西北区野外地质调查中北斗卫星通讯与定位技术应用研究

在分析北斗一号卫星导航定位系统应用特点的基础上,介绍了基于北斗一号卫星通讯与定位技术的野外地质调查工作组网架构、野外地质调查工作管理与服务平台,并对北斗卫星系统在西北区野外地质调查中的应用进行分析总结。      

北斗卫星导航系统在地质调查领域应用综述

北斗卫星导航系统由中国自行研制,拥有完全自主知识产权,具有快速定位、双向通信和精密授时三大功能。介绍了北斗卫星导航系统的特点、功能及其在数据采集与监测、监控与指挥调度等方面的典型应用,总结了北斗卫星系统在野外地质调查与安全保障、地质灾害实时监测、抗震救灾与应急指挥中的应用,重点介绍了基于北斗卫星的野外地质调查服务与管理系统、滑坡实时监测系统、青藏高原地应力实时监测系统、抗震救灾应急指挥系统的组成及功能,并分析了北斗卫星导航系统在地质领域的应用优势。      

北斗卫星技术在数字地质调查系统中的集成开发与应用

在深入了解"北斗一号"导航卫星系统技术特点的基础上,结合地质调查工作流程,研究"北斗一号"导航卫星系统与数字地质调查系统集成的关键技术和实现方式以及系统的应用推广模式。研究表明,基于"北斗一号"卫星系统与GPS的双模式位置报送机制,可以为野外地质调查人员提供稳定的位置服务;北斗终端与手机的短信互通,在无手机网络的艰险地区也可与外界保持实时沟通。基于北斗导航卫星的DGSInfo系统可实现驻地实时监控和指挥,有助于野外应急事件的快速响应和处置,在中心节点可实现全局监控,为管理部门指挥调度和决策提供依据。GSIGrid野外地质调查管理服务与安全保障系统可在固定节点实现对移动节点的移动轨迹和通讯信息实时监控,并能与野外驻地和移动目标进行互动通讯,为野外地质调查人员提供查询服务,为突发事件应急处置的管理与决策提供数据支持。集成系统在东昆仑1:50000区调项目示范应用中取得了良好效果。      

东北地区野外地质工作中北斗卫星技术应用研究

东北地区野外地质工作地点分散,通讯不畅;进入陌生区危险性大;流动性大,管理不便。将北斗卫星技术引入东北地区野外地质调查,建立基于北斗卫星系统的野外-驻地-中心三级网络,不仅可以实现无人区和无通讯信号工作区野外地质调查人员与外界的通讯,还可以进行有策略的多路线业务互动。存放于北斗卫星服务系统中的安全预警预案数据库,可以有针对性地对有安全诉求的终端所在区域推送安全须知和突发事件处置方案。野外作业人员通过北斗卫星蓝牙接入模块,在通讯信号覆盖不到的区域也可以第一时间获取到重要的通知、公告等信息。系统在东北地区的示范应用效果良好。      

东昆仑地质填图中北斗卫星定位系统应用研究

通过北斗卫星定位系统终端在东昆仑试验区不同海拔高度、天气条件、地貌构造及移动状态下的示范应用,总结归纳了该定位系统在野外地质调查中的应用特点及不足,并对未来北斗卫星定位系统的应用进行了分析。试验应用结果表明,北斗卫星定位系统在提高地质调查效率、保障野外地质调查人员人身安全、野外作业管理以及野外应急服务等方面均可发挥重要作用。系统目前存在的定位精度不尽如人意、定位信号受地貌构造、天气和移动方式影响不甚稳定的现象,是其今后发展中需要重点解决的问题。      

中南地区地质调查中北斗卫星技术应用研究

主要介绍了基于北斗卫星的野外地质调查系统在丛峦叠障、植被覆盖茂密的中南地区野外地质调查中应用的情况,包括野外作业管理、人员安全保障以及遥感异常查证等。试验结果显示,利用该系统基本可实现野外地质调查人员的实时地理位置显示、历史轨迹回放、态势分析以及路线规划等;试验区内系统的通讯基本通畅,可以实现终端与终端、终端与指挥机之间的双向短报文通讯;利用北斗系统的定位功能,可实时记录异常查证点信息,对室内解译的遥感成果进行及时调整和修改,提高了野外地质调查的工作效率。      

北斗卫星技术在青海玉树地质灾害详查中的示范应用

利用北斗卫星系统的定位通讯功能,结合IP卫星技术、网络技术和网格技术,构建现代化野外地质工作管理与服务体系,实现了野外地质调查人员-野外驻地-野外工作站-大区中心站-北京中心站五级互联互通,项目管理部门可随时查看野外地质调查人员的工作轨迹,获知野外工作进展,提供突发事件应急处置远程服务。该系统在青海玉树州地质灾害详查项目中示范应用效果良好。      

2009年度地质科技十大进展

鸟类起源研究取得重大进展项目主要完成单位:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所祁连山冻土区发现天然气水合物项目主要完成单位:中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所大型气田天然气成藏机理与富集规律研究项目主要完成单位:中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院矿产勘查中地球化学异常评价新指标及其应用研究项目主要完成单位:中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所西藏冈底斯东段铜多金属资源评价与新方法技术研究项目主要完成单位:中国冶金地质总局基于北斗一号卫星系统的地质灾害监测技术研究项目主要完成单位:中国地质环境监测院新型节水钻探工艺与设备研究项目主要完成单位:中国地质大学(武汉)鄂尔多斯盆地北部地浸砂岩型铀矿时空定位和成     

基于遥感卫星和北斗卫星的野外地质调查服务与管理系统设计综述

综合应用国产遥感卫星和北斗导航定位卫星技术,研发符合野外工作需求和特点的地质调查服务与管理系统。该系统通过野外调查手持终端实现了对野外地质调查人员的定位跟踪和实时通讯,保障野外人员的生命安全;通过野外工作态势分析、作业路线管理和空间信息展示平台实现了对野外地质调查工作的一张图管理、指挥调度和应急救援。系统针对野外地质调查工作的管理特点,基于网格模式设计,建立了作业管理中心节点、遥感数据服务中心节点、专业应用中心节点、大区中心节点、野外工作站节点及移动节点等6大类节点,除作业管理中心节点及遥感数据服务中心节点唯一外,其余均为多节点设计,并建立了各类节点的建设标准,利于后续推广应用。该系统在提高地质调查业务工作效率、加强野外地质工作安全保障及提高地质工作信息化管理水平方面具有良好的应用前景。      

野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统设计与实现

基于北斗导航定位、遥感卫星以及基础地理空间信息承载与综合显示平台而建立的野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统,采用组件化、平台化的系统体系结构,具备强大且灵活的可扩展性和可集成性。该系统可实现野外地质调查区域基础遥感影像、GIS和DEM数据等的分层显示、北斗通讯和导航信息的实时显示、通讯历史记录和定位信息的查询、野外地质调查人员的通讯与定位等;同时可实现野外地质调查人员与各级管理部门的互联互通,管理部门对野外作业人员的作业态势、作业进度可进行综合查询,对野外作业人员的外勤安全、遇险救援提供决策支撑。该系统在部分野外地质调查示范单位运行效果良好。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.