西准噶尔萨尔托海蛇绿岩中尖晶石二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石的位错构造及其意义

西准噶尔萨尔托海蛇绿岩中的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的形成温度约为1100℃,压力1.6GPa。氧化缀饰和透射电镜观察,揭示了橄榄石的位错密度为2.5×10⁸/cm²,(100)位错壁间距为10μm 左右。计算得到的古应力为115—154MPa,应变速率为2×10¹¹,古生代大洋上地幔粘滞度为2.37×10¹⁹P,与新生代大洋上地幔比较,古生代大洋上地幔有低粘滞度和高应变速率的特点。     

隐晶质玄武岩破裂演化及破坏特征试验研究

隐晶质玄武岩是白鹤滩水电站超大规模地下厂房洞室群中广泛揭露出的主要围岩类别之一,且普遍赋存隐微裂隙,开挖过程中展现出特殊的力学响应特征。综合采用CT扫描、高速摄像、声发射、扫描电镜等手段,分析了隐晶质玄武岩的变形破坏特征、裂纹扩展及声发射演化规律等,并探讨了其细观破坏机制。结果表明:完整试样应力-应变曲线光滑,加载至峰值强度时瞬间爆裂,声发射信号异常集中,碎裂破坏;含隐微裂隙试样应力-应变曲线呈锯齿状,出现多次表面剥落,整个过程声发射信号非常活跃,以劈裂破坏为主;含宏观裂隙试样应力-应变曲线呈双峰或多峰状,峰前原生裂隙局部滑移,第1次峰值时宏观破裂面形成,声发射信号集中于峰值应力跌落瞬间,以剪切破坏为主。隐晶质玄武岩细观破坏机制主要为矿物颗粒沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂。研究成果为准确认识并科学掌握白鹤滩地下厂房洞室群围岩的力学响应及其破裂演化特征奠定了坚实基础,也可为硬脆岩体高应力破坏的认识和灾害控制提供参考和借鉴。     

Mg-Fe云母化学成分的解释和分类(Ⅰ)——基本置换和黑云母平面

中国东部花岗岩类141个Mg-Fe云母的化学成分将近90%的变化属于八面体层内的类质同象置换,置换矢量Mg ₁Fe⁺²和Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)_-2□_Ⅵ组成了天然黑云母平面,大约80%的变化应当解释为基本置换8Mg ₁Fe⁺²+Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)₂□_Ⅵ.这些是Mg-Fe云母在广泛的自然条件下表现出来的最主要的晶体化学关系。文中还提出了置换矢量的长度、分量和以及电价和三个参数,用以识别矿物化学成分变化的类质同象置换特征。     

气相色谱法测定矿物岩石中的水

气相色谱测定岩石、矿物中的H₂O^-和H₂O^+[1]是将气相色谱技术引入岩矿分析中一次成功尝试,它为岩矿分析仪器化自动化开辟了一条新途径,是测定H₂O^-和H₂O⁺的新方法。它的优点是明显的,灵敏、简便、快速、用样量少,极适宜于微量单矿物中水的测定。但此法用峰高定量,水峰拖尾又较严重,影响方法的精度和准确度;一次称样同时测定H₂O^-和H₂O⁺,温度忽上忽下,颇费时间;为了确定稳定空白值,对器皿的处理和放置时间的要求苛刻。由于这些问题,使方法的推广受到限制。     

锂型蒙脱石的离子导电性

本文报道了一种以天然矿物钠基蒙脱石(Montmorillonite.简写 MTR)制备的锂型蒙脱石(MTR:Li⁺)的离子导电性能。在室温下(25℃),MTR:(Pc)的离子电导率为1.53×10^-3Ω^-1·cm^-1,MTR:Li⁺(DMF)离子电导率为1.31～1.85×10^-3Ω^-1·cm^-1,电子电导率在总电导率的1%以下,激活能0.14eV,分解电压2.6—3.3V,电化学性能稳定。     

钙钛矿型结构亚硝酸盐和氰化物的分子体积

绝大部分的亚硝酸盐和氰化物属于钙钛矿型结构,但有部分化合物为“反”钙钛矿型结构,充填空洞A位的阳离子的拓扑体积为0。阴离子团NO₂^-和CN^-的拓扑体积都近乎常数,分别为41.73ų和40.03ų,标准方差σ_n-1=1.516和σ_n-1=1.25。由此,进一步证明了原来的一套离子拓扑体积数值的普适性。“反”钙钛矿型结构中A位阳离子的平均半径r_A>1.00Å时,三价阳离子会产生扩容效应,其扩容系数大约是其本身拓扑体积的2倍;正钙钛矿型结构中,当A位是由半径较大的Cs⁺充填时,Cs⁺也会产生扩容效应,其扩容系数约为24ų。氰化物中结晶水分子的拓扑体积近乎常数,为24ų或0。     

胶东金矿床Au迁移富集的地球化学探讨

本文编制了系统 Fe²⁺—Fe³⁺—∑S—∑CO₂—[SO₁^2-]和 Fe²⁺—FeS—FeCO—Fe(OH)₂的相图,以及溶液中络合物 Au—s 和 Au—Cl 在不同温度下的 C_Au—PH 图。有证据表明,金可能是以 Au—S 络合物形式迁移的,控制金沉淀的主要因素是溶液的 Eh 和∑S 的活度。     

不同应变速率下泥页岩力学特性试验研究

为了揭示泥页岩在不同应变速率下的力学特征,为页岩气的开采提供科学指导,分别在5×10-4/s、1×10-4/s、1×10-5/s、 1×10-6/s四种不同应变速率下对页岩开展单轴压缩力学试验。研究表明,应变速率对页岩的弹性模量、峰值强度、破裂形态等具有显著影响,应变速率从高到低,弹性模量和峰值强度都呈逐渐降低趋势,但下降速度逐渐放缓,两者与应变速率负对数大致呈幂函数关系,而采用平均值拟合时则相关性较高,相对而言,弹性模量的应变率效应更显著;应变速率对破裂形态的影响极为明显,在高应变速率下页岩迅速劈裂为较少的大块,整体构架丧失,随着应变速率降低,破裂过渡为劈裂为主,伴随局部剪切破坏,达到最低应变速率时主要呈劈裂破坏,但同时形成较多横向分布裂纹,即低应变速率下破坏均匀且形成纵横切割试样的网状裂纹,页岩的应变速率在整体上对破裂方式影响最为显著,主要表现为低应变速率下的破坏更均匀、更易形成裂纹网。因此,该特性对于确立页岩力学参数及设计压裂方案具有重要启发作用。     

开滦范各庄矿地下水氢氧同位素和水化学研究及其实际应用

通过范各庄老矿区地下水的氢氧同位素和δ¹⁸O值与Ca²⁺的活度积关系的研究,以及Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度与其离子势关系的研究,可以判识各层地下水及其混合作用、地下水的补给和水力联系。     

锂型蒙脱石——锂的快离子导体

快离子导体的离子电导率很高(大于1×10^-3Ω^-1&3183;cm^-1),电子电导率很低(小于总电导率的1%)。它的一个重要应用是作固体电池的电解质隔膜。已知的离子导体不下千种,而快离子导体却为数甚少,锂的快离子导体则几乎尚未发现。从研制高能量密度电池的角度考虑,锂的快离子导体是关键材料,这是近几年来对探索锂的快离子导体给予极大重视的原因。在锂型快离子导体中,Li₃N是研究得最多的材料,室温下多晶片的离子电导率为6.6×10^-4Ω¹&3183;cm^-1(B.A.Boukamp and R.A.Huggins,1978),但分解电压太低(～0.45V),稳定性差,不可能在电池中应用它。     

Strain-rate estimation using fractal analysis of quartz grains in naturally deformed rocks

The area-perimeter fractal dimension (D) of quartz grains has earlier been proposed as a strain-rate gauge based on experimental deformation of quartz aggregates. To test the application in naturally deformed rocks, D is calculated in (a) three quartzites belonging to the Lunavada Group of rocks (Aravalli Mountain Belt, NW India) that developed textures between 420–600°C and (b) one quartz reef sample from the Malanjkhand Granite (Central India), which underwent dynamic recrystallization between 250–400°C. Using the above T ranges and calculated D values, strain-rates are calculated for the two sets of samples. A 10^−12.7 s⁻¹ strain rate at 250°C is calculated for the quartz reef sample. However, at higher temperatures the calculated strain-rate is >10⁻¹⁰ s⁻¹ for the quartz reef and the quartzite samples. The quartzites show evidence of dynamic recrystallization by grain boundary migration (GBM) and subgrain rotation (SGR), while the quartz reef is replete with evidence of bulging (BLG) recrystallization. T and calculated strainrates are plotted on available recrystallization map of quartz. It is demonstrated that whilst the T/strain-rate of the quartzites does not fall in the region of GBM and SGR, the T/strain-rate of the quartz reef falls in the BLG region. The problems with strain-rate calculations using area perimeter fractal dimension are discussed. It is concluded that the method of strain-rate calculation can be used only for lower T.     

橄榄石集合体的简单剪切形变实验研究

本文利用高精度Paterson气体介质变形装置对富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg_(0.5),Fe_(0.5))_2SiO_4进行了高温简单剪切变形试验.试验在温度1473K和围压300MPa的条件下进行,差应力为64～153MPa,应变率为10~-5～10~-3s~-1.一共进行了三组试验,试件的剪切变形量分别为89%,131%和200%,通过对变形后试件的反射光学显微结构分析,得到富铁橄榄石集合体动态重结晶的微观机制,由结晶各向异性分析给出晶格最优取向和波速各向异性的分布及随应变的增加而表现出的演化特征.     

长乐-南澳韧性剪切带中糜棱岩变形微构造研究

 长乐-南澳韧性剪切带糜棱岩的显微变形机制有粒间滑动、粒内滑动、位错及其滑移和蠕变、应变的局部恢复等。石英丰富的韧性变形和位错特征以及长石的脆一弹性变形说明糜棱岩形成于绿片岩相条件,变形时的温度约为300-350℃。石英塑性变形处于重结晶一软化阶段和热加工一恢复阶段。由位错密度和动态重结晶颗粒粒径计算了差异应力和应变速率,分别为56.8-99.7MPa,(0.35-1.61)×10^-13s^-1和175.8-406.9MPa,(0.7-7.2)×10^-12s^-1,二者较大的差值表明糜棱岩是缓慢上升至地表的,这一结论与应变局部恢复现象一致。该韧性剪切带是闽粤沿海早白垩世末碰撞造山的产物。     

Water assisted dynamic recrystallization and weakening in polycrystalline bischofite

Artificially prepared specimens of bischofite (MgCl₂-6H₂O) have been experimentally deformed at temperatures between 20 and 100°C, strain rates between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁸⁸ s⁻¹, and confining pressures between 0.1 and 28 MPa. Development of microstructure with strain was studied by in-situ deformation experiments, and results of these were correlated with observations made on thin sections of deformed samples.In a first series of experiments the effect of grain size, impurity content and water content on the flow behaviour was investigated. Addition of about 0.1 wt.% water to dry samples was found to decrease the flow stress by a factor of 5. This effect was found to be associated with the formation of a thin fluid film on grain boundaries, strongly enhancing dynamic recrystallization due to the movement of high-angle grain boundaries, and possibly also to enhanced intracrystalline plasticity due to excess water present in the lattice. In a second series of experiments the strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress of selected samples was investigated. Two regimes could be distinguished: one with a stress exponent n = 4.5 in the power law creep equation for values of the differential stress above 2.0 MPa, and one with n = 1.5 for stresses below this value.The main deformation mechanisms were intracrystalline slip, twinning, and grain-boundary sliding. Recrystallization occurred by subgrain rotation and high-angle grain-boundary migration. The rates of grain-boundary migration fell into two different regimes, one regime being distinguished by extremely fast migration rates. The applicability of the experimentally found flow law to the behaviour of bischofite rocks in nature is discussed.     

江西武功山东区大型韧性剪切带的显微构造特征

武功山东区存在一条大型韧性剪切带。鞘褶皱倒向以及旋转变形构造(如S-C面理组构、旋转碎斑系、雪球构造和粒内显微破裂构造等)显示此剪切带为由南向北逆冲推覆性质。砾石、黄铁矿还原斑和石英斑晶的有限应变分析表明剪切带西段和东段岩石分别以收缩型椭球和压扁型椭球变形为特征。剪切带的主要变形时代是早古生代,可能与早古生代华夏陆块和扬子陆块之间的碰撞造山作用有关。     

Vitrinite anisotropy under differential stress and high confining pressure and temperature: preliminary observations

The orientation of the optical indicating surface of vitrinite in reflected light has been determined following deformation at 350 and 500°C, confining pressures of 500 and 800 MPa and a strain rate of 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. High temperature and large strain have facilitated reorientation of the indicating surface, increase in anisotropy (bireflectance) and an increase in maximum vitrinite reflectance. In a specimen deformed at 500°C and 23% axial strain the maximum vitrinite reflectance has been reoriented more than 70° from close to parallel to σ₁ in the undeformed state to perpendicular to σ₁ following deformation. Orientation of the optical indicating surface of some of the deformed specimens suggests the orientation of the maximum reflectance is a composite product of the original orientation of the indicating surface and an orientation produced during deformation.     

The mechanical and microstructural behaviour of calcite-dolomite composites: An experimental investigation

The styles and mechanisms of deformation associated with many variably dolomitized limestone shear systems are strongly controlled by strain partitioning between dolomite and calcite. Here, we present experimental results from the deformation of four composite materials designed to address the role of dolomite on the strength of limestone. Composites were synthesized by hot isostatic pressing mixtures of dolomite (Dm) and calcite powders (% Dm: 25%-Dm, 35%-Dm, 51%-Dm, and 75%-Dm). In all composites, calcite is finer grained than dolomite. The synthesized materials were deformed in torsion at constant strain rate (3 × 10⁻⁴ and 1 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹), high effective pressure (262 MPa), and high temperature (750 °C) to variable finite shear strains. Mechanical data show an increase in yield strength with increasing dolomite content. Composites with <75% dolomite (the remaining being calcite), accommodate significant shear strain at much lower shear stresses than pure dolomite but have significantly higher yield strengths than anticipated for 100% calcite. The microstructure of the fine-grained calcite suggests grain boundary sliding, accommodated by diffusion creep and dislocation glide. At low dolomite concentrations (i.e. 25%), the presence of coarse-grained dolomite in a micritic calcite matrix has a profound effect on the strength of composite materials as dolomite grains inhibit the superplastic flow of calcite aggregates. In high (>50%) dolomite content samples, the addition of 25% fine-grained calcite significantly weakens dolomite, such that strain can be partially localized along narrow ribbons of fine-grained calcite. Deformation of dolomite grains by shear fracture is observed; there is no intracrystalline deformation in dolomite irrespective of its relative abundance and finite shear strain.     

Deformation-enhanced metamorphic reactions and the rheology of high-pressure shear zones, Western Gneiss Region, Norway

Microstructural and petrological analysis of samples with increasing strain in high‐pressure (HP) shear zones from the Haram garnet corona gabbro give insights into the deformation mechanisms of minerals, rheological properties of the shear zone and the role of deformation in enhancing metamorphic reactions. Scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattering diffraction (SEM–EBSD), compositional mapping and petrographic analysis were used to evaluate the nature of deformation in both reactants and products associated with eclogitization. Plagioclase with a shape‐preferred orientation that occurs in the interior part of layers in the mylonitic sample deformed by intracrystalline glide on the (0 0 1)[1 0 0] slip system. In omphacite, crystallographic preferred orientations indicate slip on (1 0 0)[0 0 1] and (1 1 0)[0 0 1] during deformation. Fine‐grained garnet deformed by diffusion creep and grain‐boundary sliding. Ilmenite deformed by dislocation glide on the basal and, at higher strains, prism planes in the a direction. Relationships among the minerals present and petrological analysis indicate that deformation and metamorphism in the shear zones began at 500–650 °C and 0.5–1.4 GPa and continued during prograde metamorphism to ultra‐high‐pressure (UHP) conditions. Both products and reactants show evidence of syn‐ and post‐kinematic growth indicating that prograde reactions continued after strain was partitioned away. The restriction of post‐kinematic growth to narrow regions at the interface of garnet and plagioclase and preservation of earlier syn‐kinematic microstructures in older parts layers that were involved in reactions during deformation show that diffusion distances were significantly shortened when strain was partitioned away, demonstrating that deformation played an important role in enhancing metamorphic reactions. Two important consequences of deformation observed in these shear zones are: (i) the homogenization of chemical composition gradients occurred by mixing and grain‐boundary migration and (ii) composition changes in zoned metamorphic garnet by lengthening diffusion distances. The application of experimental flow laws to the main phases present in nearly monomineralic layers yield upper limits for stresses of 100–150 MPa and lower limits for strain rates of 10^?12 to 10^?13 s^?1 as deformation conditions for the shear zones in the Haram gabbro that were produced during subduction of the Baltica craton and resulted in the production of HP and UHP metamorphic rocks.     

青海可可西里北缘韧性剪切带的显微构造特征

在可可西里北缘发现的糜棱岩化带,经显微构造研究确定为韧性剪切带。此带发育流劈理及拉伸线理。糜棱岩化花岗岩和糜棱岩化石英脉中的石英发育亚晶粒构造、位错构造和动态重结晶,长石主要发育机械双晶。石英c轴组构属韧性剪切带中的典型形式,石英变形以位错蠕变机制和位错滑移机制共存为特征,石英的动态重结晶作用是由亚晶粒旋转机制形成。长石的变形主要是通过机械双晶实现的。此韧性剪切带形成时的温度约400℃,差异应力约30MPa,应变速率约1.9×10^-13s^-1.     

Macro‐and Microstructural,Textural Fabrics and Deformation Mechanism of Calcite Mylonites from Xar Moron‐Changchun Dextral Shear Zone,Northeast China

The calcite mylonites in the Xar Moron-Changchun shear zone show a significance dextral shearing characteristics. The asymmetric(σ-structure) calcite/quartz grains or aggregates, asymmetry of calcite c-axes fabric diagrams and the oblique foliation of recrystallized calcite grains correspond to a top-to-E shearing. Mineral deformation behaviors, twin morphology, C-axis EBSD fabrics, and quartz grain size-frequency diagrams demonstrate that the ductile shear zone was developed under conditions of greenschist facies, with the range of deformation temperatures from 200 to 300°C. These subgrains of host grains and surrounding recrystallized grains, strong undulose extinction, and slightly curved grain boundaries are probably results of intracrystalline deformation and dynamic recrystallization implying that the deformation took place within the dislocation-creep regime at shallow crustal levels. The calculated paleo-strain rates are between 10~(–7.87)s~(–1) and 10~(–11.49)s~(–1) with differential stresses of 32.63–63.94 MPa lying at the higher bound of typical strain rates in shear zones at crustal levels, and may indicate a relatively rapid deformation. The S-L-calcite tectonites have undergone a component of uplift which led to subhorizontal lifting in an already non-coaxial compressional deformation regime with a bulk pure shear-dominated general shear. This E-W large-scale dextral strike-slip movement is a consequence of the eastward extrusion of the Xing'an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt, and results from far-field forces associated with Late Triassic convergence domains after the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.