四川攀枝花云鹿矿区特殊类型铂族元素成矿作用的发现

四川攀枝花云鹿铜铂金矿区是一个新发现的比较罕见的新类型含铂族元素矿床,其特殊性至少表现为:矿化体赋存在炭质岩系中、炭质岩系中富含镁电气石(MgO含量7.68%～8.64%,平均8.15%)、表生过程中低温条件下铂族元素发生了活化转移(含铜钟乳石中含PGE0.14×10-6)。铂族元素的最初富集可能与元古宙的海底喷气活动有关。此类铂族元素的矿化在国内外罕见,有可能是第一次发现,但类似的成矿地质条件在中国西南地区普遍存在,应该在今后的地质研究与找矿过程中加以注意。     

陕西南部地区铂族金属(PGE)矿床找矿方向

通过分析对比陕西南部地区铂族元素成矿的地质条件和铂族元素调查结果,指出在勉-略-宁三角地区及其周边寻找与超基性岩有关的镁铁-超镁铁岩体型PGE矿床,有利岩相接触部位、铬铁矿体上下盘、边缘糜棱岩带等是勘查PGE矿床的有利方向;陕南东南部地区的黑色岩系是寻找含硫化物的黄铁矿型铂族金属矿床的有利地区,这为在本区进一步开展铂族金属矿床勘查工作提供了依据.     

宁夏小松山铬铁矿床中铂族元素矿化特征及成因探讨

本文简述了宁夏小松山超基性岩体的地质概况,重点讨论了其岩体中铂族元素的矿化特征和成因机制,对铂族元素的因子分析、源区岩石及原始岩浆性质、岩浆演化过程中的物理化学条件等问题进行了研究。指出铂族元素的富集与铬铁矿化有密切的成因联系,铂族元素的矿化类型受原始地幔岩中铂族元素的类型控制。     

四川黑色岩系中发现独立的铂矿物--自然铂

黑色岩系(black rock series)或又称黑色页岩(black shales)是一种在深海缺氧的还原条件下(或在封闭的海湾条件下),以富含有机质为特征的一整套细粒-粉砂质或泥质沉积岩的总称,捷克学者J.Pasava把这种黑色岩石称为缺氧沉积岩(anoxic sediments).关于黑色岩系中含铂族元素问题,早在60年代后期至70年代就引起人们注意.80年代以来,国内外研究论文日益增多.在中国,近10年来,发表的论文也不少,但都未论及铂族元素存在形式.当然,更没有铂族元素矿物发现的报道.     

金宝山岩体铂族元素特征及成因意义

金宝山岩体是西南暗色岩系中的一个典型铂族元素矿化岩体，本文通过对岩体铂族元素地球化学特征的分析，探讨了岩体的成因属性。研究表明，金宝山岩体铂族元素特征与西南暗色岩区大部分铜镍硫化物型铂族元素含矿岩体基本相同，类似于典型地慢柱源的冰岛玄武岩及俄罗斯诺里尔斯克岩体，是地幔柱活动类OIB源部分熔融作用产物，成因上与峨眉山地幔柱活动相联系。     

黑色岩系中海底热液SEDEX矿床的研究概况

黑色岩系是含硫化物和有机质较高的暗色泥质岩、硅岩、碳酸盐岩组合,黑色岩系中以海底热液喷流作用形成的矿床是国际研究热点。因为海陆变化、壳幔作用以及全球构造变动均导致黑色岩系和SEDEX矿床的演化,所以研究湘黔张家界—遵义地区有机物从保存、埋藏、生烃、排气到过成熟,均与微生物的生命代谢、内生地质作用、成矿机制同步谐动,地球化学影响和生物成矿作用与全球性的气候变迁、缺氧事件相关联,而且以上研究集中体现在事件地质学的成因解释、热水喷流沉积作用、生物矿化与金属矿化、矿物成因与环境影响、铂族元素矿物、黑色页岩石煤与金属矿化、元素地球化学影响等方面。研究数据充分显示了特定的地质背景、成矿环境、生物作用机制在黑色岩系SEDEX矿床成岩成矿中的作用。     

城口地区早寒武世黑色岩系铂族元素地球化学特征与来源

北大巴山城口地区广泛发育富集V、Ag、Se等多种元素的下寒武统黑色岩系,但是否存在铂族元素矿化以及来源一直存在争议。本文利用ICP-MS方法测定了城口地区孙家坝剖面下寒武统鲁家坪组(对应牛蹄塘组)黑色岩系多金属富集层的铂族元素(PGE)、Au和Ag含量,在判断铂族元素异常的基础上,利用铂族元素地球化学特征探讨其来源。结果表明,该剖面黑色岩系样品具有较高的PGE含量(32.2~142.5 ng/g),平均88.9 ng/g,与上地壳平均值对比具有明显的PGE富集特征;同时金、银也具有较高的含量,平均值分别为40.2 ng/g和31.7μg/g。铂族元素配分模式表现为相对富集Pd、Pt、Os、Ru,亏损Ir、Rh,依据Ir含量以及与球粒陨石的对比分析,认为鲁家坪组黑色岩系PGE不具备地外物质来源。铂族元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式、PGE含量顺序及铂族元素相关图解显示其来源可能与海底热水作用关系密切。有机碳和PGE含量之间没有明显相关性,表明有机质可能是通过改变氧化还原条件导致PGE进一步富集。城口地区埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪过渡阶段海底热水作用和PGE异常的识别不仅对于理解黑色岩系型矿床的成因,而且对全球重大事件如寒武纪生命大爆发的认识都具有重要意义。     

俄罗斯远东地区铂族金属矿床勘查进展及找矿启示

近年来,俄罗斯远东地区铂族金属矿床勘查取得了长足进展,发现铂族金属矿化与金矿化密切相关,铂族金属矿床与中心型环带状基性-超基性侵入杂岩体在空间和成因上有密切联系,在黑色岩系及褐煤矿床中也发现了铂族金属矿化.上述成果指明了该区铂族金属矿床的找矿方向,发现并探明了一批铂族金属矿床.这些勘查进展对我国的铂族金属矿床勘查具有借鉴意义.     

黔北旦坪铝土矿床含矿岩系伴生元素富集规律

黔北务正道地区铝土矿床(点)广布,许多矿床含矿岩系伴生多种关键金属元素,具有较高的综合利用潜力,旦坪铝土矿床是近年在该区新模向斜内新发现的大型矿床.本文在对该矿床典型含矿岩系剖面地质特征和矿物组合研究基础上,通过不同位置铝土岩和不同类型矿石的主量、微量和稀土元素含量分析,初步查明了该矿床中伴生元素的分布特征和富集规律.研究结果表明,矿区含矿岩系中多种关键金属元素不同程度富集,不同位置铝土岩和不同类型矿石中富集元素的种类及富集程度存在较明显差异,其与铝土矿化过程出现的矿物组合及含量密切相关.总体而言,本区铝土矿床中Li、Sc、Ga具有较大潜在综合利用价值,其中Li主要富集于含矿岩系中上部,而Sc和Ga富集于含矿岩系中下部.此外,含矿岩系下伏下志留统韩家店组砂页岩经历了相对较弱的脱硅、富铝和富铁作用,其中许多微量元素也有不同程度富集,如REE元素,但其机理尚有待深入研究.     

天山成矿带境内外地球化学特征对比——中国东天山和哈萨克斯坦楚伊犁地区

对天山成矿带中国境内的东天山地区和哈萨克斯坦境内的楚伊犁地区1∶100万比例尺的地球化学填图所揭示的信息进行了对比研究。造岩元素、铁族元素、稀有元素、稀土元素和分散元素在这2个地区的含量和富集程度都非常接近,说明天山地区具有相同的地质背景;贵金属元素Au在楚伊犁地区的含量和富集程度要显著高于东天山地区,楚伊犁地区的Au异常不仅与石英脉型金矿有关,还与黑色页岩微粒金矿化有关;有色金属元素在2个地区差别不大,不同的是Cu异常在东天山以独立或与其他有色金属元素伴生异常存在,而在楚伊犁主要以与贵金属元素伴生异常存在;铂族元素在2个地区含量比较接近,一类异常与基性和超基性岩有关,另一类与黑色岩系有关。尽管这2个地区都还未发现有经济价值的铂族元素矿床,但在楚伊犁地区已经发现与炭质硅质岩有关的微粒金、铂矿化。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.