东侧深部具有明显再次上隆现象,形成明显的“凹”字形展布形态,是有利成矿部位。根据取得的认识,圈定深部找矿预测靶区一处,推测深部磁性体赋存于7号勘查线以西,海拔-770～-950 m。这可为研究区取得深部找矿突破和补充后续接替资源提供理论指导。     

山东省齐河—禹城地区矽卡岩型铁矿成矿预测

山东省德州市齐河—禹城深覆盖区发育有明显的航磁异常和重力异常;近年来地勘单位对该区地球物理异常进行综合研究认为该区具有良好的矽卡岩型铁矿成矿地质条件。通过系统的异常查证工作,在研究区深部揭露了多处矽卡岩型铁矿床,从而找矿工作取得了重大突破,同时科研工作也取得了较大进展。本文旨在通过综合分析区内勘查研究成果进行成矿预测,以期指导区内今后矽卡岩型铁矿勘查工作。勘查工作表明研究区内铁矿体总体表现为“地层、侵入岩和构造”三者联合控矿的特征,即铁矿体赋存于奥陶纪(及石炭纪—二叠纪)地层中、燕山晚期闪长岩体中、奥陶纪(及石炭纪—二叠纪)地层和侵入岩体接触带处附近;通过分析该区赋矿地层、成矿地质体及控矿构造等主要控矿因素,并在对比区内重磁异常和铁矿体相关性的基础上,建立了研究区矽卡岩型铁矿综合找矿预测模型。在对该区地质矿产特征、重力场特征、磁场特征等方面综合分析的基础上进行了成矿预测工作,圈定了李屯、潘店、大张3个Ⅰ级铁矿找矿靶区和薛官屯Ⅲ级铁矿找矿靶区。同时,进一步圈定了李楼西、石庄、郭店村、丁寺东南、大张村、朱庄南共6个最小预测区,本次成矿预测研究工作为今后区内矽卡岩型铁矿找矿工作指明了方向。     

山东淄博金岭杂岩体分布区深部富铁矿资源潜力及找矿方向

深部找矿是目前研究和勘查的热点领域.金岭杂岩体侵入于古生代灰岩中,是燕山运动晚期的产物,与其有关的铁成矿作用是内生铁成矿典型事件之一,形成了金岭富铁矿集区.矿集区目前已发现铁矿体主要分布在-500 m以浅,矿山开采面临资源枯竭的严峻形势,深部找矿亟待突破.区内矿体按赋存介质及空间分布可划分为岩体/地层接触带式、假整合/层间裂隙式、岩体内捕虏体式三种型式.重、磁、电、地综合指示,其深部和外围依然具有优越的矽卡岩型富铁成矿条件,有利找矿深度可延伸至1.3 km,资源潜力大.通过可控源音频大地电磁测深、重磁反演技术对深部和外围成矿地质体的反映,优选出了研究区深部和外围的主要有利找矿区,分别建立了金岭杂岩体两侧矽卡岩型富铁矿地质地球物理综合找矿模型,以期为实现研究区深部和外围找矿发现及相似区域的找矿工作提供理论指导.     

中国航磁异常特征与铁矿床空间分布关系

中国航磁调查已基本覆盖全国,尤其是近二十年来开展了大面积1∶5万高精度航磁调查,为铁矿的成矿规律研究及找矿预测提供了重要的基础数据。文章基于全国航磁编图（1∶100万）和大比例尺（≥1∶5万）航磁数据集,开展区域、矿集区、矿床3个不同尺度的研究,旨在总结4种主要类型铁矿在区域和局部磁场上的响应模式,指导找矿应用。研究表明,不同类型的铁矿在区域磁场上呈现出不同的特征,沉积变质型铁矿主要位于条带状磁异常边部负背景场中的局部高磁异常,岩浆型铁矿主要位于线性磁异常带,接触交代-热液型铁矿（矽卡岩型）主要沿带状或等轴状磁异常边缘分布,火山岩型铁矿通常沿带状磁异常分布。不同的区域磁异常特征通常反映了特定的控矿要素,主要刻画了火山-沉积建造、基性-超基性杂岩、中酸性侵入岩、火山岩由浅部至深部的分布特征,为成矿地质背景研究提供了大量深部信息。岩浆活动强烈的构造带,会导致地壳内基底隆起和较高的地温梯度,呈现出磁性基岩深度和居里面深度较浅的特征,有利于铁矿物的富集成矿。大比例尺航磁资料（≥1∶5万）大都能够直接反映矿体或含矿地质体的特征,磁异常都对应了铁矿体或矿化的中心,但矿体的规模、产状、埋深、品位等特征的变化都会造成磁异常幅值、形状、大小的变化,通过约束条件下2D和3D正反演计算获得深部矿体或含矿地质体的特征,对找矿勘查最具指导意义。概括来讲,中小比例尺航磁资料主要用于成矿地质背景研究,分析成矿控矿要素,达到区域成矿预测的目的。大比例尺航磁资料可用于隐伏矿体或含矿地质体预测,建立深部矿体或含矿地质体二维或三维模型,指导勘探工作。     

基于重磁资料在山东齐河——禹城探获矽卡岩型富铁矿：对超深覆盖区找矿的启示

【研究目的】山东齐河—禹城矿集区内分布近南北向且具有一定同源特征的重磁异常带,前期陆续在北部李屯、南部大张重磁异常内揭露到厚大的矽卡岩型富铁矿床,铁矿勘查工作取得较大进展,但矿集区中部潘店异常区被超深的新生界覆盖,异常规模小、强度弱,深部铁矿体的地球物理信息被极大弱化,且矿致磁异常又一定程度被大规模的磁性岩体异常所掩盖,识别和提取难度较大,因此一直未取得找矿突破。【研究方法】本文充分结合相邻矿区重磁勘查的成功找矿经验,由已知到未知,对潘店重磁异常进行平面剖析和剖面定量反演,实现了研究区构造格架划分、成矿地质体圈定、异常剖析研究及2.5D联合反演的全流程解译。【研究结果】基于高精度重磁资料的综合研究,获取了超深覆盖层下的深部找矿信息,最终在齐河—禹城矿集区中部实现了矽卡岩型富铁矿的找矿新突破,使矿集区内3处重磁异常得以紧密关联,并证实了大张、潘店、李屯三处铁矿床处于同一近南北向的中性岩浆岩带内,开辟了齐河—禹城矿集区内又一处重要的找矿新空间。【结论】本次找矿成果为后续进一步开展超深覆盖层下的深部找矿工作提供了重要参考和指示,同时表明齐河—禹城矿集区内具有广阔的矽卡岩型富铁矿找矿前景。     

铜绿山矿田成矿远景预测及三维地质模型

铜绿山矿田是鄂东南矿集区最重要的矽卡岩型铜铁金多金属矿田,其成矿与铜绿山岩株体关系密切。因此,查明该岩体深部展布和形态及其与周缘灰岩大理岩的接触关系,对矿田深部找矿预测具有十分重要的意义。笔者在细致分析铜绿山岩体及岩株体、灰岩大理岩及捕虏体、矽卡岩矿体及矿化体等重磁异常组合特征的基础上,推测铜绿山岩体的边界,圈定铜绿山岩体内部灰岩大理岩捕虏体和矿化体,利用三维物性反演、2.5D重磁人机交互反演、3D重磁人机交互反演结果,结合钻孔、地质资料开展三维地质建模,获得了铜绿山矿田4 000 m以浅的岩体、矿化体的三维地质模型,为该区的靶区圈定及深部找矿预测提供依据。     

山东齐河—禹城矿集区矽卡岩型铁矿成矿规律

山东西北部齐河—禹城矿集区矽卡岩型铁矿找矿工作取得了重大突破。该矿集区发育明显的航磁和重力异常,二者具有同源特征。地球物理异常查证工作显示,该区深部发育矽卡岩型铁矿床,成矿时代为早白垩世,铁矿物质主要来源于闪长岩体。铁矿体为地层、侵入岩和构造三者控矿,即铁矿体赋存于奥陶系（石炭系、二叠系）地层、闪长岩体、地层与岩体接触带附近。勘查表明,总体表现为布格重力异常梯度较陡处、剩余重力异常高值处、磁异常较高处、化极磁异常高值处以及高低电阻率转换带是该矿集区矽卡岩型铁矿的找矿有利地段。     

基于地质与重磁数据集成的河北迁安铁矿集区三维成矿预测

河北迁安铁矿矿集区是我国典型的早前寒武纪条带状铁矿富集区和重要的铁矿石原料基地, 近年来其保有资源量不断下降, 急需开展深部资源找矿工作。基于地质与重磁数据等多源信息融合开展地质理论指导下的三维地质建模是当前深部矿产资源勘查与评价的重要途径和研究热点。本文以迁安铁矿集区为研究对象, 基于地质与重磁数据资料综合解译, 建立了1:5万迁安幅三维地质结构模型; 在此基础上, 以区域成矿理论和找矿勘查模型为指导, 总结沉积-变质型铁矿的控矿要素, 建立了综合信息定量预测模型; 进一步应用“立方体预测模型”提取成矿有利信息, 依据信息量值, 圈定了5个找矿远景区。研究表明, 重磁异常能够有效推断矿集区内断裂构造分布和含铁建造, 为区域性三维地质模型的建立提供支撑; 同时将传统的二维综合信息成矿预测方法拓展到三维空间, 预测结果为该区深部及外围找矿工作提供参考。     

鲁西北潘店重磁异常带矽卡岩型铁矿精细找矿方向——来自广域电磁法深部找矿的启示

山东省鲁西北潘店地区超深覆盖区航磁和重力异常明显,通过系统的重磁异常查证工作,在研究区重磁异常带开展的多个钻孔均取得了深部矽卡岩型铁矿床找矿突破,但由于重磁异常带范围较大且其特征不能直接指示找矿方向,造成部分钻孔不见矿或见矿情况差。因此,为了更好地在重磁异常带精细圈定成矿位置,实现新的更大的找矿大突破,本文旨在已查证的潘店重磁异常带开展广域电磁测深(WFEM)工作,结合钻探验证情况,圈定深覆盖区矽卡岩型铁矿深部成矿区间及成矿有利结构面,提出深部精细找矿方向。     

鲁中隆起区中北部矽卡岩型铁矿成矿预测

鲁中隆起区中北部地区矽卡岩型铁矿成矿地质条件优越,其含矿建造分布于济南、莱芜、淄博及其周邻地区。简要介绍了研究区的区域地质背景、地球物理特征;详细阐述了区内控矿地质条件,发现该区矽卡岩型铁矿具有地层、岩浆岩和构造联合控矿的特点,其中奥陶纪碳酸盐地层、燕山晚期中基性侵入岩体是区内主要控矿要素,在背斜的转折端和构造交汇处易于形成规模较大的矿体。区内铁矿的预测依据主要为地层、构造、岩浆岩、物探异常和代表性矿床。在此基础上,对该类型铁矿进行了成矿预测,共划分了济南、莱芜等5个成矿区,同时划分出除济南地区之外的9个铁矿找矿靶区,为研究区未来的铁矿勘查工作提供了依据。     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Entropy,materials, and posterity

Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.

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Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.

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Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.

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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians     

Pebbles,Shapes, and Equilibria

The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.