采空侧巷道底鼓形成机制与防治技术研究

煤矿深部采空侧巷道底鼓现象日趋普遍和严重,严重影响巷道的运输和正常使用,其底鼓防治技术研究已成为目前煤矿岩石力学问题研究的重点。通过理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验等研究方法,对采空侧巷道底鼓的特征、形成原因、形成机制及其防治技术进行了详细研究,得到以下结论：（1）采空侧巷道底鼓与底板岩性和底板岩层的应力重新分布有关;（2）底板在严重挤压变形的情况下发生断裂,底板隆起,墙角发生外移是造成底鼓的主要原因;（3）底鼓始于巷道底角与底板中部;（4）采用中空锚杆注浆与高强锚杆锚注联合支护技术能有效治理采空侧巷道的底鼓     

软岩巷道底鼓控制技术研究

软岩巷道底鼓是软岩巷道底板支护的重要问题之一，长期以来一直制约煤矿安全高效生产。对此，以榆神矿区某矿30112回风顺槽为研究对象，通过理论分析、数值模拟确定巷道底鼓类型属“应力型”，巷道在重复采动影响下帮角、底角、底板出现明显塑性破坏。针对底鼓产生原因，提出“帮脚锚杆+底角锚杆+混凝土”复合支护技术。实测结果表明，优化支护参数后巷道底板底鼓量最大不超过16mm，底鼓最大变化量不超过2mm/天，取得了良好的现场应用效果。     

回采巷道煤柱与底板稳定性分析

将老顶和老底视为加载系统,分析了回采巷道煤柱和底板岩层的相互作用及稳定性,并提出了底板岩层产生滑移的条件。认为回采巷道底鼓一般不是底板岩层在垂直应力作用下向巷道内滑移所致。     

综放沿空巷道底板受力变形分析及底鼓力学原理

在分析了综放沿空巷道底板力学环境的基础上，建立了底板力学模型，计算了巷道，窄煤桩，高支承压力区底板岩层的相对位移，提出综放沿空巷道底鼓成因主要有以下3个方面：一是巷道底板一定深度的岩层在等效载荷的作用下产生拉应变而破坏；二是由于巷道底板岩层的破坏降低了高支承压力区底板岩体围压，导致这部分岩体在基形变热能释放过程中破坏而产生的巷道内的塑性流动三是实煤体帮的下沉，并简要分析了煤柱宽度对底鼓的影响。     

隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形：一种新的底鼓机制研究

底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法（finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM）在模拟岩体材料弹塑性连续变形和断裂失效非连续变形以及破碎块体接触方面的优越性,采用FDEM数值模拟方法研究了隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形演化机制,并研究了地应力侧压系数、围岩体抗拉强度和底板位置对底鼓机制的影响。结果表明：（1）隧道底板底鼓力学机制为围岩的破裂碎胀性大变形,可简述为隧道开挖导致径向应力降低、切向应力升高,当升高的切向应力超过岩体强度时便产生共轭剪切破裂并伴随拉伸断裂,最大切向应力不断向深处完整围岩演化直至与岩体强度达到极限平衡状态,剪切裂隙也随之不断向深处扩展,深部块体推挤浅部块体向隧道空间移动并产生大量空隙,发生体积膨胀现象,造成底鼓灾害;（2）根据地应力侧压系数和围岩体抗拉强度的不同,可归纳出5类不同的底板破坏模式,但都可归结为由于最大切向集中应力造成的破裂碎胀性大变形。修正了原有底鼓力学机制未考虑应力释放、转移和集中等...     

梁北矿高瓦斯特软煤层巷道变形特征及原因

梁北矿-550m水平二1煤层属典型“三软”煤层,煤层透气性差,瓦斯含量高,瓦斯压力大,地应力大,具有较强的突出危险性。11采区煤巷埋深达610～750m,现场调查表明,巷道持续大变形,底鼓严重,支护难度大。本文对梁北矿-550m水平11采区二1煤层巷道工程地质特征进行了调研,总结了煤巷变形特征,运用FLAC数值试验方法对巷道大变形的原因进行了分析。指出该煤巷变形以显著底鼓为特征,其主要原因是煤层软弱、底板煤扰动、瓦斯防突钻孔效应和支护缺陷。认为高瓦斯特软煤层巷道的支护应兼顾瓦斯治理与支护两方面,宜把它们当成一个系统进行协同分析,这是有效解决此类煤巷稳定性控制难题的一种有效途径。在此基础上,提出了相应的防治对策。     

梁北矿高瓦斯特软煤层巷道变形特征及原因

梁北矿-550m水平二1煤层属典型“三软”煤层,煤层透气性差,瓦斯含量高,瓦斯压力大,地应力大,具有较强的突出危险性。11采区煤巷埋深达610～750m,现场调查表明,巷道持续大变形,底鼓严重,支护难度大。本文对梁北矿-550m水平11采区二1煤层巷道工程地质特征进行了调研,总结了煤巷变形特征,运用FLAC数值试验方法对巷道大变形的原因进行了分析。指出该煤巷变形以显著底鼓为特征,其主要原因是煤层软弱、底板煤扰动、瓦斯防突钻孔效应和支护缺陷。认为高瓦斯特软煤层巷道的支护应兼顾瓦斯治理与支护两方面,宜把它们当成一个系统进行协同分析,这是有效解决此类煤巷稳定性控制难题的一种有效途径。在此基础上,提出了相应的防治对策。     

深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩采动应力分区演化特征

针对深井孤岛工作面煤巷大变形问题，采用现场实测手段研究了回采过程中巷道和采空区应力动态演化规律以及巷道围岩变形破坏演化特征。研究结果表明：深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩应力演化与变形破坏具有显著的阶段性特征，工作面前方大于250 m范围，巷道围岩未受采动影响，围岩应力变化较小且变形主要集中在底板与煤柱肩窝；工作面前方100～250 m支护结构受力增大，巷道浅部围岩破碎，顶底板移近及煤柱内挤变形突出，巷道出现明显的非对称变形破坏；工作面前方100 m为强烈采动影响阶段，尤其是在工作面前方20～22 m围岩垂直应力与空间主应力变化比较剧烈，顶底板移近与两帮内挤变形更加突出，巷道围岩表现出明显的大变形破坏特征。根据采空区应力分区特征分析了顶板覆岩结构的动态演化过程。结合应力与变形破坏演化特征，提出了巷道支护对策，以期为深井巷道围岩控制提供一定指导。     

高地应力破碎软岩巷道底臌特性及综合控制对策研究

高地应力破碎软岩巷道底臌问题,由于其地质条件的复杂性,是煤矿开采的技术难题之一。通过总结分析高地应力破碎软岩巷道底臌的变形破坏特性,研究了底臌治理对策。研究结果表明,底板围岩呈现出挤压剪切流变特性,在支护对策上应将支护体系视为完整体系,在加强修复固结、应力转移和扩大承载圈的同时强调调动帮、顶部的间接控制作用。提出了以底板超挖、高强度预应力锚索、深孔注浆、底脚、拱角锚杆和回填为技术支撑的综合治理对策,通过FLAC3D建立的三维数值分析模型,分析了在综合治理对策下围岩位移场及塑性区的变化,验证了该方法的有效性。将综合治理对策应用到淮南潘二煤矿东二采区主要大巷,取得了良好的支护效果。     

软岩巷道顶、帮、底全支全让O型控制力学模型及工程实践

软弱岩体的阶段性、持续性流变,导致软岩巷道围岩深度破坏和支护失效。软岩巷道顶、帮、底三者在围岩系统稳定过程中所起的作用不同,软岩巷道围岩稳定性控制应做到整体性和协调性支护。在分析巷道顶、帮、底相互作用效应基础上,针对软岩巷道强流变四周均表现出大变形的破坏特征,提出了全断面、全支全让O型封闭控制的支护原理。该原理强调,开挖初期就应对软岩巷道顶、帮、底全断面进行强力支护,同时全断面又适时让压,在高阻支护力作用下又能适当释放围岩应力,达到对软岩巷道的整体性和协调性控制。通过力学模型对软岩巷道围岩塑性区范围和表面位移与支护力的作用关系进行了分析计算,得出巷道围岩变形破坏与支护力呈负相关关系。工程实践表明,采用该支护原理有效控制了深部软岩巷道的大变形。研究成果对类似工程实践具有一定的参考借鉴价值。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.