西藏昌都觉拥温泉水化学特征及热储温度估算

长期以来,西藏昌都觉拥温泉处于天然状态,研究该地热显示区的温泉水化学特征、确定热储温度对于下一步的综合开发利用及热害防治具有重要的现实研究意义。通过采集区内冷水及温泉水样品,进行水化学全分析及氢氧同位素分析,探讨觉拥温泉水化学特征、地下热水补给高程、热储温度及循环深度。基于数据测试结果研究得出觉拥温泉水化学类型与地表水及冷泉水不同,为HCO~-_3—Na~+型,并富含多种微量元素。利用氢氧稳定同位素数据,计算得出补给高程为4725～4802 m。利用Na~+—K~+—Mg~(2+)平衡图判断该区地下热水为未成熟水,并有冷水混入。建立硅—焓、氯—焓混合模型,分析得出觉拥热储温度为137℃左右;综合以上数据计算得出热储深度约为3801 m。     

同位素对咸阳城区热储流体成因类型的指示意义

以咸阳城区蓝田灞河组孔隙型热储流体为研究对象,应用环境同位素法、离子比分析法对其同位素分布规律、富集趋势以及水化学类型进行分析,确定其同位素水文地球化学特征,并对其成因类型进行论证.研究中发现受控于沿渭河东西向深大断裂的南北热储流体,其水化学特征各异而同位素差异不大,北部水化学类型单一,全部为Na-Cl型水,南部Na+,HCO3-和SO42-含量较高,水化学类型复杂,体现出研究区地下热储环境形成过程的复杂性.同位素结果显示成阳热储流体完全不同于浅层循环地下热水,可能为赋存混入古溶滤水的残存沉积水,亦或为混入残存沉积水的古溶滤水.     

云南腾冲热海热田的热储特性

云南腾冲县热海热田是我国西南的一个重要高温水热对流系统。本文根据热田地质、地表显示、热泉水化学和同位素组分等资料,推断热储岩体是块状花岗岩体;对比多种地球化学温标认定热储温度为230℃;推算了热储内部未发生沸腾前的热储流体化学和同位素组分;讨论了热水和冷水的混合与稀释状况;发现地下沸腾带接近地表,肯定热田为一高温热水系统,从而有可能估算热储内部的压力。最后,对水岩平衡作了推测。     

四川康定地热田地下热水成因研究

康定地热田位于四川盆地西缘山地和青藏高原的过渡地带,属于高热流背景上的深循环高温地热系统。本文以康定地热田地下热水为研究对象,通过采集地热田内的主要两个热显示区(榆林河和雅拉河地区)的温泉和地热井的地下热水样,进行水化学和稳定同位素测试分析,研究其地下热水的补给来源和热储温度。雅拉河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na型水,榆林河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3·Cl-Na型水,均显示了深部地下热水沿断裂上涌与浅部冷水混合的特点。根据地下热水同位素的结果分析计算,康定地热田地下热水的起源均来自大气降水,雅拉河地下热水的补给高程为5 600~5 900 m,榆林河地下热水的补给高程为5 300~6 300 m,来源于南部的贡嘎山的可能性较大。榆林河地下热水具有明显的氧-18漂移现象,其原因为较高的热储温度,二氧化硅温标和阳离子温标的结果证明了这个判断,雅拉河地下热水的热储温度为172~188℃,榆林河地下热水的热储温度为192~288℃。     

浅析北京平原区热储温度与断裂关系

本文搜集了38个水样点的水化学数据,这些水样点位于北京平原区的5个地热田。水样点的取水层位均为蓟县系雾迷山组,水样点揭露的地热水均属于同一个含水系统。根据水化学类型分析,该含水系统地下热水径流方向由西北、西南部向东部流动。利用Na-K-Mg三角图和饱和指数选取合适的地热温标,估算了各水样点的热储温度范围。热储温度的空间分布形态呈现北东向为长轴方向的椭圆形,与黄庄—高丽营断裂、良乡—前门断裂、八宝山断裂、顺义断裂、南口—孙河断裂和小汤山断裂等控热断裂有关,且北东向断裂对于温度的控制作用更大,热储温度在断裂交汇处出现高值区域,这些高值区域正是寻找地热的有利地区。     

云南昌宁橄榄河热泉水化学特征及复合成因机制研究

通过对橄榄河温泉盖层和热储层地质体的岩性和构造特征分析,依据水化学数据,利用Piper三角图解法、同位素水文学方法和地球化学温标等方法,对橄榄河温泉地下热水的水化学类型、补给机制、热储特征和冷热水混合机制等关键问题进行了分析。结果表明地下热水源于大气降水补给,且地下热水在上升至地表的过程中与浅层冷水发生着混合,冷水混入比例约为62%~64%;温泉水化学类型为HCO3 -Na型,表明热水化学组分与围岩化学成分之间具有耦合关系;地下热水循环深度约2 070 m,橄榄河温泉的成因受控于柯街深大断裂,其控制着地下热水的储存、运移和混合程度。研究成果填补了橄榄河热泉的相关研究空白,为该温泉的开发利用提供了科学支撑。      

中低温热储及其井中热场

中低温地下热水有着广阔的开发利用前景,其成因及赋存规律的研究,是合理勘探、开发的基础。本文从地层、构造及水文地质条件入手,根据地热传导原理,研究了传导型热储的发育条件,划分了主要热储类型。在此基础上,对井(孔)中热场及井液温度变化规律进行了分析,给出了井液温度分布曲线及井液温度变化与地层的对应关系。该成果对勘探开发地下热水有指导意义。      

广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储结构特征及热水成因研究

为探讨广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储特征、地热水水化学与同位素组成、热储温度及地热水循环机理,采用地热钻探、水化学与同位素取样测试、热水溶质组分图解分析等手段和方法,开展了地热水成因的研究工作。结果表明:研究区三叠纪碳酸盐岩热储结构相对完整,热储盖层、热储层和热储下部隔水层形成独立的地热水文地质单元。岩溶地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄-Ca·Mg和SO₄-Ca型,富含F、Sr、Li、B和SiO₂物质,其水源补给为大气降水,补给区位于铜锣山以北的大巴山一带,深部地热水补给高程大于1 100 m,补给区年均温度为9 ℃。热储温度为56~76 ℃,热水循环深度为2 013~3 030 m。地热水在循环过程中,主要发生碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩溶解、冷热水混合过程,且冷水混入比例大于80%。结合区域地热地质条件,构建了研究区地热水成因概念模型。      

江苏东海温泉热储温度估算

以东海温泉为例,依据8个热水样品的水化学分析数据,讨论了区域地质背景下热储温度的估算。分析认为:东海温泉为同源的地热水,热水在上升过程中发生冷水混合作用;对比不同地热温标的适用条件,分别采用Na-K-Mg三角图法、硅温标混合模型方法计算热储温度。结果显示:2种方法的计算结果较为接近,东海温泉的热储温度在153~170℃之间。     

关中盆地地下热水接受补给时温度及热储层温度的估算

通过对关中盆地地热井中地下热水的同位素和水化学成分分析,结合研究区的地热地质和水文地质条件,进行了地下热水补给时的温度研究,结果表明,关中盆地地下热水接受补给时的温度以西安地区最低,咸阳次之。同时应用Na-K-Mg三角图和水化学平衡温度理论的方法,估算在平衡条件下关中盆地最大热储温度为118℃。热储温度计算结果表明,关中盆地腹部应为中低温热储层。     

Hydrochemistry of geothermal water in Tianshui and adjacent area, Gansu province, China

A geochemical study on thermal water has been carried out in Tianshui and its adjacent area, Gansu province, China. Chemical and isotopic contents were employed in the investigation on the origin and evolution of thermal water and the evaluation of reservoir temperature in the geothermal systems. Thermal waters in Wushan and Tianshui are characterized by outlet temperatures from 15 to 38°C and low TDS (226?C255?mg/L), defined as bicarbonate water. Its origin may be attributed to the interaction between meteoric rain, biotite plagioclase gneiss and carbonate reservoir rocks. In contrast, thermal waters in Tongwei and Qingshui have higher outlet temperatures of 25?C54.2°C and a moderate TDS of 915?C1,793?mg/L, regarded as sulfate waters. These sulfate waters may arise from the interaction between meteoric water, granite and amphogneiss. Isotopic data presented here suggest that thermal waters in the study area have a meteoric origin without being significantly effected by water?Crock isotope exchange. Chemical geothermometry indicates the existence of a deep geothermal reservoir of low-to-medium enthalpy (70?C111°C) in the Tianshui study area.     

Characteristics of geothermal reservoirs and utilization of geothermal resources in the southeastern coastal areas of China

Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000～6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.     

新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热资源研究进展

归纳了新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热地质条件,分析了区内地质构造、地温分布、地热流体化学及同位素特征,研究了地热形成机理,计算了曲曼地热田的地热资源量和可开采量。结果表明: 研究区地热资源受断裂构造控制; 地温变化与盖层、完整基岩、断裂带(热储)表现出明显的一致性,目前实测最高热储温度为161 ℃,深部热储计算温度可达222~268 ℃,地温梯度最高为149.20 ℃/100 m; 地热流体具有深循环特征,与浅表冷水的水化学和同位素特征具有明显的差异; 地热流体来源于大气降水,在断裂及裂隙内储存、运移、富集,在侵入岩体放射性生热和结晶余热的热量供应下,地下流体不断与围岩进行热量及物质交换,在热储围岩和盖层中,热量以传导方式为主,在热储内,热量以对流方式为主; 曲曼地热田储存的热量为55.919×10¹¹ MJ,地热流体可开采量约为12 593 m³/d,产能(热能)约为77.9 MW。因此认为,塔什库尔干谷地热储埋藏深度浅,易开采,具有可观的直接和间接经济价值。     

中国典型高温热田热水的锶同位素研究

滇藏地热带的热水大多是大气降水成因，大气降水沿断裂带向下渗透，随地温的增加而逐步升温，并不断地与深部岩石发生水岩相互作用，从造岩矿物中淋滤出锶组分。通过测定热水中的锶同位素组成，可以帮助确定热水的深部滞留环境，研究深、浅层热水的内在联系，区分出不同的水热循环系统。西藏羊八井热田深部由多期次花岗岩组成，岩性差别不大，而锶同位素差异比较明显。热田的深、浅层热水有着相似的^87Sr/^86Sr值，并且只与上新世花岗岩的锶同位素组成相接近，反映了深部热储的岩性特征。在热水从升流部位向排泄区运移时，浅层冷水、始新世火山岩和第四系砂砾岩对热水的锶同位素改造作用较小。云南腾冲热海热田是典型的有幔源岩浆囊作为热源的高温热田，热田由东、西两区组成，其气体和热水在化学组成上有一定的差异，^87Sr/^86Sr值也有明显的不同。因此，可以确定东、西两区的水热系统虽具有共同的热源，但两者之间的水力联系比较微弱，而且热水中的锶组分与热田内大面积出露的火山岩没有关联。     

Geochemical constraint on origin and evolution of solutes in geothermal springs in western Yunnan,China

Geothermal resources are very rich in Yunnan, China. However, source of dissolved solutes in geothermal water and chemical evolution processes remain unclear. Geochemical and isotopic studies on geothermal springs and river waters were conducted in different petrological-tectonic units of western Yunnan, China. Geothermal waters contain Ca–HCO₃, Na–HCO₃, and Na (Ca)–SO₄ type, and demonstrate strong rock-related trace elemental distributions. Enhanced water–rock interaction increases the concentration of major and trace elements of geothermal waters. The chemical compositions of geothermal waters in the Rehai geothermal field are very complicated and different because of the magma chamber developed at the shallow depth in this area. In this geothermal field, neutral-alkaline geothermal waters with high Cl, B, Li, Rb Cs, As, Sb, and Tl contents and acid–sulfate waters with high Al, Mn, Fe, and Pb contents are both controlled by magma degassing and water–rock interaction. Geothermal waters from metamorphic, granite, and sedimentary regions (except in the Rehai area) exhibit varying B contents ranging from 3.31 mg/L to 4.49 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L to 1.24 mg/L, and <0.07 mg/L, respectively, and their corresponding δ¹¹B values range from −4.95‰ to −9.45‰, −2.57‰ to −8.85‰, and −4.02‰ to +0.06‰. The B contents of these geothermal waters are mainly controlled by leaching host rocks in the reservoir, and their δ¹¹B values usually decrease and achieve further equilibrium with its surrounding rocks, which can also be proven by the positive δ¹⁸O-shift. In addition to fluid–rock reactions, the geothermal waters from Rehai hot springs exhibit higher δ¹¹B values (−3.43‰ to +1.54‰) than those yielded from other areas because mixing with the magmatic fluids from the shallow magma. The highest δ¹¹B of steam–heated waters (pH 3.25) from the Zhenzhu spring in Rehai is caused by the fractionation induced by pH and the phase separation of coexisting steam and fluids. Given the strong water–rock interaction, some geothermal springs in western Yunnan show reservoir temperatures higher than 180 °C, which demonstrate potential for electricity generation and direct-use applications. The most potential geothermal field in western Yunnan is located in the Rehai area because of the heat transfer from the shallow magma chamber.     

福建盐田海水补给型地热系统地球化学特征及其成因

海水补给型地热系统具有补给资源量大,但温度低、水质咸化等特点,查明沿海地热水循环补给条件和成因机制,对东南沿海地热资源的合理开发利用和保护具有重要意义。在泉州官桥盐田地热区分别采集了地热水、地下水和海水样品14个,利用水化学同位素特征分析和地球化学温标法,揭示了官桥盐田地热水循环补给和地热资源成因机制。结果表明：地热水水化学类型为Cl—Na型水,与海水水化学类型一致;H01和H02的溶解性固体总量（TDS）分别为2 610 mg/L和3 090 mg/L,地下水以TDS小于400 mg/L的HCO3—Na型水为主;地热水富集Br-,地下水中Br-未检测,表明盐田地热水存在现代海水或者海相沉积层古海水补给。根据盐田地热田H01和H02地热水Cl-混合模型计算,地热水H01海水混入比为9.13%,H02海水混入比为10.76%,显示H01在出露于第四系地层后混入了更多的地下水。综合分析认为,海水是盐田地热水的重要补给资源,地热水化学组分受海水混合作用影响明显,深层热水上升过程中存在两次或者多次地下水或者海水混入从而形成浅层热储,采用SiO2地热温标和多矿物平衡法估算的浅层热储温度在89～1...     

菜芜市冷家庄地热田地质特征浅析

莱芜市冷家庄地热田地热资源类型属层状兼带状,热源为高庄一冷家庄断裂沟通导热,盖层是第四系、古近系、石炭-二叠系。热储层为奥陶纪灰岩,该热储层顶板埋深2100m左右,热储层厚度由南向北逐渐增大,地热流体中富含氟、锶、偏硅酸等微量元素,为结垢非常严重,锅垢很多的腐蚀性水。经计算,奥陶纪热储层单井可采资源量为7．83×10^5m^3／a。     

河北保定容城凸起地热田储层属性与资源潜力

21世纪人类将面临资源、环境与灾害的严重挑战。地热资源作为绿色新型能源,可减少传统燃料的消耗,实现CO₂减排,日益受到人们的青睐。河北保定市容城凸起地热田为我国东部代表性中低温地热田,其热储类型为基岩岩溶裂隙热储(主要为蓟县系雾迷山组及长城系高于庄组),具有储量大,可回灌等特点。根据现有数据和地质资料进行的地热资源潜力评估表明:容城凸起(56 km²研究区范围)基岩(3 000 m以浅)热储地热资源量为416×10¹⁶ J, 相当于标准煤239×10⁶ t,折合热能1 320 MW,可采地热资源量为62×10¹⁶ J,相当于标准煤36×10⁶ t,折合热能198 MW。     

深层地热能开发及其对地热水流场的影响

为了研究深层地热能开发对热储层流场造成的影响,选取兰考县深层地热能开发为研究对象,分析研究区新生代以来的地质结构和区域构造特征,调查地区地热开采情况及存在的问题。根据地热能类型分析了第四系Q、新近系明化镇组N₂、新近系馆陶组N₁等3个热储层特征,利用可控源音频大地电磁测深查明区内的断裂分布、热储层发育、隔水边界等条件,通过现场试验与测试手段查明不同部位热储层的参数指标,分区计算各层的地热资源量。根据开采方式、边界条件、水文地质参数建立数学模型,通过数值模拟预测出2023年Q热储层流场将恢复到原始流场模式,N₂热储层流场漏斗效应持续减弱,N₁热储层流场漏斗效应明显且分布不规则,为控制地热资源开发对环境造成的影响,提出封闭循环利用地热、同层加压回灌的开采方式及合理布局开采井、综合利用多层地热等措施,为本地及周边地区地热资源开发及环境保护提供参考。      

Hydrogeochemistry and reservoir characterization of the Konya geothermal fields,Central Anatolia/Turkey

A conceptual model with water samples from ten geothermal fields (?smil, Ilg?n (Çavu?cugöl), Tuzlukçu-Ak?ehir, Seydi?ehir and Kavakköy, Hüyük, Ere?li-Akhüyük, Kad?nhan?, Cihanbeyli, Karap?nar and Bey?ehir) in the province of Konya defined the geothermal system. Carbonates, quartzite and marbles of Paleozoic metamorphics are the reservoir rocks and the heating sources are igneous rock intrusions and geothermal gradient. The variable thermal water (CaMgHCO₃, CaSO₄, NaSO₄, CaHCO₃, CaNaHCO₃, NaCl and CaNaClHCO₃) had EC and temperature between 177.8 and 56,100 μS/cm and between 18.3 and 44 °C, respectively. Ca²⁺ in geothermal fluids are associated with marble and carbonate rocks and the high chloride shows direct connection with deep geothermal system, and prolonged contact with evaporite rocks. Sulphate originates from dissolution of and oxidation of sulphate and sulphur-bearing minerals. The high As, B, F and Mn concentration in some thermal water samples were determined as 85 μg/l, 148.56 mg/l, 3.01 mg/l and 208.13 mg/l, respectively. Reservoir temperatures computed by Na/K geothermometers were between 85.37–158.89 °C for Ak?ehir thermal waters and 58.78–90.45 °C for Ere?li thermal waters. The maximum reservoir temperature of other geothermal waters was 75 °C by the silica geothermometers.