利用矿物方解石进行水体除磷实验研究

为探索解决水体富营养化问题的新方法,利用矿物方解石对含磷溶液进行了除磷实验。实验结果表明,方解石晶芽可以促进磷的沉淀,降低溶液磷浓度;其降磷效果与溶液初始磷浓度有关,初始磷浓度为1.2mg/L,除磷率为12.68%,初始磷浓度为3mg/L,除磷率为69.94%,初始磷浓度为5mg/L,除磷率为88.48%;同样,实验温度升高,可使方解石降磷效果明显提高。经透射电子显微镜测试,除磷沉淀物没有明显的晶质体特征。     

新型节水灌溉控制原理的应用研究

在土壤-植物-大气连续体系(SPAC)中,以植物茎、果微增长及其含水量变化作为植物需水信息建立的灌溉自动控制系统,可实现植物水分适度亏缺,有效调控其生长发育。实验结果表明,同充分供水的植株或树体相比,节水15.6%时,玉米长势良好,节水21.4%时,柑桔果实生长未受影响。     

褐铁矿纳米结构化相变零价铁及其除磷性能

利用X射线粉末衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、热分析仪、场发射扫描电镜表征手段研究了铜陵褐铁矿的矿物组成及其形貌形态特征,通过热处理方式获得褐铁矿纳米结构化相变零价铁作为动态柱填料并探究其除磷性能。结果表明,铜陵褐铁矿主要由针铁矿(90%)和石英组成,针铁矿晶体呈针状和片状,具纳米尺寸,集合体呈笋状和球状;热处理促使针铁矿进一步纳米结构化相变形成零价铁,具多孔结构、高比表面积特征;零价铁作为动态柱填料净化模拟含磷(5mg/L)废水可运行1年以上,磷去除效率超过99%,出水磷浓度达到城镇污水一级A排放标准(0.5mg/L)。研究结果可促进褐铁矿资源在保护环境中的应用,也为深度处理含磷废水提供一种新材料。     

铬污染地下水的PRB反应介质筛选及修复试验

通过实验研究筛选出一种经济可行的用于修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水的PRB反应介质。实验以Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水为研究对象,选用MB、Fe0、粉煤灰和活性炭4种材料进行PRB介质筛选的静态实验,选取处理效果好且经济的MB作为PRB反应介质进行动态修复实验。结果表明:以MB作为PRB反应介质可以使Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度从0.50 mg/L降低到0.05 mg/L以下,达到地下水水质Ⅲ类标准;且MB具有吸附量大、固液分离容易、无解吸、无二次污染等优点。以MB作为PRB反应介质修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染的地下水是可行的。     

露天煤矿排土场土层重构及接菌对植物根系提水作用试验研究

露天煤矿排土场土层重构对于生态重建具有重要意义,为研究接种深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes, DSE)对不同重构土层模式下玉米根系水分的利用效应,采用土柱模拟培养试验,设置4种类型土层处理,每种土层类型下设置接菌及对照处理,共8组处理。结果表明:掺黄土20%处理下玉米根长密度最大,分别为掺黄土0%、10%和40%的3.2、2.4、2.8倍,水分胁迫后根系具有向下生长、吸取深层水分的能力;基于δ18O值的MixSIAR模型水源分析,掺黄土0%处理下玉米主要利用0~25 cm处的水分,水分利用效率达到80%;掺黄土10 %处理下玉米主要利用15~35 cm处的水分,水分利用效率达到64%;而掺黄土20%处理下玉米对0~25 cm处的水分利用效率仅为36%,对25~45 cm处水分利用率达到64%,说明掺黄土20%处理下玉米主要利用土壤深层水分。接种DSE提高了植物吸收更深层水的能力,掺黄土20%处理下水分利用深度向下增加了5 cm,掺黄土20%基质中接菌处理在干旱胁迫后植物根系提水量达到最大,生长期总提水量较不接菌处理提升了45%;在不接菌条件下掺黄土20%植物根系提水量是掺黄土0%的1.45倍,而在接菌条件下掺黄土20%植物根系提水量可达到掺黄土0%的1.72倍。综上认为,接种DSE及土层重构均对提升植物提水能力具有显著作用。此外,本研究结果对露天矿区排土场土层重构过程中土壤改良及植物的水分利用效率提供实验参考依据。      

黄河三角洲新生湿地磷分布特征及吸附解吸规律

采用改进的 Hedley 磷分级方法研究了黄河三角洲新生湿地由河向海过渡带表层土壤磷形态变化和分布特征,并通过等温吸附解吸实验阐明了沿程土壤对外源磷的持留能力和释放风险。结果表明,各样点无机磷占总磷93%以上,是磷的主要存在形态。土壤中有机磷含量较低,可能与较低的有机质含量有关。无机磷中稀盐酸磷是最主要存在形态,与各样点Ca/Al含量密切相关。有效磷含量在18.6~33.4 mg/kg之间,仅占总磷的3.2%~5.9%,可能会限制湿地植物的生长。覆有植被的土壤中有效磷含量显著高于河滩和海滩土壤,说明植被存在对有效磷的积累有一定促进作用。由吸附解吸实验可知,加入较低浓度（0.05~5 mg/L）的外源磷时,随着初始磷浓度的升高,土壤对磷的吸附量增加,吸附率为70%~99%,解吸率小于7%,这说明各样点土壤的除磷能力较强,且流失风险较低。     

粉煤灰中污染离子淋释试验及其运移模型

通过对不同介质条件下粉煤灰中污染离子的淋释实验,得出一些离子淋释规律,在此基础上,对粉煤灰中淋释污染离子在地下水中的浓度变化从理论上给出两种数学模型      

高分辨连续光源原子吸收光谱法测定植物中的磷

利用连续光源原子吸收光谱法,通过测定磷元素在乙炔-空气火焰条件下形成的PO双原子分子的吸光度,从而确定植物样品中磷含量。实验研究了乙炔-空气比例和燃烧器高度对PO分子吸光度的影响及其他共存元素的光谱干扰和化学干扰。通过对植物标准物质中磷的测定比对证明:利用连续光源原子吸收光谱法,在乙炔-空气火焰条件下以PO分子测定植物样品中的磷是一种简单、快速、有效的方法。     

下刚果盆地古近系Madingo组含磷泥岩元素地球化学特征及成因

下刚果盆地古近系Madingo组发育一套富有机质含磷泥岩,其上覆地层为Paloukou组粉砂质泥岩,下伏地层为Madingo组普通泥岩.应用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、能谱分析及面扫描等室内技术手段,对含磷泥岩、普通泥岩及粉砂质泥岩样品进行了岩石学特征研究;在样品主量、微量及稀土元素测试的基础上,分析含磷泥岩、普通泥岩及粉砂质泥岩沉积时期古海洋水体的氧化还原条件;通过相关性分析、聚类分析等数理统计的方法,探讨研究区含磷泥岩沉积时期磷质来源及磷元素富集机制.研究结果表明:①含磷泥岩中微体古生物发育,以有孔虫为主,磷酸盐颗粒主要以胶状集合体形式存在;②含磷泥岩沉积时期为分层氧化海洋环境,含磷泥岩Ce负异常特征主要与磷酸盐矿物有关,携带Ce负异常特征的磷酸盐矿物形成于表层氧化水体并在底层水中沉淀,而底层水为贫氧-缺氧环境,U和V等氧化还原敏感元素富集;③海相沉积岩中磷质来源包括陆源、热液来源、生物来源、空源和宇宙源等几种类型,分析认为生物来源是研究区含磷泥岩中磷质的主要来源;④生物在含磷泥岩磷元素富集过程中起到间接作用,主要受生物量和氧化还原条件的影响.生物既是磷质来源,又改变介质的氧化还原条件,使磷元素从含磷有机化合物中释放出来并沉淀富集.     

AMF-玉米联合对“表土层–含水层–隔水层”排土场重构模式土壤水盐分布的影响

土壤水盐分布严重影响煤矿区排土场生态重建及植物组配模式,为探究菌根植物影响下煤矿区排土场“表土层-含水层-隔水层”三层重构模式下的土壤水盐分布特征,采用室内土柱试验,设置种植玉米+接种丛枝菌根真菌(YM+AMF)、仅种植玉米(YM)和不种玉米+不接菌(CK)3个处理。结果表明：(1)不同处理对土柱底部水分运移特征无显著影响,各处理含水层毛细水上升高度均约为10 cm;(2)水分与盐分分布随土层深度均呈正相关关系;接种AMF有利于保持表层土壤水分含量,相较于YM处理土壤含水率在0～10、10～20 cm分别提高52.0%、43.9%;接菌处理降低了10～50 cm土层的盐分含量,在20～30、30～40、40～50 cm处接菌处理的电导率较YM处理分别低了41.0%、14.1%、8.1%;(3)利用MixSIAR模型量化了不同深度土层水分对玉米的贡献率,表明YM和YM+AMF处理的主要供水层皆位于0～10 cm,供水率分别为44.3%和30.5%。同时,在累计土壤剖面水分贡献率上,接菌显著提高了中深部土层(20～70 cm)的水分贡献率,累计提升了13.8%。该研究成果对西部矿区“以水量...     

Reduction of Expansive Index,Swelling and Compression Behavior of Kaolinite and Bentonite Clay with Sand and Class C Fly Ash

Swelling behavior of expansive soil has always created problems in the field of geotechnical engineering. Generally, the method used to assess the swelling potential of expansive soil from its plasticity index, shrinkage limit and colloidal content. Alternative way to evaluate swelling behavior is from its expansive index (EI) and swelling pressure value. The present study investigates the reduction of EI and swelling pressure for kaolinite and bentonite clay when mixed with various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash used were 0–50 % by weight. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the swelling properties of expansive soil with the addition of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The reduction in EI ranged approximately from 10 to 50 and 4 to 49 % for kaolinite and bentonite clay, respectively. Also the maximum swelling pressure of kaolinite and bentonite clay decreased approximately 93 and 64 %, respectively with the addition of various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. Standard index properties test viz., liquid limit, plastic limit and linear shrinkage test were conducted to see the characteristics of expansive soil when mixed with less expansive sand and fly ash. Also, for these expansive soils one dimensional consolidation test have been conducted with sand and fly ash mixtures and the results were compared with pure kaolinite and bentonite clay.     

Phosphorus removal efficiency from wastewater under different loading conditions using sand biofilters augmented with biochar

Treated wastewater is a valuable resource, particularly in countries facing water shortage such as Jordan. Nevertheless, excess nutrients, especially phosphorus, may have detrimental impacts on receiving waterbodies. Treated wastewater in Jordan often exceeds the recommended levels set by the Jordanian Standards for wastewater reuse and discharge. Therefore, it is important to reduce phosphorus loads to acceptable levels before discharge. Biofiltration is a low-cost technology that has shown good potential for wastewater treatment. The performance of biofilters largely depends on the media used. In this study, local sand and sand augmented with biochar prepared from the olive oil processing waste (SBC) were used as filter media for phosphorus removal from clarified secondary treated wastewater. The two media types were tested under different hydraulic and phosphorus loading conditions to simulate shock, flooding, and inundation conditions. The results showed that sand media was more effective in removing phosphorus (90.8 ± 2.6%) than sand amended with biochar (83.3 ± 3.2%). Both media showed resilience under extreme loading conditions. Although phosphorus removal efficiency was negatively affected following the extreme loading events, the observed effects were temporary. The simulated inundation event further showed that the media was able to retain the adsorbed phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus concentration in the effluent remained within the prescribed discharge guidelines at all times.     

An experimental study of algal uptake of U,Ba, V,Co and Ni from dilute solutions

Experiments in which two species of freshwater green algae, Ankistrodesmus sp. and Selenastrum, were cultured in dilute solutions of metals chelated with EDTA reveal massive uptake of U and Ba, but relatively minor uptake of Ni, Co and V. For 2-ppm metal-spiked TBIM culture media at pH 8.1–8.2 and growth durations of 3–21 days at 13–16°C, both species accumulate U and Ba at levels of 1000 to 10,000 ppm by dry weight, representing a concentration factor of up to 5000 times the aqueous metal solute concentration. Uptake was comparable for passage of 100-ml spiked culture media through algal mats over 100 min. For aqueous solute concentrations of 20 ppb Ba, Co, Ni and U the algae adsorbed 3000–4000 ppm U and Ba giving concentration factors up to 200,000. With 40 ppb U, the algae adsorbed 6000 ppm, representing a concentration factor of 150,000. Co and Ni in the algae were present at levels below analytical sensitivity. The Ba aqueous concentration was about equivalent to, and the U concentration 100 times natural marine water abundances. For 2-ppm Co-, Ni- and V-spiked culture media, algal uptake was 40–600 ppm Ni, 17 ppm Co and 12 ppm V, respectively.Given the abundance of algae in both fresh and marine waters, coupled with the known association of plankton with U-rich Black Sea muds, the experimental results may indicate that algae also play a significant role in mediating U and Ba uptake from the hydrosphere. The recorded levels of algal uptake for metals are ～1000 × (U), ～100 × (Ba), ～100 × (Ni), ～20 × (Co), and ～6 × (V), previously reported abundances for “typical” marine plants.     

Influence of Particle Morphology on the Hydraulic Behavior of Coal Ash and Sand

Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out on bottom ash, fly ash and compacted specimens of sand with additions of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 18% of bentonite. In order to study the effect of bentonite inclusion and particle morphology on the hydraulic conductivity of the admixtures, an investigation was undertaken based on thin section micrographs. It was found that, for both bottom and fly ash admixtures, bentonite addition reduced only one order of magnitude the hydraulic conductivity, from 1.78 × 10⁻⁶ m/s to 1.39 × 10⁻⁷ m/s. On the other hand, the sand hydraulic conductivity was reduced five orders of magnitude, from 3.17 × 10⁻⁵ m/s to 5.15 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s. Among several factors that can be responsible for the difficulty in reducing hydraulic conductivity, such as ash grain size distribution and elevated cation concentration (leached from the ash) in pore water, it can also be recalled the high particle voids observed in the ash by means of microscopic analysis. The same is not true with the sand, which has solid particles, without inner voids.     

不同浅层含水介质系统对排污河渠中磷去除效果影响的模拟实验

通过模拟 3种不同的浅层地下含水介质系统对排污河渠中磷去除实验 ,发现不同的含水介质对排污河渠中的总磷都有去除和净化的功能 ,并随着含水介质厚度的增加 ,总磷的去除率逐渐升高。不同的含水介质对总磷的去除效果不同 ,中砂对总磷的去除效果明显优于粗砂。去除磷的主要机理为吸附和沉淀 ,含水介质对磷去除的主要影响因素有介质的颗粒大小、不均匀系数、粘粒含量等。由于排污河渠长期的污水渗漏会在河床底部形成底泥 ,增强了对磷的去除效果 ,所以排污河渠一般不易造成对地下水的磷污染。     

Pullout Response of Uniaxial Geogrid in Tire Shred–Sand Mixtures

Use of tire shred–soil mixtures as backfill materials in mechanically stabilized earth walls has several advantages over other backfill materials: (1) good drainage, (2) high shear strength, and (3) low compacted unit weight. This paper presents the results of laboratory pullout tests performed on uniaxial geogrid embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures. The effects of tire shred size, tire shred–sand mixing ratio and confining pressure on the interaction between the geogrid and tire shred–sand mixtures are evaluated. Three sizes of tire shreds are considered: tire chips (with 9.5 mm nominal size), tire shreds 50-to-100 mm long and tire shreds 100-to-200 mm in length, with mixing ratios of 0, 12, 25 and 100 % of tire shreds in the mixtures (by weight). Based on compaction testing of a number of mixtures, the optimal mixing proportion of tire shreds and sand was found to lie between 25/75 and 30/70 (by weight of tire shred and sand); this is equivalent to approximately 40/60 and 50/50, respectively, by volume of tire shreds and sand. The pullout resistance of a geogrid embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures is significantly higher than that of the same geogrid embedded in tire shreds only. The size of the tire shreds has negligible effect on the pullout resistance of a geogrid embedded in mixtures prepared with either low (12/88 mix) or high (100/0 mix) tire shred content. However, when the 25/75 mixture is used, greater geogrid pullout resistance was obtained for the geogrid embedded in tire chip–sand mixtures than in tire shred–sand mixtures.     

Phosphorus in marine and non-marine humic substances

The phosphorus content of marine humic acids (HA) is in the range of 0.1–0.2%. The C/P ratios of the HA are 300 to 400. Marine fulvic acids (FA) contain 0.4–0.8% P and have C/P ratios of 80 to 100. High molecular weight organic matter dissolved in pore waters (DOM) contains 0.5% P and has C/P of 90. The data suggest that during the formation sequence: Plankton → DOM → FA → HA → Kerogen, phosphorus is lost, mainly in the FA → HA (and possibly also in the HA → Kerogen) step. Diagenesis of sedimentary humic acids is accompanied by loss of phosphorus (as well as of nitrogen) to form HA with C/P ratios of 1000.Soil humic substances resemble marine humates in P content (0.3%) and soil FA's are about three to fivefold enriched in P relative to HA. C/P ratios are lower in soil HA (ca. 200) as compared with marine HA. Humic acids from diagenetic products such as peat and lignite are highly depleted in P. Rough calculations indicate that humate bound P may account for 20–50% of the organic phosphorus reservoir in sediments. The chemical speciation of this P is unknown, but lack of correlation with ash, Fe, Ca or Al content (in marine humates, at least) indicates that it is organically bound.     

镭同位素示踪隆教湾的海底地下水排泄

福建省漳州市隆教湾海水中镭同位素的研究,目的是评价海底地下水排泄量。在2007年6月的航次中,垂直于岸线的9km剖面上布置15个站位,每个站位用潜水泵采集表层海水样60L于塑料桶中。水样运回实验室后,立即用装有锰纤维的PVC管以虹吸的方式富集水样中的镭同位素,水通过PVC管的流速小于300ml/min。224Ra活度用连续射气法测定,测完224Ra后密封7d以上,然后用直接射气法测定226Ra活度。224Ra和226Ra活度都呈现自岸向海逐渐降低的规律,表明扩散控制镭同位素的分布,由224Ra获得68.83km2d-1的扩散系数,同时226Ra形成-0.963dpm100l-1km-1的活度梯度。用扩散系数和活度梯度建立的226Ra的离岸通量为6.62×1011dpmkm-2d-1,这个通量一定是得到SGD输入的镭支持,从而获得隆教湾的海底地下水排泄量是3.03×109m3km-2d-1。该排泄量包括陆源地下淡水排泄量和再循环海水排泄量,绝大部分可能是再循环海水,有待进一步研究。     

Fair weather and storm sand transport on the Long Island, New York, inner shelf

Both spring-summer and fall-winter sand transport have been observed on the Long Island, New York, inner shelf at water depths of 20-22 m using a radio-isotope sand tracer system. The extent of dispersal of the tagged, fine sand was measured at 3 week intervals in two 70 day experiments. In the late spring and early summer, movement was primarily diffusive in nature, extending 100 m around the line of tracer injection, while late fall-winter patterns had strong advective features, including an ellipsoidal outline extending approximately 1500 m westward of the injection points after the passage of several storms with strong northeasterly winds. Near-bottom current observations made with Savonius rotor sensors identify the event responsible for the bulk of the transport over the 135 day observation period as a storm flow of 2 days duration. Tracer and current observations together suggest that westward winter storm flow along the Long Island shelf is the major mechanism of sand transport at these depths on a yearly time scale. A least-squares fit of several of the observed winter patterns with a plume model yields average sediment mass flux lower bounds of 3.2 × 10^?3 gm/cm/sec and 1.7 × 10^?1 gm/cm/sec for ‘typical’ and extreme winter storm activity.     

Soil improvement with coal ash and sewage sludge: a field experiment

A field experimental study was carried out successfully to improve the quality of the sandy soil by adding coal ash and sewage sludge. One ha of barren sandy soil field was chosen for the experiment in Shanghe County, Shandong Province, China. For soil amelioration and tree planting, two formulas of the mixture:coal ash, sewage sludge and soil, in ratios of 20:10:70 and 20:20:60, respectively, were used. Poplar trees were planted in pits filled with soils with additives (mixture of ash and sludge) as well as in the original sandy soil. In the 19th months after the trees were planted, the soils with additives were sampled and analyzed. The results show that the barren sandy soil was greatly improved after mixing with coal ash and sludge. The improved soils have remarkably higher nutrient concentrations, better texture, smaller bulk density, higher porosity and mass moisture content, and higher content of fine-grained minerals. During the first 22 months after planting, the annual increase in height of the trees grown in the soil with additives (4.78 m per year) was 55% higher than that of the control group (3.07 m per year), and the annual increase in diameter at the breast height (1.3 m) was 33 % higher (43.03 vs. 32.36 mm). Trees planted in soils with additives appeared healthier and shed leaves later than those in the control group. As the volume of the additives (30–40% in both formulas) is less than that of the sandy soil in and around the tree pits, it appears that the use of coal ash and sludge for tree planting and soil amelioration is environmentally safe even though the additives have relatively high heavy metal concentrations.