MVT铅锌矿床成矿规律与找矿预测地质模型

MVT铅锌矿床和会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床是全球最重要的铅锌矿床类型之一,其中大型矿床数量和铅锌金属储量均居于重要地位。基于勘查区找矿预测理论与方法,从“时间、空间、物质及其演化”四要素出发,厘定MVT铅锌矿床的成矿地质作用和成矿地质体,总结成矿结构面类型和矿化样式,概括成矿流体作用特征标志,并进一步揭示经典的MVT铅锌矿床“三位一体”的成矿规律:矿床产于前陆盆地地堑式构造带、不整合面上发育的溶塌角砾岩岩相组合、成矿正断层破碎带、区域性热卤水活动的“硅-钙面”成矿结构面中。在此基础上,综合构建经典的MVT铅锌矿床找矿预测地质模型:通过前陆盆地地堑式构造带研究确定勘查区找矿方向,通过成矿结构面研究判断矿体空间位置及其产状,硅-钙面等特征是判断矿床(体)存在的成矿流体作用标志。其勘查应用流程进一步概括为:看、查、识、厘、析、填、测、比、探、勘。该研究对同类矿床成矿规律研究和找矿预测评价具有启示意义。     

新疆琼恰特北铅锌矿地质特征及成因浅析

新疆阿合奇县琼恰特北铅锌矿是近几年在西南天山地区的找矿新发现,矿床位于塔里木陆块西北缘柯坪陆缘盆地,赋矿地层为上寒武—下奥陶统丘里塔格组上段碳酸盐岩,容矿岩性为岩溶角砾岩,矿体呈似层状、不规则透镜状分布于岩溶角砾岩中,具有后生成矿特点。成矿与西南天山华力西晚期陆-陆碰撞造山事件关系密切,碰撞后造山带形成的区域流体运移进入前陆盆地,流体中的铅锌于丘里塔格组上段溶蚀崩塌形成的角砾岩中沉淀成矿。根据矿床地质地球化学特征以及与世界典型的MVT型铅锌矿床对比,笔者认为琼恰特北铅锌矿床属于MVT型铅锌矿矿床。     

滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿床成因探讨

矿化剂和沉淀富集剂是成矿物质中的重要组成部分，也是人们分析成矿作用和建立成矿模式的基础。在分析滇黔桂地区金矿地质特征和成矿流体的基础上，提出该类矿床的矿质主要来源于被动陆缘沉积建造，促使金活化、迁移的矿化剂主要是盆地热卤素流体和有机质流体，促使金局部沉淀富集的沉淀富集剂则主要是沉积建造内和深源富硫的流体和热液改造的有机质。认为矿质、矿化剂和沉淀富集剂在有利容矿空间的耦合是形成滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿的主要成矿机制，并在此基础上讨论了卡林型金矿的成因和成矿模式。     

冀北北岔沟门铅锌多金属矿床地质特征及成因

北岔沟门铅锌多金属矿床是近年来发现的一个具有大型超大型远景的矿床，其成矿系统在纵向和横向上具有明显的分带性：以斑岩型Mo矿体为中心，向外或向上依次为细脉浸染型Cu-Pb-Zn矿体、爆破角砾岩型Pb-Zn矿体、浅成低温热液型（高硫型或低硫型）Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn或Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn矿体。成矿年代学研究表明，不同类型矿体是在不同阶段形成的，与不同类型岩浆作用有关。其中，钼成矿作用发生最早，与石英二长岩岩浆作用有关，成矿物质来源于下地壳，其成矿流体的稳定同位素特征接近于典型的岩浆流体，成矿流体含盐度高，成矿温度为中高温；铅锌铜多金属成矿作用晚于钼成矿作用，与二长花岗质岩浆活动有关，成矿物质来源于被深熔和流体渗滤的古元古代岩石，成矿流体具有演化天水或岩浆水与天水混合的特点，成矿温度为中低温；浅成低温热液银多金属成矿作用形成最晚，与早白垩世粗面质浅成岩浆活动（正长斑岩或石英正长斑岩）有关，成矿物质和成矿流体具有多元混合的特点。     

低温成矿系列中生物有机质的矿床学意义

在低温热液型矿床的形成过程中, 生物和有机质发挥了重要的成矿作用.这种作用可以归纳为直接和间接两种.生物及有机质直接参与成矿作用的意义在于: 在沉积岩主岩的同生沉积阶段形成矿源层, 在成矿物质活化迁移过程中形成含矿流体, 在成矿元素的沉淀阶段富集形成矿床; 生物及有机质间接成矿意义是指有机质的成熟演变作用及其产物可以揭示成矿过程, 反映低温热液成矿机理和成矿条件.      

塔西南MVT型铅锌矿床成矿作用机制研究--以卡兰古铅锌矿为例

塔里木板块演化过程可以划分为：前寒武纪陆核增生－地块形成，早古生代这缘裂解－开合拼贴，晚古生代裂谷叠加－板块统一，中新生代盆山耦合－地貌定型4个阶段。而它的边缘部分则经历了新元古代－古生代－中生代的陆核增生和相邻洋壳的消亡几个阶段。并且由于地壳发展的不均衡，形成了一些裂谷和裂陷槽。卡兰古MVT型铅锌矿床位于塔里木地块的西南缘－西昆仑造山带与塔木板块交接部位的晚古生代乌依塔格－库尔良型陷槽北段，属于西昆仑地区库斯拉甫－他龙铅锌成矿带的一部分，是区内最重要的、最典型的MVT型铅锌矿床之一。通过对该矿床野外考察和综合室内测试、岩矿鉴定研究分析，认为卡兰古铅锌矿是一种碳酸盐岩容矿的低温热液型矿，其成矿地质背景、控矿岩石、矿物组合、矿石结构构造等，均与密西西比河谷型铅锌矿极为相似；该矿床的成矿机制可能是由于深层液体与油田卤水两种不同性质流体的混合而形成的。特别是通过对塔木、卡兰古等铅锌矿区的矿物流体包裹体研究表明：矿物流体包裹体类型简单，多为液相，成矿流体是具有低温、高盐度、高密度等特征；与此同时还富含Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Na^ 离子及有机烃类物质和硫化氢气体的热卤水。这些特征均与北美典型的密西西北河谷型铅锌矿非常相似。它代表了塔里木西南缘该类型铅锌矿的成矿机制。其成矿物质主要来源于地层之中，没有地幔物质成分的参与。在成矿作用过程中，成矿金属（铅锌）以硫氢配合物形式迁移。喜马拉雅期逆冲推覆褶皱作用所引发的大规模热卤水运移、循环，导致了矿物质的进一步富集、沉淀。     

黔东成矿带铅锌成矿作用刍议

铅锌属于紧缺资源之一,"湘西—黔东铅锌成矿带"是我国重要铅锌成矿带之一,贵州境内部分称为"黔东成矿带",该区铅锌矿床(点)分布广泛,具有成群成带分布等特征。由于相关地质地球化学研究相对薄弱,黔东地区铅锌地质勘探进展缓慢,并未像湘西地区一样取得重大突破。本文通过总结"黔东成矿带"内铅锌成矿作用地质与地球化学特征,探讨该区存在的诸多科学研究薄弱环节,结合MVT铅锌矿床研究现状,提出该区铅锌成矿作用与MVT矿床基本一致,是国内研究MVT铅锌矿床理想基地,采用原位分析等先进测试技术,加强矿床地质地球化学特征对比、成矿物质来源、成矿流体和同位素定年等研究,以揭示各矿区与区域成矿流体系统的性质及其演化,建立合理成矿模式及与研究区构造和古油藏演化的关系,并探讨其形成的动力学背景,不仅突出黔东MVT铅锌成矿作用特色,从而促进MVT铅锌矿成矿作用和分散元素超常富集理论发展,更重要的是可为拓宽黔东地区铅锌找矿思路提供理论依据。     

新疆哈密清白山铅锌矿矿床成因及成矿模型探讨

在总结清白山铅锌矿矿床地质特征、控矿因素的基础上,通过与MVT型矿床典型特征对比,认为其成因类型为MVT型。通过总结控矿因素,讨论了成矿时代,初步建立成矿模型,认为矿床成型分为含矿流体沉淀的主成矿期、构造改造期、岩浆改造期3个阶段。     

华南大规模低温成矿的主要科学问题

大面积低温成矿是全球独特的重要成矿事件。华南地区扬子地块西南部面积约50万平方千米的广大范围,低温矿床广泛发育,包括卡林型金矿床、MVT型Pb-Zn矿床和脉型锑、汞、砷等矿床,构成华南低温成矿域。该成矿域由川滇黔接壤区的Pb-Zn、右江盆地Au-Sb-As-Hg和湘中盆地Sb-Au等三个矿集区组成。其中的矿床主要赋存于沉积岩中,受断裂构造控制,形成于100~250℃的低温条件下。以往的研究取得了重要进展,但成矿时代、成矿动力学背景、成矿物质基础和成矿过程等关键科学问题一直悬而未决。近年的研究表明,这些矿床可能形成于200~230Ma(印支期)和130~160Ma(燕山期)两个时期,除川滇黔Pb-Zn矿集区由盆地卤水演化成矿外,其余两个矿集区的形成可能均受印支期和燕山期的深部岩浆活动驱动,尽管成矿流体中的水主要是大气成因地下水。本专题报道了近年来这些方面的最新研究进展,包括20篇文章,主要涉及这些低温矿床的地质地球化学特征、成矿时代、矿床成因和成矿动力学背景等。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用

分析了金顶铅锌矿床同位素及生物标志化合物特征,探讨了矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用。结果表明,矿石铅主要来自上地幔,成矿流体主要为地幔流体和盆地卤水。矿区有机质的母质来源以低等水生生源的海藻类为主,同时伴随有一定量的陆源高等植物组分的输入,有机质来源于三叠纪三合洞组碳酸盐岩地层。有机质在成矿作用中可能起到的作用有：还原硫酸盐提供成矿所需的硫源;形成有机一金属络合物,活化运移成矿金属元素;改变成矿物理化学环境对成矿物质的还原沉淀作用。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.