温度与差应力对岩石熔融程度的等效关系——以角闪变粒岩为例

为了探讨差应力和温度与岩石熔融程度的关系,利用角闪变粒岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形实验。包括差应力条件下的动态实验,围压100 MPa,温度700℃,施加相当于差应力为0~25 MPa,且以每5 MPa为间隔进行天然块状岩石样品的动态熔融;在相同的围压条件下,温度由700 ℃到900 ℃每50 ℃为间隔,进行无差应力条件下天然块状岩石的静态熔融实验,并进行对比研究。结果表明,在相同温度条件下,岩石的熔融程度随着差应力的增加明显增高。通过对斜率的对比分析表明:以700 ℃为基准,差应力每增加5 MPa,其带来的影响与温度升高40 ℃的效果相当,也说明中性岩石的熔融对差应力的敏感程度比酸性岩要高。     

差应力对辉长岩熔融程度影响的实验研究

利用高温高压的实验分别对辉长岩进行差应力和温度与岩石熔融程度测试,并进一步分析讨论差应力和温度等岩石熔融程度的关系。动、静态的实验结论表明:(1)静态熔融条件下,岩石的熔融程度主要受温度的影响并且岩石熔融程度与温度呈正相关关系;(2)在保持一定温度不变的动态熔融条件下,岩石的熔融程度还与差应力呈正相关的关系;(3)差应力可以降低熔点,促使熔融提前发生并且使熔融强度增大;(4)差应力对岩石的熔融具有明显的控制作用;(5)以700℃为基准,差应力每增加5MPa其带来的影响与温度升高50℃的效果相当;(6)基性岩石的熔融对差应力的敏感程度最高。该实验结果还表明在研究岩石深熔作用时尤其是在构造作用较强烈地区要考虑差应力的影响因素。     

辉长岩部分熔融实验及地质学意义

利用高温高压多功能三轴实验装置对四川省攀枝花辉长岩进行了动态和静态部分熔融实验研究,实验的围压为450～800MPa,温度区间为900～1 200℃.实验表明,差应力对辉长岩动态部分熔融程度有一定影响,初始熔体主要分布在不同矿物的颗粒边界和三联点,变形影响熔体分布,变形与辉长岩韵律层具有一定成因联系.本文为熔体对岩石流变学行为影响提供了实验约束依据.     

差应力与岩石熔融性状关系的实验研究

为考察不同应力状态下岩石应变与岩石熔融作用的关系,利用英国Instron公司生产的电液伺服实验系统,配以围压和加温系统设计了动、静态不同条件下细粒闪长岩的对比熔融实验,力图找到差应力与岩石熔融程度及其熔体成分的关系。通过岩石动、静态熔融实验结果的对比得出：差应力的存在能够导致细粒闪长岩的熔融,随着差应力（应变速率）的增加,熔体的量增加,熔体成分向富Si、Al方向转变。     

差应力对闪长岩部分熔融熔体分布和成分的影响

探讨差应力对熔体分布和成分演化的关系,利用细粒闪长岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形,主要包括静态熔融实验和有差应力参与的动态熔融2种类型。实验首先统计了熔体含量、确定了实验重要参数,然后分别描述了动、静态熔融实验后闪长岩的显微特征;并且通过对动、静态熔融实验结果熔体分布情况的对比,结合熔体成分电子探针数据进行分析。结果表明:在细粒闪长岩的部分熔融中,熔体在差应力的作用下沿一定的方向展布,并从差应力大的地方向差应力小的地方运移,差应力的作用使得高含水矿物(角闪石)先于熔点低的斜长石发生熔融,说明差应力促进了岩石的熔融,使得熔体成分向Si、Al等方向转化,即从基性向酸性转化。     

辉长岩脆-塑性转化及其影响因素的高温高压实验研究

本文利用高温高压多功能三轴实验装置,以NaCl为固体围压传压介质,在围压为450MPa~800MPa,温度区间为600℃~1150℃和应变速率为1×10-4~3.125×10-6/s条件下,对攀枝花辉长岩进行了流变学实验研究。实验结果表明,辉长岩围压在450MPa~800MPa条件下,温度在600℃时为脆性变形,700℃~850℃时为半塑性流动,含微破裂,大于900℃时为塑性流动。辉长岩的脆-塑性转化温度为700℃~900℃,主要影响因素为温度、围压和应变速率,同时存在双相流变学问题。      

岩石部分熔融实验前样品烘干温度和时间对实验结果的影响

高温高压下岩石部分熔融实验是模拟地球内部岩浆和岩石成因最常用的实验方法.但国内用岩石部分熔融实验进行这一类的研究并不多见.用天然块状岩石或岩石粉末的部分熔融无水实验,一般需在实验前将样品烘干处理.在前人的实验中,实验前样品烘干的温度和时间各不相同.Dunn(1994)在进行角闪岩相变质玄武岩的部分熔融实验时,样品在110℃下烘干时间超过2 h.     

辉绿岩脆-塑性变形转化的高温高压实验研究

以天然叶腊石为传压介质, 在温度800~100 0℃、围压0.6~1.0 GPa和应变速率10-4~10-5 s-1条件下, 对Maryland辉绿岩的脆性-塑性转化进行了实验研究.实验结果表明, 在10-4~10-5 s-1应变速率和固定围压1.0 GPa条件下, 当温度低于800℃时, 岩石变形为典型脆性破裂; 温度高于1000℃时岩石变形以准稳态蠕变为主; 温度在800~950℃之间, 岩石变形从脆性破裂向准塑性流动转化.温度变化对岩石脆-塑性转化影响敏感度高于压力变化对变形的敏感度.显微构造观察显示, 辉绿岩脆-塑性转化以稀疏弥漫状共轭塑性流动网络为特征.      

天然花岗岩的脆塑性转化-塑性流变实验研究

<正>本研究样品采用四川泸定地区的细粒花岗岩,在德国GFZ的Paterson型高温流变仪上开展了轴向压缩和扭转实验研究。样品含有石英36%,钾长石34%,钠长石26%,白云母3%,绿泥石1%。轴向压缩实验条件为300 MPa围压、温度800~1 050℃、等应变速率10-5s-1。由于实验样品不同程度地出现脆性破裂特征,在900℃温度、围压1 atm和100 MPa条件下分别进行了轴向压缩实验。在此基础上开展了围压400Mpa、温度950℃、最大扭应变速率1.8×10-5s-1的等应变速率的扭转实验。实验结果显示,随温度升     

0.1 GPa块状榴辉岩脱水部分熔融: 局部熔融体系和温度的影响

选取了湖北英山东冲河含有含水矿物黑云母和角闪石的退变质榴辉岩块状样品, 在0.1 GPa的恒压下, 分别进行了750、800、850、900℃四个温阶、恒温加热4 h的开放体系的脱水部分熔融实验.熔融从含水矿物的脱水暗化开始, 850℃时出现玻璃质熔体.镜下观察显示, 熔体主要分布在后成合晶边界、熔融程度最高的样品顶端、石英颗粒边界及裂隙内部这3个局部熔融体系内.受局部体系内部物质组成的控制, 同一温阶、不同体系内的熔体成分变化很大, 呈基性、中性和酸性.随着温度的升高, 同一体系内的熔体成分均向酸性方向演化.该实验结果表明, 恒压下局部熔融体系内物质组成的不同和温度的变化是影响熔体成分的2个重要因素, 这为理解榴辉岩块状样品的脱水部分熔融行为及与其他基性变质岩类的熔融行为进行对比提供了实验依据.      

Near-solidus Melting of the Shallow Upper Mantle: Partial Melting Experiments on Depleted Peridotite

We present the results of melting experiments on a moderatelydepleted peridotite composition (DMM1) at 10 kbar and 1250–1390°C.Specially designed experiments demonstrate that liquids extractedinto aggregates of vitreous carbon spheres maintained chemicalcontact with the bulk charge down to melt fractions of     

动态熔融过程中岩石的剪切压熔作用及变形-熔融结构模型

本文以细粒辉长岩、中粒花岗岩、细粒斜长角闪岩和二辉麻粒岩等几种岩石类型为实验样品,进行了高温高压条件下岩石的变形、熔融试验。通过对实验样品详细的变形、熔融特征研究和应力应变分析,得出了共轭扇式变形-熔融模型可能更能反映自然实际条件下动力变形、熔融的平面分布特征。在动力熔融概念和分层熔融模式提出的基础上,本文提出如下几点设想:1岩石圈脆-韧性转变域内的岩石在构造动力条件下可发生动力熔融,并且其平面分布呈共轭扇式变形-熔融结构展布;其作用机理为剪切压熔机制控制下的各种有利促熔条件控熔。2动力熔融概念的提出,大大扩展了熔融的发生域和岩浆源地的分布范围,使得熔融或岩浆的产生不再只限于上地幔或壳幔边界,而是分布在一个相当宽广的温压和组分范围内,其热力来源也不再只受地温梯度控制,而是有热力、动力两种来源。3在造山带分层熔融模式提出的基础上,重新分析了岛弧钙碱性安山岩、类埃达克岩、同构造花岗岩的成因问题,提出了岛弧钙碱性安山岩的分层熔融混合岩浆成因和类埃达克岩、同构造花岗岩的动力熔融成因;并提出了裂谷拉伸环境可能存在分层熔融模式和有关分层熔融模式多类型的设想。     

Melting kinetics of a plagioclase feldspar

Partial melting experiments on plagioclase feldspar have been carried out to investigate textures and kinetics of the melting. A labradorite single crystal was heated at one atmosphere pressure and temperatures within its melting interval as a function of time. So called honeycomb, fingerprint, or sieve textures were produced except for the runs just below the liquidus. The melting was initiated by heterogeneous nucleation of melt at the surface and/or interior (cracks and possively dislocations) of the crystal. The pattern of the melt is dendritic with a few μm arm spacing. After the melt develops throughout the crystal, the volumes of melt and residual crystal become larger and smaller, respectively, without changing the arm spacings. The melt is homogeneous and has the approximate temperature dependent liquidus composition irrespective of the time. There are compositional gradients in the residual crystal after short periods of melting. The An content of the crystals increases with increasing time until it finally reaches equilibrium with the melt after several thousands minutes of heating. It is concluded that the enlargement of the melt, the main process of the melting, is controlled by diffusion in the crystal. The fact that partial melts have the composition of the equilibrium liquidus even from the first several minutes strongly suggests that the local equilibrium at the crystal-liquid interface is satisfied during the melting. Some of the honeycomb, fingerprint, and sieve textures found in xenoliths and phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase in volcanic rocks would be caused by heating events (such as magma mixing) during which temperatures of magmas were temporarily higher than the solidus of some of the minerals.     

Natural Partial Melting of Spinel Lherzolite

Spinel lherzolite nodules from Dreiser Weiher, Germany, containsmall glass bearing microcrystalline blebs that were formedfrom a partial melt. The partial melting occurred during contactanatexis of lherzolite surrounding a deep seated magma chamberin the mantle. The blebs formed from melt drops that were isolatedfrom each other and not from an intergranular film. The resultssuggest that primary magma originates as small melt drops ina lherzolitic matrix. This evidence indicates a limited mobilityof traces of partial melt in the mantle, and suggests that theaccumulation of primary magmas formed at very small degreesof partial melting is unlikely.     

南极冰冻圈融化速度减缓?

南极大陆温度正在升高,但是其冰冻圈融化速度比之前预测的速度要慢许多.事实上,有关该地区的卫星数据显示,南极大陆在去年夏天的融化速度就是近30年来最慢的一年.两位冰河专家在美国地球物理学联盟(American Geophysical Union)周报EOS上发表文章对这个看似矛盾的现象进行了解释.     

湿雪的密实化与颗粒粗化过程研究

研究了处于自然状态下的湿雪的密实化和颗粒粗化过程.在野外观测的基础上,通过应用粘滞流体模型,发现与干雪相反,当湿雪的含水率达到一定程度(重量含水率约5%)后,粘滞度随密度增加而降低.通过粒径量测与颗粒大小分布统计发现,与含水饱和的雪相同,在湿雪演变过程中,不同时刻的雪粒粒径积累频率分布曲线形状基本相同,且与含水饱和雪的基本一致,说明含水不饱和的雪与含水饱和的雪在颗粒粗化过程中具有相同的粒径分布及其演进特征.分析还显示,含水不饱和雪的颗粒粗化速率比含水饱和雪的小得多.     

Rheology of Basalt in the Melting Range

Experimental data have been obtained for viscosities of tholeiitemelts at temperatures from 1300 to 1120 °Cat 1 atm, usinga concentric cylinder viscometer. The apparent viscosity increasesmore than two orders of magnitude between 1200 and 1120 °C(0–25 per cent crystallization) for shear rates of about10 sec^-1 and even more for lower shear rates. Non-Newtonianbehaviour of ‘pseudo-plastic type’ becomes extremelypronounced at temperatures below about 1130 °C. At thesetemperatures, differences of less than 5 °C can producechanges in apparent viscosity amounting to orders of magnitude.These observations have led to the conclusion that the heatof deformation must itself influence rheological behaviour inthe melting range. An equation for thermal energy balances andtheir rates of change is constructed and placed in a non-dimensionalform that has been given published solutions by I. J. Gruntfest(1963) relating the shear stress, rate of strain, and temperaturethrough the temperature dependence of viscosity. The resultsshow that in an adiabatic system the heating rate increaseswith time so that the temperature eventually runs out of bounds,a process termed ‘thermal feedback’ by Gruntfest.A hypothesis of shear melting is derived on the basis of a simplifiedviscosity function extrapolated to the solidus temperature.The hypothesis is applied to magma generation in the earth onthe basis of dimensional arguments. It is also suggested thatthermal instabilities give rise to a sort of viscous failureresponsible for deep-focus earthquakes, and that the two phenomenahave the same cause relating ultimately to a gravitational energysource.     

纳米粒子的熔点与粒径的关系

推导纳米粒子的熔点与其粒径的定量关系, 并从热力学的角度阐明纳米粒子烧结过程的实质及烧结温度与粒径的关系.利用热力学及表面化学的有关理论, 虚拟固相和液相之间的相变过程, 根据相平衡条件, 将纳米粒子的熔点与粒径联系起来, 并以金属铅(Pb) 为例进行计算.结果表明, 纳米粒子粒径越小, 比表面自由能越高, 其化学势则比相同条件下的块状固体高很多, 导致其熔点和烧结温度大大低于同样材质的块状固体.以金属Pb为例, 通过熔点和粒径之间的定量关系计算的结果与实验结果吻合.因此纳米粒子的熔点和烧结温度与其粒径有关, 即粒子越小, 熔点和烧结温度越低.      

Melting of carbon at 50 to 300 kbar

Diamond (～1 μm) and graphite (1–10 μm) in NaCl were melted at 50 to 300 kbar in a diamond anvil cell using a pulsed YAG laser. The samples were removed from the cell and the structures of the quenched phases were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The melted regions of the samples were found to consist of nearly perfect spheres of carbon ranging in size from ～1 μm down to less than a few nanometers. In the diamond sample melted at 300 kbar, the larger spherules (>0.2 μm) are polycrystalline diamond with either a granular or radial texture. The smaller spherules (<0.2 μm) give electron diffraction patterns with four diffuse rings that correspond to the 002, 100, 004 and 110 of graphite. This diffraction pattern is typical of disordered graphite randomly oriented about the c-axis. Dark field imaging, using a portion of the 002 ring, produces a “bow tie” figure in each of the smaller spherules. The orientation of the “bow tie” figure depends on the portion of the ring used to form the image, and indicates a radial orientation of the c-axis of the disordered graphite. The spacing between the 002 layers depends on the pressure at the time of melting. We interpret this to indicate that there is some sp³ bonding between layers in the disordered graphite in the smaller spherules. The smaller spherules may have the disordered graphite structure because of the effect of the size on the free energy relationship between the phases, or they may have been quenched more rapidly than the larger spherules thus preserving some of the character of the melt. If the latter explanation is correct, then our results may indicate that the diamond melt contains significant sp² bonding. Lattice images (Fig. 12) of the internal structure of the smallest spherules observable (～50 A) clearly show that the carbon layers are parallel to the surface of the spherules and that there is a great deal of disorder in the layers. These observations are entirely consistent with our conclusions based on the dark field images.