氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量铋

样品经王水溶解后,加入KMnO4溶液氧化,草酸除去过量KMnO4后的体系,直接用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量Bi。方法使Au、Pd、As、Sb、Se、Te等元素的允许量大为提高,减少了不同测定体系中共存元素对Bi测定的干扰。方法的检出限(6s)为0.042μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为1.88%~5.57%。经国家一级地质标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合。     

利用ICP-MS研究桂林寨底地下河系统中碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征及其形成环境

氢化物发生与ICP-MS联用(HG-ICP-MS)可降低基体效应和多原子离子干扰,本文自制了一种与ICP-MS联用的氢化物发生装置,该装置采用三通将酸、碱和试样引入多接头的混合反应器中,再经自行设计的气液分离器随载气进入等离子体中,据此建立了HG-ICP-MS测定地质样品中稀散元素锗和碲的分析方法。实验中以20%盐酸+2%硼氢化钾(0.1%氢氧化钾介质)作为最佳氢化物发生反应体系,0.95 L/min为最佳载气流量,获得分析信号的灵敏度和稳定性较高,连续测定20次Ge和Te信号强度的相对标准偏差分别8.3%和2.1%,残余在ICP-MS中的Ge和Te信号强度在200 s内基本清洗完毕。Ge和Te检出限分别为0.007 μg/g和0.006 μg/g,其中Te检出限比采用敞口四酸溶样ICP-MS直接测定的检出限(0.1 μg/g)更低,应用于分析实际样品可给出准确结果。     

多目标生态地球化学调查土壤样品中砷硒锑有效态分析方法的商榷

以0．10mol／L NaH2PO4和0．50mol／L NaHCO3为浸提剂，试验了其对土壤样品中As、Se、Sb的浸提效果；以氢化物发生-原子荧光法(HG-AFS)测定了浸提液中As、Se、Sb的含量。方法在武汉、宁镇测区应用试验表明：采用0．50mol／L的NaHCO3为As、Se、Sb的有效态浸提剂，以HG—AFS法测定其含量的方案可行，检出限分别为：0．006mg／kg、0．001mg／kg、0．002mg／kg。精密度试验，6个标准样品的RSD(n=12)As、Se、Sb均≤10．15％。     

乙醇增强氢化物发生电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷锑铋硒和碲的研究

用自行改造的一种简单的连续氢化物发生系统,实现了与电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的联用。研究了该系统的分析性能,并以乙醇为信号增强剂建立了在折衷条件下不同时测定Ａｓ,Ｓｂ,Ｂｉ,Ｓｅ和Ｔｅ的分析方法以及在预还原剂体系中同时测定Ａｓ,Ｓｂ,Ｂｉ和在高ＣＨｌ体系中单独测定Ｓｅ的方法。     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用法测定土壤砷铬锑硒元素价态

土壤重金属污染物的环境效应与其无机价态有密切的关系。As、Cr、Sb和Se元素的价态测定意义重大,但由于价态之间易发生转化使测定工作存在较大难度,标准化程度较低。地质行业标准DD2005-3推荐使用离子交换树脂分离,原子荧光光谱差减法测定As、Sb、Se价态及石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定Cr价态。这些方法前处理操作繁琐,测定次数多,工作量大,其他元素形态的存在还会导致结果出现误差。为满足地质调查和评价的需要,本文建立了一套适用于测定土壤水溶态和离子交换态提取液中As、Cr、Sb、Se价态的方法。样品在50℃水浴振荡加热浸提30min,采用液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(LC-AFS)分离并测定As、Sb、Se价态,一次进样元素的两种无机价态按顺序出峰,同时测定,简便易行,结果更可靠。为了避免了某些离子交换提取剂的屏蔽和干扰,作为补充建立了AFS选择性测定Sb、Se价态的方法,设备成本较低。对于Cr价态的测定,建立了阳离子交换树脂分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的方法,比推荐的GFAAS测定法灵敏度高。As、Cr、Sb和Se的检出限≤0.02μg/g,RSD为3.8%~10.7%,加标回收率为91.0%~106.0%。应用色谱方法对采集的土壤样品进行检测,各项指标满足规范DD2005-3质量要求,与非色谱法相比,实现多组分同时测定。同时初步研究表明,土壤中元素价态含量不高,与土壤总量不存在相关性,采用价态含量作为环境风险评估指标更为合适。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定化探样品中的Bi和Se

应用氢化物-原子荧光光谱法同时测定化探样品中的Bi和Se,用1:1王水处理样品,在10%的盐酸介质中测定Bi、Se,其检出限分别为0.0005μg/mL和0.0002μg/mL.本方法具有一次熔矿便可以同时测定Bi、Se的含量,且具操作简单、快速、基体干扰少、灵敏度高、其结果稳定、可靠、节省试剂等特点,适用于大批化探样品中Bi、Se同时联测.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定纯铜中多种杂质元素

本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定纯铜中的Fe、P、Cd、Co、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Bi、Sn、S、Ag、Se、Cr、Si、Mg、Te、Al、Ti、Hg、Be、Zr、B等25种杂质元素,并以差减法计算基体铜的含量,实现了对试样基体及杂质元素含量的同时测定。以基体匹配法配制工作曲线,有效地消除基体干扰。结果表明该方法对25种杂质元素的回收率在94~103.5%,相对标准偏差低于3.0%。方法简单、快速,测定结果满意。     

南岭及其邻区热液和层控型铅锌矿床中方铅矿的微量元素及物性研究

南岭及其邻区两种不同成因类型铅锌矿床中方铅矿的微量元素标型较为明显,热液型方铅矿富Ag、Sb、Bi、Te、Se;层控型方铅矿含上述元素较低,而Au、Mo、Ge、In稍高。热液型方铅矿的Sb/Pb、Ag/Pb比值比层控型大,Sb/Bi、Se/Te、S/Se比值则比层控型小。此外,热液型方铅矿的比重、硬度、反射率、比层控型大,晶胞常数热电系数比层控型小。     

无载气氢化物原子吸收法测定化探样品中砷锑铋

本文在氢化物原子吸收法中使用了防爆鸣试剂碳酸氢钠溶液,解决了由于无载气时氢化物发生系统中存在空气而引起回火爆鸣的问题,完成化探样品中砷、锑、铋的测定。测定砷、锑、铋的灵敏度(1％吸收)依次为1.17ng,0.58ng,1.76ng。其相应的检出限依次为6.83ng,5.3ng,14.3ng。在拟定的条件下测定0.1μAs,0.05μg Sb,0.1μg Bi各10次以上。其信号的相对标准偏差(％)分别为3.14,5.33,7.14。     

江西银山多金属矿床中黄铁矿黄铜矿化学特征

江西银山矿床是一个与火山—次火山有关的多金属热液矿床。通过对其黄铁矿的化学成分特征表现出西山-九区具有富集Cu、Au(Ag)、Bi、Se的特点,向南北两侧黄铁矿中Pb、Zn、Ag、Te、Sb等元素增加,具有亏(损)硫现象;黄铜矿的化学成分特征表现出九区含As、Co比较高,贫Zn,银山区黄铜矿富Ag、Zn、Bi、Te、Ni。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.