浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移分析

对于浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体位移规律很多学者进行了研究,但对于其水平位移规律的研究却不多。在总结比较现有3种地层沉降公式的基础上,结合其中一种地层沉降理论以及土体不可压缩的假设推导出了浅埋隧道上方土体的水平位移公式,使用该公式对相关文献中的实测数据以及有限元模拟结果进行了拟合对比,证明提出的公式能够较好地预测和描述浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移规律;另外,基于所推导的地层水平位移公式以及地层沉降理论公式,得出了该方法下的土体位移矢量角公式,并与O’Reilly 和New提出的方法进行了比较,所得结果与相关学者的研究结论一致,证明了该土体位移矢量公式的适用性。此研究成果可为相关实际工程中土体水平位移的计算和控制提供理论参考。     

隧道开挖条件下地埋管线的非线性响应分析

隧道开挖引起的地层不均匀沉降造成附近的地埋管线产生额外的变形,甚至破坏。被动管线与土体的相互作用的研究表明,不考虑土体的刚度衰减,较大的土体弹性模量使得管线的最大弯矩计算结果过大,偏于保守,造成不必要的浪费。在被动管线Winkler地基模型分析基础上,引入土体刚度衰减模型考虑土体非线性特性,提出了隧道开挖作用下管线响应的等效线性分析方法。基于自由土体位移场计算管周土体由于隧道开挖引起的附加应变,基于水平受荷桩的环状弹性介质模型考虑由于管土相互作用引起的管周土体应变,从而对被动Winkler地基模型的土体弹性参数进行修正,计算得到管线的最大弯矩。通过与现有的弹性理论方法、离心模型试验结果的对比,验证了针对隧道开挖引起的被动管土相互作用问题,该方法考虑土体非线性特性的合理性。     

隧道开挖引起土层沉降槽曲线形态的分析与计算

假定由于隧道开挖在地表以下土层所形成的沉降槽的体积等于地层损失以及各土层沉降槽曲线仍可用正态分布函数表示。在此假定下,首次提出可以通过对隧道中心线以上土体的沉降值的分析,研究不同深度土层沉降槽曲线宽度系数,并且通过回归分析,提出用于计算不同深度土层沉降槽曲线宽度系数的公式,为计算隧道开挖引起的地表以下土体任一点的竖向沉降提供了一种有效方法,通过工程实例的计算证明了该方法的适用性。     

基于地层损失比的隧道开挖对临近群桩影响的DCM方法

采用基于地层损失比的位移控制有限单元法（displacement controlled method）,对两种不同的给定位移边界条件下的隧道开挖引起的地层损失对群桩带来的影响进行了分析。首先,用隧道开挖引起的洞周位移场的变化来模拟实际的隧道开挖过程,然后,将土体自由位移场施加于2×2群桩来分析桩基的位移和内力,最后得到隧道开挖对群桩的影响,并与已有文献的分析结果进行了对比,得到了较好的一致性。     

邻近开挖对既有软土隧道的影响

采用两阶段分析方法,提出了邻近开挖对既有软土隧道纵向受力变形影响的简化计算方法。针对软土隧道开挖情况,第1阶段采用Loganathan和Poulos提出的解析解计算开挖引起的土体自由位移场;针对基坑开挖情况,第1阶段根据Mindlin理论解计算邻近荷载作用引起隧道的附加应力;第2阶段基于Winkler地基模型将既有隧道视为弹性地基无限长梁,将土体自由位移或附加应力施加于隧道,并建立求解该问题的纵向变形方程,从而得到隧道纵向位移和内力的计算表达式。结合离心模型试验结果和工程实例进行分析,验证了方法的有效性。研究成果可为合理制定邻近施工对软土隧道的保护措施提供依据。     

盾构法隧道施工引起土体位移与应力的镜像分析方法

盾构法隧道施工会引起隧道周围一定范围土体的位移,对土体位移进行较为准确地分析,对于控制隧道周围土体位移量和减小过大位移对既有建筑物及管线带来的危害十分重要。隧道周围土体的位移是由地层损失引起的,并且与注浆量有很大关系。根据地层损失与注浆量的空间分布规律,应用镜像方法原理,对盾构法隧道推进产生的土体位移与应力进行空间分析,得到隧道周围土体的位移与应力分布,计算结果与天津地铁施工过程的现场实测结果对比表明,该方法行之有效。     

软土地层TBM开挖面支护压力计算模型及可视化

隧道掘进机（TBM）近年来在世界范围内得到了广泛应用,通常通过完全充满压力仓的泥土或泥浆来支护开挖面。但在较差的地层和水力条件下,开挖面失稳时有发生。事实上,TBM开挖面的支护压力的大小直接决定了施工安全及地表变形。基于所建立的开挖面支护压力计算模型,并考虑复合地层下土体分层带来的影响,通过计算机编程方法,建立了界面友好、使用便捷的开挖面支护压力可视化计算平台(TBM Studio);并结合阿拉斯加隧道、钱江隧道工程实例进行了不同模型结果的验证分析,给出了各模型计算结果的差异性;讨论了软土复合地层条件下,土体自稳性对开挖面稳定的影响,认为软土地层中定量确定有效支护压力和水头高度至关重要,研究为正确评价TBM开挖面稳定性提供了相应的计算模型。     

浅埋隧道施工对建筑物桩基的影响分析

浅埋隧道穿越上部桩基础的问题值得关注。在概述目前研究成果的基础上,采取两阶段分析方案,利用分层土体的剪切位移法,着重分析了浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体移动对隧道顶桩位移及轴力的影响,并与整体有限元计算结果进行了比较,结果表明该计算方法是合理的,且计算量小,无需建立复杂的计算模型,在工程领域有较好的实用性。     

软土地层基坑开挖扰动及土体再压缩变形研究

软土地层基坑开挖会对坑底土体产生严重扰动,受开挖扰动影响,坑底土体应力状态和力学性质将发生变化。因此,正确评价开挖扰动程度及扰动对土体工程性质的影响十分重要。通过对现有施工扰动评价方法的总结,以太湖隧道基坑工程为例,采用有限元模拟方法研究了不同开挖深度下坑底中心土体扰动度分布规律及强扰动区深度。进一步,以不排水抗剪强度为评价指标,建立了基于孔压静力触探(CPTU)锥尖阻力的黏性土开挖扰动评价方法,并与有限元扰动评价结果进行了对比,取得了较为一致的结果。最后,采用考虑土体扰动的沉降计算方法,结合有限元扰动度计算结果,对不同基底附加应力下坑底扰动土体的沉降变形进行了计算。计算结果表明,扰动会显著增加地基沉降量,当基底附加应力从100 kPa增加至150 kPa时,考虑土体扰动的地基沉降量与不考虑土体扰动的地基沉降量比值将从1.43增加至2.24。     

双圆盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降预测

将随机介质理论应用于双圆盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降计算,假定开挖后土体移动模式为不均匀收敛,推导了土体损失引起的地面沉降计算公式。算例分析结果表明：预测结果与实测值比较吻合;双圆叠加模型计算结果明显偏大,原因是没有考虑双圆盾构重叠部分减少的土体开挖面积,仍按两个单圆的土体开挖面积来计算,导致土体损失量比实际大;将双圆叠加模型计算结果按实际土体开挖面积相应折减,发现其计算结果仍比实测值大,表明双圆盾构隧道不能简单地采用两个单圆叠加得到。对双圆叠加模型进行修正,提出修正系数取值,修正后的双圆叠加模型计算值与实测值较吻合。     

双线平行盾构法隧道施工附加荷载的计算分析

对隧道周围土体采用椭圆形非等量径向位移模式,在镜像法基本原理基础是推导了土体损失引起的附加应力计算公式;结合弹性力学Mindlin解得到的正面附加推力和摩擦力引起的附加应力,得到三者共同作用下总的附加应力公式,并通过算例分析了各影响因素下水平平行隧道上附加荷载的分布规律,重点探讨了土体损失引起的附加荷载在相邻隧道上的分布,分析结果对平行隧道施工具有一定的参考价值。     

Elastic‐plastic solutions for expanding cavities embedded in two different cohesive‐frictional materials

An analytical solution of cavity expansion in two different concentric regions of soil is developed and investigated in this paper. The cavity is embedded within a soil with finite radial dimension and surrounded by a second soil, which extends to infinity. Large‐strain quasi‐static expansion of both spherical and cylindrical cavities in elastic‐plastic soils is considered. A non‐associated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is used for both soils. Closed‐form solutions are derived, which provide the stress and strain fields during the expansion of the cavity from an initial to a final radius. The analytical solution is validated against finite element simulations, and the effect of varying geometric and material parameters is studied. The influence of the two different soils during cavity expansion is discussed by using pressure–expansion curves and by studying the development of plastic regions within the soils. The analytical method may be applied to various geotechnical problems, which involve aspects of soil layering, such as cone penetration test interpretation, ground‐freezing around shafts, tunnelling, and mining. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Similarity solution for cavity expansion in thermoplastic soil

This paper presents an analytical solution for cavity expansion in thermoplastic soil considering non‐isothermal conditions. The constitutive relationship of thermoplasticity is described by Laloui's advanced and unified constitutive model for environmental geomechanical thermal effect (ACMEG‐T), which is based on multi‐mechanism plasticity and bounding surface theory. The problem is formulated by incorporating ACMEG‐T into the theoretical framework of cavity expansion, yielding a series of partial differential equations (PDEs). Subsequently, the PDEs are transformed into a system of first‐order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using a similarity solution technique. Solutions to the response parameters of cavity expansion (stress, excess pore pressure, and displacement) can then be obtained by solving the ODEs numerically using mathematical software. The results suggest that soil temperature has a significant influence on the pressure‐expansion relationships and distributions of stress and excess pore pressure around the cavity wall. The proposed solution quantifies the influence of temperature on cavity expansion for the first time and provides a theoretical framework for predicting thermoplastic soil behavior around the cavity wall. The solution found in this paper can be used as a theoretical tool that can potentially be employed in geotechnical engineering problems, such as thermal cone penetration tests, and nuclear waste disposal problems.     

平面P1波斜入射下海底洞室地震响应解析分析

基于无黏性可压缩理想流体介质波动理论和Biot流体饱和多孔介质波动理论,考虑水下饱和土的流固耦合,借助Hankel函数积分变换法(HFITM)给出入射平面P1波在海底洞室周围散射问题的解析解。相比传统研究中的"大圆弧假定",Hankel函数积分变换法可以较好地处理半空间表面边界条件。利用该解析解,计算分析了洞室表面透水条件、入射角度、入射频率、海水水深和饱和土的孔隙率等因素对水-土交界面处水平位移、竖向位移和洞室表面动水压力、环周总应力的影响。结果表明:洞室表面透水条件对水-土交界面处水平位移和竖向位移影响较小;随着斜入射角的增加,水-土交界面处竖向位移减小;随着入射频率的增加,水-土交界面处水平位移随之增加;海水水深为2.5倍SV波的波长时,水-土交界面处水平位移及洞室表面动水压力最大值最大;随着孔隙率的增加,水-土交界面处水平位移、竖向位移和洞室表面环周总应力减小,而洞室表面动水压力随之增加。     

劈裂注浆复合土体平面等效弹性模型理论研究

控制隧道开挖引起的土体沉降变形是劈裂注浆的主要目的之一,隧道在劈裂注浆后复合土体的等效弹性参数取值直接关系着隧道在劈裂注浆后沉降变形的预测精度。首先在对已有劈裂扩散模型研究的基础上,按面积等效原则提出了隧道劈裂注浆后复合土体的二维简化等效单元体模型,并基于均质化理论按变形协调原则推导了二维简化单元体模型的等效弹性参数解析解。然后采用有限元方法分别计算并分析了模型在简化前后的等效弹性参数;同时把二维简化等效单元体模型的有限元计算结果和解析计算结果也做了对比分析。最后基于解析结果分析了土体和浆液结石体各自的弹性参数以及浆液注入率对等效弹性参数的影响。结果表明：（1）按面积等效原则对模型进行简化处理的方法是可行的,可以按照简化模型进行弹性阶段的理论分析;（2）解析结果与有限元结果具有良好的一致性,说明了解析结果的合理性;（3）复合土体的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比主要受浆液注入率和浆液固结体本身模量的影响;浆液固结体的泊松比对等效弹性模量的影响几乎可以忽略。     

Plasticity solutions for soil behaviour around contracting cavities and tunnels

The action of tunnel excavation reduces the in-situ stresses along the excavated circumference and can therefore be simulated by unloading of cavities from the in-situ stress state. Increasing evidence suggests that soil behavior in the plane perpendicular to the tunnel axis can be modelled reasonably by a contracting cylindrical cavity, while movements ahead of an advancing tunnel heading can be better predicted by spherical cavity contraction theory. In the past, solutions for unloading of cavities from in-situ stresses in cohesive-frictional soils have mainly concentrated on the small strain, cylindrical cavity model. Large strain spherical cavity contraction solutions with a non-associated Mohr–Coulomb model do not seem to be widely available for tunnel applications. Also, cavity unloading solutions in undrained clays have been developed only in terms of total stresses with a linear elastic-perfectly plastic soil model. The total stress analyses do not account for the effects of strain hardening/softening, variable soil stiffness, and soil stress history (OCR). The effect of these simplifying assumptions on the predicted soil behavior around tunnels is not known. In this paper, analytical and semi-analytical solutions are presented for unloading of both cylindrical and spherical cavities from in-situ state of stresses under both drained and undrained conditions. The non-associated Mohr-Coulomb model and various critical state theories are used respectively to describe the drained and undrained stress-strain behaviors of the soils. The analytical solutions presented in this paper are developed in terms of large strain formulations. These solutions can be used to serve two main purposes: (1) to provide models for predicting soil behavior around tunnels; (2) to provide valuable benchmark solutions for verifying various numerical methods involving both Mohr–Coulomb and critical state plasticity models. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil–pipe interaction due to tunnelling: Assessment of Winkler modulus for underground pipelines

One of the key problems in the implementation of Winkler models to analyze tunnelling effects on existing pipelines lies in the assessment of subgrade modulus under external soil displacement. In this paper, an expression of the Winkler subgrade modulus for a pipeline buried at arbitrary depth and subjected to free soil displacement with arbitrary curve shape is given. Using superposition principle and the Fourier integral, the subgrade modulus of an infinite beam resting on the surface of an elastic half space and buried infinitely are obtained respectively. Then the influence of embedment depth is estimated based on Mindlin and Kelvin solution. The validity of the proposed subgrade modulus is verified by comparison with the results from an elastic continuum solution and two centrifuge model tests for the responses of buried pipeline due to nearby tunnelling. Thereafter, parametric studies are shown to assess the accuracy of the proposed subgrade modulus by comparing with an elastic continuum solution in homogeneous and non-homogeneous soil stratum and the amount of error is estimated.     

An experimental,analytical and numerical study on the thermal efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated soils

Energy piles are bi-functional foundation elements used as structural support as well as ground heat exchangers for shallow geothermal energy systems. Because they are relatively short, energy piles may be partially embedded in unsaturated soils. Saturation conditions influence the thermal properties of the ground and therefore the heat exchange rate, which in turn affects the efficiency of energy piles. This paper combines analytical, experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles partially or fully embedded in unsaturated soils. The proposed analytical solution is based on the cylindrical heat source theory that treats the soil as a semi-infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic medium. The solution from this theory is multiplied by a function developed analytically in this paper and the outcome is the heat exchange rate for energy piles in unsaturated soils. The proposed function depends on soil saturation, soil and pile thermal properties, and pile geometry. The analytical solution was compared against a finite element solution; which was in turn validated against results from laboratory experiments. Very satisfactory agreements between the analytical, numerical and experimental outputs were observed. The proposed method can be used for a quick and simple evaluation of the efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical solution can also be a useful tool for the verification of numerical codes developed for the design of energy piles in unsaturated soils.     

基于相似性原理超固结土不排水扩张半解析解

在实际工程中,土体往往因卸载、再加载等复杂应力路径而处于超固结状态,而现有的圆孔扩张问题的计算模型往往不能反映超固结土中剪胀、软化等一些特殊性质。为了解决这一问题,基于相似性原理和统一硬化（UH）模型,结合相关联的流动法则和大变形理论,采用相似求解技术求解了超固结土不排水扩张问题的半解析解答。通过理想化算例分析了圆孔扩张挤土产生的应力和孔压响应,并通过分析不同超固结比OCR的土体应力路径的变化规律,讨论了UH模型的适用性。结果表明：对于轻超固结土,空腔周围土体孔压在塑性区沿径向单调递减,随着OCR增大,塑性区内孔压分布呈现出“S”形的趋势,孔壁附近的孔压逐渐减小,孔壁周围甚至出现负孔压。随着OCR增大,压力?扩张曲线收敛变慢。在扩孔过程中正常固结土一直处于剪缩硬化阶段。而对于超固结土,土体则经历了临界状态→剪胀硬化阶段→临界（特征）状态→剪缩硬化阶段。该研究成果不仅丰富了相似求解技术的应用,而且为超固结土中桩基承载力、隧道围岩变形预测和原位测试参数等岩土工程问题的计算提供了理论依据。     

软土虹吸排水完整井非稳定流模型及解析解

软土地基的处理一直是工程界的难题,大多数处理方式采用排出软土中水的措施。虹吸排水免动力,且操作简单,可以降低地下水。根据该技术的这些优点,可以将其应用于软土地基处理领域。为了得到虹吸排水作用下土体内部的水位及虹吸管内流量的变化,针对软土中地下水运动进行理论分析。基于Theis理论,针对潜水含水层完整井的轴对称井流微分方程,采用Boltzmann变换,推求得到虹吸过程中软土地基中的水位和流量的显式解析解,并进行室内物理模拟试验验证。结果表明,解析解与试验数据较吻合。与前人经典解析解进行对比,表明相对误差绝对值范围为0～15%,误差较小。推导得到的解析解相比经典解析解而言,计算更简单,更有利于工程应用。