贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

利用X射线衍射等分析方法,对贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物进行研究,获得了粘土矿物的组成、相对含量、结晶度指数、化学指数以及相对含量比值等方面的信息,探讨该盆地的沉积环境演化特征。研究表明,粘土矿物以伊/蒙混层矿物(30%~75%)和绿泥石(10%~45%)为主,高岭石(5%~20%)和伊利石(10%)次之,基本不含蒙脱石。伊/蒙混层矿物和绿泥石含量呈负相关性。高岭石含量在剖面底部较稳定,在484cm上部出现较大的波动。伊利石结晶度和化学指数与伊/蒙混层矿物含量具有较好的正相关性,且在第Ⅰ阶段相对于其它指标较敏感,出现波动。通过综合对比分析,将研究区剖面划分为4个阶段,其是3个冷暖干湿的大循环和若干个小循环气候环境的物质记录。     

蒙脱石+伊/蒙混层+伊利石等粘土矿物混合物相X射线定量分析方法—模拟定量法

本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。     

湖南测水组粘土矿物组合及其环境意义

测水组粘土矿物主要为高岭石及伊利石,其次为少量绿泥石、叶腊石及伊利石一蒙脱石混层矿物。它们在垂向上具有一定变化规律,与沉积环境的演化相一致。泻湖及演浅海沉积中粘土矿物主要为伊利石和绿泥石.潮坪、淡水泻湖及沼泽沉积中主要为高岭石,其次为伊利石。     

临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中坡缕石的发现及其环境气候意义

为揭示临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成对环境气候的指示意义, 利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微分析方法, 对临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物的矿物组成以及坡缕石的矿物学特征进行了深入的研究.结果表明, 沉积物中的坡缕石主要为自生成因, 极少量具有碎屑成因.自生成因的坡缕石呈细长丝状的形态特征, 往往沿片状的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物颗粒的边缘交代、生长;碎屑成因的坡缕石呈平直细纤维状的, 以单颗粒形式产出, 与细小的粘土矿物颗粒混杂, 或叠合在片状粘土矿物颗粒的表面.在临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 下段岩层中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石;中段岩层的为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土;而上段岩层则为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和绿泥石, 反映在盆地形成之后, 气候演化经历从湿润→冷干的变化过程.而沉积物中坡缕石的含量自下而上逐渐增多, 其分布特征与粘土矿物组合所反映的气候环境变化趋势相吻合.伊利石和伊/蒙混层粘土普遍存在于临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石的共存表明这些粘土矿物具有不同的来源.坡缕石是干旱、半干旱地区泥灰岩风化以及风成沙漠尘土沉积物的特征矿物, 临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物中碎屑成因坡缕石的发现, 表明自~9Ma以来便出现风成黄土的沉积.      

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

澄湖SC7孔沉积物粘土矿物特征及其古地理意义

苏州澄湖湖底残留有一条NNW—SSE延伸且已被淤平的古河道。通过对湖心区古河道段SC7孔沉积物的粘土矿物XRD分析及与湖底硬粘土（Q3）、湖岸区沉积（Q4）和长江口滩地现代沉积的比较,表明古河道充填沉积中的粘土矿物主要为伊利石,其次为高岭石、绿泥石、蛭石,还有少量蒙皂石及蛭石/绿泥石混层矿物;其中的伊利石和绿泥石含量均明显偏高,高岭石含量则偏低,伊利石结晶度也较高。粘土矿物组合兼具太湖流域地带性粘土矿物和长江口沉积物的特点,表明古河道充填沉积既有来自本流域表层物质和澄湖扩大过程中的湖岸崩积,也受到长江物源的影响。这一沉积过程也说明古河道在最大海侵时涨潮流和洪水引起海水和江水的频繁倒灌,直至淤塞和淹废。     

两淮煤田石炭二叠系粘土矿物特征及其环境意义

应用差热分析，Ｘ衍射分析，透射电镜等测试手段，结合野外沉积环境，地球化学分析，对安徽两淮煤田石炭二叠系粘土矿物进行了系统的研究，主要粘土矿物有伊利石及其混层矿物，高岭石，绿泥石等，可划分为５种组合类型，即伊利石一伊／蒙混层一绿泥石组合，伊利石一伊／蒙混层组合，伊利石一伊／蒙混层一高岭石组合，高岭石一伊／蒙混层一伊利石组合的高岭石组合。不同的组合类型代表着一定的沉积环境和盆地水介质条件。其结构同其它     

海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中粘土矿物组合及其气候环境意义

X射线衍射分析结果显示,海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中粘土矿物主要由伊-蒙混层矿物、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石等组成,其含量分别为34.2%,27.3%,21.1%和17.4%。采用人工判别分区和Q型聚类分析分区相结合的方法,将研究区按粘土矿物的相对含量和分布水深,划分出3个粘土矿物组合区,各分区的矿物组合特点显示它们的赋存现状受控于各种粘土矿物本身的粒度、形态特征、水动力条件和水深等因素。在南海海域首次鉴别出有较高含量的伊-蒙混层矿物存在,根据前人对伊-蒙混层矿物、伊利石和高岭石所指示气候条件的研究结果和本研究区内这些表层粘土矿物的含量、组合特征,判断海南岛及周边区域1 500 a以来一直处于比较温湿的气候环境。     

临夏盆地晚更新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示

利用X射线衍射、扫描电子分析方法,对临夏地区塔湾黄土沉积物的粘土矿物学特征及其古气候指示作用进行了深入研究。结果表明：晚更新世的黄土沉积物风成黄土或经过表生风化改造形成的古土壤,其粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、绿泥石、伊/蒙混层粘土矿物、高岭石和少量的坡缕石,沉积物中高岭石、伊利石/蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石矿物组合,指示物源区经历了气候从湿润变为冷干的转变。沉积物中伊利石结晶度的测量结果显示,其（001）衍射峰的半高宽在0.23°~0.86°之间,不同岩性层中伊利石结晶度存在明显的差别,伊利石结晶度存在着两个明显的峰值区,这表明临夏地区晚更新世的气候变化经历了从湿润→冷干→湿润→冷干的两个周期性的演化,而且晚期与早期相比更加湿润同时又更为冷干。沉积物中既有自生成因的坡缕石,又有碎屑成因的坡缕石。沉积物中自生成因坡缕石和碎屑成因坡缕石均稳定存在的现象表明,本区晚更新世的古气候是以干旱为特征,年均降雨量在300 mm左右。     

Clay minerals as an index of the degree of metamorphism of the carbonate and terrigenous rocks in the South Wales coalfield

Illite, illite-montmorillonite (I-M) mixed layer, kaolinite and chlorite are the principal clay minerals identified in the carbonate and terrigenous carboniferous rocks in the South Wales coalfield. Mineralogic changes and illite crystallinity are the main modifications in the studied rocks. Progressive illitization of I-M mixed layers (decrease in their expandabilities) towards the western part of the coalfield (i.e. in the direction of increase in coal-rank and grade of metamorphism), and the development of vermicular kaolinite, dickite, allevardite and pyrophyllite in the anthracite area are the main mineralogic changes. Illite crystallinity was determined by Weaver's sharpness ratio (S.R.) and isosharpness ratio maps of illite in the carbonate and terrigenous rocks are produced showing a gradual increase in illite crystallinity towards the west. Illites in the terrigenous rocks tend to be aluminous (evidenced by the increase in their intensity ratios, ‘I.R.’) with increase in coal-rank and grade of metamorphism towards the west. These changes are controlled to some extent by lithology. Correlation of illite S.R. with either its I.R. or expandability of I-M mixed layer, has outlined two diagenetic zones in the coalfield: zone I, the Diagenetic zone, in the eastern and southern regions; and zone II, the Metadi-agenetic zone, covering the central and northern parts of the central region. The Anchimetamorphic zone (zone III), which corresponds to the anthracite area in the northwestern region, was differentiated by correlating the illite S.R. with coal-rank. The occurrence of the above mentioned diagenetic zones and modifications of the clay minerals in the carboniferous rocks of the South Wales coalfield are mainly lateral without variation with increase in depth.     

Characteristics and distribution of clay minerals and their effects on reservoir quality: Huagang Formation in the Xihu Sag,East China Sea Basin

Abstract

The characteristics and distribution of clay minerals and their effects on reservoir quality in the Huagang sandstones in the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin were studied by using X-ray diffraction, casting thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, fluid inclusion analysis, constant-rate mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance. Clay minerals consist of kaolinite, chlorite, illite and illite–smectite mixed layer (I/S); kaolinite forms from dissolved feldspars, chlorite occurs as clay coatings that are transformed from clay precursors owing to the flocculation of suspended detrital clays or the crystallisation of pore fluids, and illite forms from the illitisation of detrital smectite, authigenic kaolinite and K-feldspars. Clay distribution is controlled by sedimentary environments, burial history and lithologies. Typical reservoirs in the western sub-sag are thin and developed in braided river facies at relatively shallow burial depths with clays dominated by kaolinite. However, typical reservoirs in the central inversion tectonic zone are thicker and developed in a braided delta front facies at deeper burial depths with clays mainly consisting of chlorite, illite and I/S. High-quality reservoirs are characterised by coarse granularity, high quartz content and low clay content with widespread development of chlorite coatings that inhibit quartz cements at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the high-quality reservoirs develop more pores providing growth space for quartz cements and result in the coexistence of chlorite coatings and quartz cements. The high-quality reservoirs are controlled by their lithological characteristics rather than chlorite coatings. Illite and I/S clays create severe damage to reservoirs by reducing the size and connectivity of pore-throats.     

Clay Minerals in an Active Hydrothermal Field at Iheya‐North‐Knoll,Okinawa Trough

Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘泥质岩黏土矿物特征及其地质意义

为研究鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭-二叠纪古气候特征及其与成煤作用之间的关系,利用X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对研究区石炭-二叠系泥质岩中的黏土矿物组成及其环境意义进行分析。结果显示,区内泥质岩中黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物为主,次为伊利石和绿泥石。黏土矿物的垂向组合特征表现为:高岭石在桥头剖面、扒楼沟剖面和成家庄剖面山西组,桥头剖面太原组底部、成家庄剖面太原组上部及本溪组中部含量偏高。伊利石在各个剖面的山西组中含量较高,绿泥石仅在山西组中上部、太原组下部含量较高。扫描电镜下黏土矿物晶体形态规则,未见明显磨蚀痕迹,伊利石结晶度为0.42°△2θ~0.63°△2θ,平均值为0.47°△2θ,结晶度较好,混层比相对质量分数平均值25.1%,表现为自生黏土矿物。根据自生黏土矿物的习性指出研究区古气候总体表现为温暖潮湿、间或在太原组早期和山西组中-晚期伴有短周期干冷气候。古气候与沉积环境两者相互印证指示聚煤作用强度的变化过程,是控制研究区内聚煤作用的关键因素。      

内蒙古中部地区晚古生代地层接触变质作用研究初探

内蒙古中部晚古生代地层由于中生代岩浆的侵入,部分发生接触变质,变质程度多处于沸石相或葡萄石绿纤石相。通过对典型剖面的泥质岩石中的粘土矿物、伊利石结晶度以及镜质体反射率的分析,得出以下结论：（1）粘土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主,只在极少数样品中有伊蒙混层和蒙脱石,多数缺乏伊绿混层;（2）伊利石结晶度为022~040;（3）镜质体反射率Ro值为15~40。其结果表明：在岩浆侵入地区有小规模的接触变质,为极低级变质带,并未发生大规模的低绿片岩相的区域变质,而且这种变质只影响到晚二叠世以前沉积的地层和油气,分布范围有限。     

Burial history determination of the Triassic succession of Central and Northern Tunisia using clay minerals

The Oued Belif 48 and Koudiat El Halfa 5 borehole samples have been analysed in order to reveal the mineralogical composition of the Triassic successions and their burial history within the geological evolution of the Tethysian southern margin. Oued Belif 48 borehole belongs to Nefza district which is a part of the “Nappe zone” (Tellian unit, north-western Tunisia). Koudiat El Halfa 5 borehole crosses the Koudiat El Halfa diapir (north–west of the north–south axis, Central Atlas). In this paper, the burial degree of evaporitic Triassic samples was determined by the “illite crystallinity” index and by the evolution of the other phyllosilicates, essentially chlorite, talc and illite/chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layers. The studied samples of the two boreholes are characterized by the presence of abundant clay minerals. The <2-μm grain-size fraction of the samples is mostly composed of illite, chlorite and smectite and may contain a slight percentage of swelling layers (illite/smectite and illite/chlorite). The illite crystallinity value measured on ethylene glycol solvated oriented mounts of the Oued Belif 48 samples oscillates globally between 1 and 2.5 characterizing the epizonal zone with a range of 300–400 °C temperatures. The measures of Koudiat El Halfa 5 samples crystallinity index show a value ranging from 2 to 4, which indicates the anchizone and early epizone burial stage (temperatures around 200 °C). These data can be explained by Miocene magmatic activities characterizing the Triassic material of Nefza district and also by burial phenomena effects.     

Clay petrology of the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic terrestrial strata of the Newark Supergroup,Connecticut Valley,U.S.A.

The clay mineralogy of the Newark Supergroup (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) in the Connecticut Valley was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Clay minerals identified in 126 samples are illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, vermiculite, expandable chlorite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, mixed-layer chlorite/smectite, and mixed-layer chlorite/vermiculite. In general, the rocks are illitic with subordinate amounts of chlorite. However, the various lithofacies in the Newark Supergroup are characterized by distinct clay-mineral assemblages. Red beds of floodplain origin contain clays mainly of detrital nature with 2M illite most abundant. Subordinate amounts of chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite are also present. An interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red mudstone underlying basalt flows. Lacustrine gray beds are generally characterized by the clay-mineral assemblage 1Md illite + chlorite with minor amounts of smectite ane expandable chlorite. An interstratified chlorite/smectite predominates in gray mudstone associated with perennial lake cycles in the East Berlin Formation. Black shales of deeper lacustrine origin contain the assemblage 1Md ifillite + trioctahedral smectite and traces of chlorite. Illite and smectite also occur as mixed-layer phases.In many respects, the distribution of clay minerals in the Connecticut Valley can be likened to the general scheme proposed for the Permo-Triassic basins of Europe and Africa. These display both vertical and horizontal variations in clay-mineral assemblages that reflect the chemical and spatiotemporal evolution of intrabasin depositional and diagenetic environments. Chemical data indicate that magnesium, especially, was concentrated in the black muds of large perennial lakes that intermittently occupied the Connecticut rift valley. Pore waters derived from these sediments played an important role in the development of Mg-rich 2 : 1 and interstratified clay minerals during early diagenesis.     

苏北盆地粘土矿物转化模式与古地温

以苏北盆地为例,系统研究了火成岩发育区粘土矿物组合特征及其控制因素;建立了粘土矿物转化模式;根据粘土矿物成岩演化特点,进行古地温分析。研究表明,苏北地区粘土矿物的分布主要受埋藏成岩作用、岩浆侵入、母质来源三种因素的影响,发育四种类型的粘土矿物组合和三种粘土矿物转化模式;火山碎屑岩母岩区和基性岩浆侵入区具有特殊的粘土矿物组合和成岩演化模式,前者以富含蒙皂石矿物为特点;后者出现高岭石与伊/蒙有序间层矿物共生组合,并具有不连续的演化序列;苏北盆地短有序I/S矿物出现于镜质组反射率 0.5 %～ 0.5 5 %的深度,伊/蒙间层矿物转变成伊利石在镜质组反射率 0.75 %～ 0.8%,可以用于热成熟度和古地温的估算;而蒙皂石消失的界面则不具有指标意义     

成岩带、近变质带与一维纳米级层状硅酸盐

运用X射线衍射分析技术，计算了成岩带、近变质带粘土矿物C^*方向的粒度。根据阿尔卑斯造山带前陆碎屑岩粘土矿物粒度与伊利石结晶指数的关系，推导出了伊利石、绿泥石、蒙脱石、伊蒙混层、高岭石和叶蜡石的c^*方向粒度变化趋势曲线。结果表明，大多数产于成岩带和近变质带的粘矿物其c6*方向粒工为几至几十纳米。成岩带和近为质带是一维天然纳为级土帮物的产地。