干旱区土遗址盐渍带风蚀损耗效应微观机制研究

基于西北干旱地区典型土遗址盐渍带盐分野外观测和定性分析结果,初步总结了土遗址盐渍土带特征并阐释了风蚀损耗效应的概念;通过对掺入不同含量2种盐渍带常见盐分Na2SO4和NaCl,并经历干湿循环的遗址土重塑样的风洞模拟试验和微结构分析试验,揭示了盐渍带中常见盐分发生的盐渍过程会对遗址土抗风蚀能力产生显著的影响;并通过统计学分析方法证实了试样的风蚀速率与有关孔隙的部分微结构特征参数之间存在着良好的对应关系;最后结合定性分析和试验研究结果,从微观角度对土遗址盐渍带土的风蚀损耗机制进行了初步的讨论。     

固结与荷载耦合作用下吹填土力学性质与微结构参数关联性

固结条件与荷载条件对吹填土的力学特性具有明显的影响,且土的微观结构特征是决定其宏观力学性质的本质因素,为了研究吹填软土力学特性在不同固结条件和荷载条件下的变化规律及与微结构参数的关联性,对天津滨海新区重塑吹填软土进行不同初始固结条件与荷载效应综合作用下的蠕变试验和微观结构测试,研究此条件下吹填土力学特性的变化规律,并通过灰色关联度理论建立宏观力学参数与微结构参数之间的关联性。试验结果表明:稳定性蠕变对吹填软土强度的增长起到积极作用,有偏压固结较无偏压固结强度增长更快,且初始固结越充分,强度增长越快;随蠕变时间的增加,颗粒的等效直径、形态比和圆度呈增大的趋势,而颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度则呈减小的趋势;抗剪强度指标C,φ值随颗粒等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而增大,但随颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而减小。关联度分析表明,颗粒（孔隙）等效直径和圆度是影响吹填土力学性质演化的重要微结构参数,固结与蠕变越充分,土体微结构参数调整越稳定,强度越高。     

软土扫描电子显微镜图像的微观参数特征分析

本文在使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得软土微观图像基础上,将图像进行灰度化处理和二值化处理,使用Canny边缘检测技术得到了软土微观图像中颗粒的分布情况与土的面孔隙比的大小,进而获得了偏心率、扁圆度、圆形度、离散指数、内切圆半径等土颗粒形状特征参数,进行了这些形状特征参数之间的相关性分析和因子分析。结果表明,偏心率和各向异性率等参数之间具有很好的相关性;周长和离散指数等参数之间具有较好的相关性;而各向异性率和面积等参数之间则不具有相关性;所有特征参数可以由区域因子、周长因子和弦因子等3个主因子来反映。     

吹填软土蠕变过程中颗粒与孔隙演化特征分析

软土一般具有蠕变特性,蠕变在微观上表现为土颗粒与孔隙的变化。为了解长期变形内在机制,对天津滨海吹填软土原状土与重塑土进行了固结不排水三轴蠕变试验。在围压为75 kPa、偏应力为10 kPa情况下开展多组平行试验,选取蠕变过程中多个时间点的试样进行微观结构测试,提取了颗粒与孔隙变化参数,研究蠕变过程中微结构变化规律。研究结果表明：在文中所受荷载条件长期作用下,颗粒与孔隙定向性明显;平均孔径及平均孔隙体积呈逐渐减小趋势;结构性原状土比表面积逐渐增大,重塑土则呈减小趋势;结构性原状土颗粒与孔隙分数维呈减小趋势,但重塑土呈相反趋势。     

多元逐步回归分析应用于固化土强度与微结构参数相关性评价

用石灰固化不同含盐量的滨海盐渍土,固化后土微结构参数发生了变化,力学强度大幅度提高。多元逐步回归分析计算结果表明二者之间存在着良好的相关关系,颗粒粒度分维、颗粒定向分维、等效直径、扁圆度和面积比是对固化土力学强度影响较为显著的5个微结构参数。借助土微结构参数与强度间的相关性计算分析,从另外一个角度验证石灰对滨海盐渍土的固土作用。     

结构性吹填土剪切破坏的微结构效应

室内压缩试验、剪切试验和灵敏度试验分析表明吹填土的微观结构对其力学性质有很大的影响,是一种强结构性土。通过对剪切试验过程土样微观SEM照片进行微结构定量分析,探讨了孔隙和结构单元体微结构参数与轴向应变之间的关系。最后,对结构性吹填土剪切破坏的微结构效应进行了简要分析。结果表明,吹填土的剪切过程经历了孔隙气体压缩-水分运移、团粒散裂-颗粒滑移明显-结构破坏和新结构形成三个阶段。     

结构性吹填土压缩变形微观机理试验

吹填土是一种人造土,具有大孔隙比、压缩性强、低强度等特点,其微观结构对土的力学性质有很大的影响,是一种强结构性土。通过分析不同轴向应力下压缩土样的微观SEM照片,探讨了孔隙微结构参数与轴向应力之间的关系,得出在吹填土压缩变形过程中存在屈服应力。在所受应力大于和小于屈服应力时,吹填土的压缩性存在差异,其微观表现为微结构参数在压缩过程中产生了突变,其根源是在压缩变形过程中,吹填土的微观结构产生了破坏。简要分析了结构性吹填土压缩变形微观机理。结果表明,吹填土的压缩过程分为孔隙中气体的压缩与水份的运移、团粒的相对滑移和结构破坏与新结构形成3个阶段。     

剪切速率对重塑饱和黏土强度影响试验

对不同干密度的重塑饱和黏性土进行直剪试验,探讨了剪切速率对重塑饱和黏性土剪应力-剪位移曲线的影响,分析了内摩擦角随剪切速率的变化关系。试验结果表明,干密度越小的重塑土,剪切速率对其内摩擦角的影响越明显。剪切速率主要影响剪切面附近的孔隙水压力,进而影响土体抗剪强度。剪切速率越大,剪切面周围超孔隙水压力越大,使土体总强度降低。在相同的法向应力下,不同剪切速率引起的剪切面周围孔隙水压力增量与抗剪强度差值成正比关系。当剪位移为7 mm时,剪切速率越大,土颗粒位移比较平直,剪切破坏面越平整。      

砂质粉土冲击液化微观机理研究

近年来,土体冲击液化引起的工程地质问题已经广泛地出现在人们的视野中,但目前对于土体冲击液化机理的研究尚不够完善。本文通过冲击液化试验及相关微观试验,揭示了不同冲击能下砂质粉土的孔压发育与微观结构变化情况,在此基础上,从微观角度对砂质粉土冲击液化机理进行了讨论。结果表明:砂质粉土受冲击液化会出现明显的孔压激增现象,且单位冲击能下激发的孔压随落距增大而减小,并伴随明显的微结构变化;冲击液化作用主要从土体颗粒接触关系、颗粒形态,孔隙大小、形态及方向等方面改变了土体的微观结构;颗粒骨架破坏与孔隙收缩是土体冲击液化的主要微观机理,不同冲击能下土体的液化机理也由于骨架破损和孔隙收缩程度不同而产生出相应的差异。     

超孔隙水压力对低塑性黏性土桩土界面抗剪强度的影响

研究黏性土中桩土界面的抗剪强度及其参数受超孔隙水压力影响的规律,对工程实践具有重要意义。利用自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪,完成了一系列不同界面粗糙度、不同试样含水率和不同剪切速率试验条件下的直剪试验,分析了在不同试验条件下超孔隙水压力变化规律,进而得到考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数的变化规律。研究结果表明：随着界面粗糙度等级提高,桩土界面超孔隙水压力减小,桩土界面抗剪强度、有效黏聚力和有效摩擦系数增加;随着含水率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,含水率对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响主要是改变了桩土界面的黏聚力,黏聚力先增大后减小,对摩擦系数的影响较小;特定试验条件下,随着剪切速率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,桩土界面黏聚力先增大后又减小,变化幅度不超过2 kPa,对摩擦系数的影响较小。因此,桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数是界面粗糙度、试样含水率和剪切速率变化引起超孔隙水压力变化共同影响的结果,试验结果可供相关工程设计参考。     

Review and Prospect of the Study on Soil Wind Erosion Process

Soil wind erosion processes include mechanical process and dynamic changes of the factors affecting soil wind erosion, as well as the corresponding changes of wind erosion rate. The former is rich in experimental and theoretical researches that have clearly defined the process of particle starting, transporting and settling. The latter focuses on the dynamic changes of various wind erosion factors and the response of soil wind erosion rate to the change of the factors, of which systematic research of which is very limited. The difficulties in research of soil wind erosion process include: ①Dynamic parameterization of wind erosion factors; ②Observation and quantitative expression of the dynamic changes of wind erosion factors; ③Scaling problem of wind erosion process; ④Prediction ability of wind erosion models. At present, it is urgent to carry out the following work on soil wind erosion. The first is to establish standard wind erosion observation field in typical regions to obtain continuous and complete data of wind erosion in the field; the second is to study the saturation path of wind sand flow to solve scale problem; and the third is to construct a wind erosion model with solid theoretical foundation and fully consider both mechanical process of soil wind erosion and dynamic changes of the factors.     

沙漠公路风沙土路基风蚀破坏试验研究

以沙漠公路风沙土路基为研究对象,通过室内风蚀风洞试验研究路基的风蚀破坏规律,以及路基不同断面对风沙流运动的影响。以路基高度、路基边坡坡率和路基宽度作为路基断面主要设计参数,研究不同路基断面下风沙流扰动、增速、减速、恢复的过程,以及路基周围风速流场的变化特征,分析路基病害较未病害时路基周围流场的变化。试验结果表明：路基高度和边坡坡率对风沙流运动的影响较大。随路基高度增加,路基对风沙流流场扰动增强,迎风坡坡顶处吹蚀破坏和背风坡坡底处堆蚀破坏越显著,在确定的路基边坡坡率下,路基模型高度为250 mm较模型高度为60 mm时,迎风坡坡顶风速增加1.13倍,背风坡坡底风速减小2.53倍,建议沙漠公路路基高度宜小于2.5 m。进一步,在确定的路基高度下,比较不同的边坡坡率对路基沿程风速的影响,发现当路基边坡坡率为1:1.75时,路基沿程风速变化不明显,沙漠公路风沙土路基不宜被风蚀破坏。     

硅酸钾材料加固土遗址耐风蚀颗粒元模拟分析

西北干旱地区土遗址受风化、风蚀等破坏严重,大量土质文物亟待加固抢修。加固后土遗址的各耐环境因素及加固机制研究是土遗址加固的理论基础。首次引入颗粒元程序PFC,通过改变模型中颗粒间平行连接强度,对硅酸钾（简称PS）加固前后的土样进行数值模拟。在考虑实际土样颗粒粒径和密度的前提下,拟合了生土PS加固前后的抗压和抗拉强度,并将拟合后的颗粒元模型应用于风蚀模拟。通过随机生成挟沙风颗粒,以一定的速度撞向土体,模拟挟沙风的吹蚀作用。挟沙风颗粒数与循环步数成正比例,因此,可以用挟沙风颗粒数来代表吹蚀时间的长短。挟沙风颗粒的速度则代表挟沙风风速。模拟结果表明,在20 m/s的挟沙风吹蚀作用下,风蚀程度随吹蚀时间的增加而增大,未加固土样的风蚀程度增幅度远大于加固土样;同样吹蚀时间条件下,加固土样的抗风蚀强度明显高于未加固土样。这些模拟结论与风洞试验结果的统计规律一致。本研究拟合的颗粒流模型可进一步应用于PS加固机制研究及耐风蚀、雨蚀、冻融等诸环境影响分析研究。     

The effect of surface moisture on the entrainment of dune sand by wind: an evaluation of selected models

Abstract Reliable predictions of wind erosion depend on the accuracy of determining whether erosion occurs or not. Among the several factors that govern the initiation of soil movement by wind, surface moisture is one of the most significant. Some widely used models that predict the threshold shear velocity for particle detachment of wet soils by wind were critically reviewed and evaluated. Wind‐tunnel experiments were conducted on pre‐wetted dune sand with moisture contents ranging from 0·00 to 0·04 kg kg^?1. Sand samples were exposed to different wind speeds for 2 min. Moisture content was determined gravimetrically before and after each experiment, and the saltation of sand particles was recorded electronically with a saltiphone. Shear velocities were deduced from the wind speed profiles. For each moisture content, the experiments were repeated at different shear velocities, with the threshold shear velocity being determined by least‐squares analysis of the relationships between particle number rates and shear velocity. Within the 2‐min test runs, temporal changes in particle number rates and moisture contents were detected. A steep increase in the threshold shear velocity with moisture content was observed. When comparing the models, large differences between the predicted results became apparent. At a moisture content of 0·007 kg kg^?1, which is half the moisture content retained to the soil matrix at a water tension (or matric potential) of ?1·5 MPa, the increase in ‘wet’ threshold shear velocity predicted with the different models relative to the dry threshold shear velocity ranged from 117% to 171%. The highest care should therefore be taken when using current models to predict the threshold shear velocity of wet sediment. Nevertheless, the models of Chepil (1956; Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 20, 288–292) and Saleh & Fryrear (1995; Soil Sci., 160, 304–309) are the best alternatives available.     

On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion

Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.     

Inter‐annual variability of southerly winds in a coastal area of the Atacama Desert: implications for the export of aeolian sediments to the adjacent marine environment

The analysis of the aeolian content of marine cores collected off the coast of the Atacama Desert (Mejillones Bay, Chile) suggests that marine sediments can record inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the regional southerly winds responsible for particle entrainment at the surface of the nearby desert. However, the establishment of a simple and direct correlation between the sediment and wind records is complicated by the difference of time scales between the erosion and accumulation processes. The aim of this work is to: (i) assess the inter‐annual variability of the surface winds responsible for the sand movements; and (ii) determine whether the integration over periods of several months completely smoothes the rapid changes in characteristics of the transported and deposited aeolian material. To accomplish this aim, 14 years of 10 m hourly wind speed, measured at the Cerro Moreno (Antofagasta) Airport between 1991 and 2003 and at the Orica Station between 2000 and 2004, were analyzed. For each year, the wind speed statistical distribution can be represented by a combination of two to three Weibull functions. Winds of the lowest Weibull mode are too weak to move the sand grains at the surface of the pampa; this is not the case for the intermediate mode and especially for the highest speed mode which are able to erode the arid surface and transport particles to the bay. In each individual year of the period of study, the highest speed mode only accounted for a limited number of strong erosion events. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of the friction velocities and of their impact on erosion using a saltation model suggests that, although all wind speeds above threshold produce erosion events, values around 0·45 m sec^?1 contribute less to the erosion flux. This gap allows separation of the erosion events into low and high saltation modes. The correlation (r = 0·997) between the importance of the third Weibull mode and the extent of higher rate saltation indicates that the inter‐annual variability of the erosion at the surface of the pampa, as well as the transport of coarse particles (>100 μm), are directly related to inter‐annual variations in the prevalence of the strongest winds. Finally, a transport and deposition model is used to assess the possible impact of the wind inter‐annual variability on the deposition flux of mineral particles in the bay. The results suggest that inter‐annual differences in the wind speed distributions have a quantifiable effect on the intensity and size‐distribution of this deposition flux. This observation suggests that a detailed analysis of the sediment cores collected from the bay could be used for reconstructing the inter‐annual variability of past winds.     

几种土壤的细沟侵蚀过程及其影响因素

通过间隔为11h的二次人工模拟降雨和冲蚀槽试验研究了10种土壤的侵蚀过程,发现在第2次降雨中大多数土壤出现了细沟侵蚀形式。采样微形态观察发现,在第1次降雨中形成结皮的土壤在第2次降雨中出现了细沟侵蚀;产流产沙观测发现所有出现细沟侵蚀的土壤在第1次降雨中径流含沙量逐渐减少,而第2次降雨中有一个先剧增后减少的过程。土壤理化分析及多元逐步回归分析结果表明,土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量、铁铝含量等因素对细沟侵蚀的影响表现不明显,而与土壤团聚体有关结构指标、细沟侵蚀、产流产沙速率及总量呈显著相关关系。分析表明,团聚体分散度、崩解速率与渗透系数之比两个指标能较好地预测细沟侵蚀发生的可能性,同时也能很好地预测侵蚀产沙量。     

齐齐哈尔市水土流失现状与趋势分析

齐齐哈尔市是黑龙江省水土流失重点治理区之一,也是全省风蚀最严重的地区,耕地水土流失面积占耕地面积的82.2%。分析了水蚀、风蚀的分布情况和草原"三化"状况,论述了水土流失变化趋势,水土流失严重,土壤肥力下降,治理速度落后于破坏速度。扎龙湿地中水利、交通、基础建设工程均占用了大面积湿地,由于干旱缺水造成了严重的水土流失。     

风蚀对中国北方脆弱生态系统碳循环的影响

风蚀是中国北方脆弱生态系统土壤质量退化和沙漠化的关键因素。文章基于土壤剖面普查和土壤侵蚀遥感调查数据,计算出风蚀土壤有机碳的侵蚀量和空间分布,并与风蚀区的净第一性生产力(NPP)比较。结果发现土壤风蚀区的一个显著特征是表层土壤有机质含量较小,并且随着土壤风蚀强度的增加,相应的表层土壤平均有机质含量和NPP基本上逐渐减小,而相应的土壤有机碳的侵蚀量却明显增大。在中国北方严重风蚀的脆弱生态区,土壤有机碳的侵蚀量超过了NPP,风蚀影响了生态系统的正常碳循环。