“广西型花岗岩"的地球动力学意义——答汪洋(2015)的质疑

汪洋撰文批评笔者提出的"广西型花岗岩"没有任何意义,认为花岗岩类的全岩Sr、Yb含量不是指示花岗质岩浆起源压力的可靠指标,以Sr-Yb为基础的花岗岩分类没有地球动力学意义。笔者认为,花岗岩可以形成于不同的压力条件下不是笔者的发明,国外早有论述,例如Defant和Drummond(1990)关于埃达克岩和岛弧ADR的认识。汪洋认为,花岗质岩浆可以形成于下地壳部位,也可以形成于中地壳深度,还认为基性岩浆分离结晶可以形成花岗质岩浆,这都是笔者不赞同的,因为缺乏野外证据。广西型花岗岩以富Sr和Yb为特征,指示在相图上位于石榴石出现线之下和斜长石消失线之上,暗示残留相既无石榴石也无斜长石。汪洋引用了不同地区不同作者对广西型花岗岩成因的不同见解,与笔者关于广西型的概念没有任何关系,也不能据此否定笔者关于广西型花岗岩的认识。     

广西型花岗岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

花岗岩按照Sr-Yb含量可以分为5类:富Sr贫Yb的埃达克型,贫Sr、Yb的喜马拉雅型,贫Sr富Yb的浙闽型,非常贫Sr富Yb的南岭型和富Sr、Yb的广西型。广西型花岗岩在自然界出露较少,主要由花岗闪长岩、角闪黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩和石英正长岩等组成,通常还富Al、Fe、K和P,SiO2含量较低,属于钾玄岩系列或高钾钙碱性系列。富Sr指示源区残留相缺少斜长石,富Yb暗示源区缺少石榴石。既无斜长石也无石榴石的岩石则主要由角闪石±辉石组成,属于超镁铁岩类。因此,广西型花岗岩形成的条件比较苛刻,至少需要很高的温度。在相图中广西型花岗岩位于斜长石消失线之上、石榴石出现之前的区域,形成的压力大体1.0 GPa,温度至少900℃。它代表正常厚度或减薄的地壳在很高的温度下形成的花岗岩类。     

广西型花岗岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

花岗岩按照Sr-Yb含量可以分为5类：富Sr贫Yb的埃达克型,贫Sr、Yb的喜马拉雅型,贫Sr富Yb的浙闽型,非常贫Sr富Yb的南岭型和富Sr、Yb的广西型。广西型花岗岩在自然界出露较少,主要由花岗闪长岩、角闪黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩和石英正长岩等组成,通常还富Al、Fe、K和P,SiO₂含量较低,属于钾玄岩系列或高钾钙碱性系列。富Sr指示源区残留相缺少斜长石,富Yb暗示源区缺少石榴石。既无斜长石也无石榴石的岩石则主要由角闪石±辉石组成,属于超镁铁岩类。因此,广西型花岗岩形成的条件比较苛刻,至少需要很高的温度。在相图中广西型花岗岩位于斜长石消失线之上、石榴石出现之前的区域,形成的压力大体<1.0 GPa,温度至少>900℃。它代表正常厚度或减薄的地壳在很高的温度下形成的花岗岩类。     

有关埃达克岩实验应用中几个问题的探讨

实验研究非常重要,是花岗岩(和埃达克岩)理论创新的源泉之一。近年来,国内在埃达克岩实验研究方面取得了很大的成绩。在这个领域,中国在国际上是处于领先水平的,虽然得到的认识并不相同,这是很正常的。本文讨论了与埃达克岩有关的一些实验研究问题,认为:1下地壳底部是缺水的,花岗岩是在缺水条件下部分熔融的,应当慎重对待在饱和水和有水加入情况下的实验结果。2要注意残留相组分中是否有斜长石出现,不能只关注石榴石,石榴石与斜长石配合起来才能得出正确的认识。3 1.0 GPa压力下石榴石出现线的真实含义是什么?它只表明与之平衡的熔体是贫Yb的。但是,贫Yb的花岗岩不只是埃达克岩,喜马拉雅型花岗岩也贫Yb,因此,还需要考虑斜长石消失的情况,如果石榴石出现而斜长石消失了,熔体是埃达克岩;如果石榴石出现而斜长石没有消失,则熔体为喜马拉雅型花岗岩。由于国外没有喜马拉雅型花岗岩的概念,因此,对国外某些在1 GPa条件下得到的实验资料应当仔细鉴别,也许其中有一些熔体并非埃达克岩,而是喜马拉雅型花岗岩。4相变反应不同于部分熔融反应,不能把相变反应的结果解释为部分熔融的结果。相变反应是在温度压力增加的情况下发生的,不是产生花岗岩的主要方式;部分熔融反应主要是在温度增加压力不变的条件下发生的,是产生花岗岩的主要方式。5实验研究得出的一个重要的结论是:与榴辉岩平衡的熔体是埃达克岩,因此,埃达克岩的真谛可能就是非常简单的一句话:源区有石榴石无斜长石。只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是高Sr低Yb的;只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是在较高的压力下形成的。高压可能就是埃达克岩最重要的构造意义。     

珲春小西南岔白垩纪花岗岩的地球化学及岩浆源区特征

珲春小西南岔地区白垩纪花岗岩主要有英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩两种类型。英云闪长岩属于中钾钙碱性系列(Na₂O/K₂O=1.99~2.76),具有高Al₂O₃(15.46%~17.13%)、Sr(559×10^-6~731×10^-6)、Sr/Y(40~78)、La/Yb(16~21),低Y(9×10^-6~14×10^-6)、Yb(0.8×10^-6~1.3×10^-6)的特征,与埃达克质岩石地球化学特征类似。花岗闪长岩为高钾钙碱性系列,Na₂O/K₂O=1.01~1.56,w(Sr)=312×10^-6~410×10^-6、w(Yb)=1.23×10^-6~2.13×10^-6、Sr/Y=13~32,属正常的高钾钙碱性花岗岩。两类花岗岩的源区均为玄武质下地壳物质,英云闪长质岩浆形成压力较高(> 1.0 GPa),深度大于33 km,花岗闪长质岩浆形成压力相对较低(0.8~1.0 GPa),岩浆来源深度为26~33 km。     

新藏公路128公里岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

新藏公路128公里岩体是西昆仑加里东构造带内一个具有代表性的岩体.研究表明,该岩体主要由石英闪长岩、石英二长岩和花岗闪长岩组成,岩体富Al、Sr和LREE,贫Y和HREE,具弱的负Eu异常,其地球化学特征的综合指标类似于埃达克岩(adakite)的特征,可称之为类埃达克岩或埃达克质岩(adakite-like).岩体的成因可能与西昆仑板块的消减作用有关,产于一个具有加厚地壳的活动陆缘环境,主要由下地壳底部中基性岩部分熔融形成,推测地壳厚度约在40 km左右,花岗岩熔融之后留下的残留物可能由角闪石+辉石±石榴石±斜长石组成.     

“C型埃达克岩”:一个基于误解的概念?

原始定义的埃达克岩是钠质火成岩,其全岩化学成分相当于英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩和(富斜长石的)花岗闪长岩(TTG);而富钾的"C型埃达克岩"全岩化学成分相当于(狭义)花岗岩、石英二长岩和(富碱性长石的)花岗闪长岩。现有的失水部分熔融实验岩石学表明,中等富钾程度的贫硅(高Mg#值)玄武质源岩的低比例部分熔融条件下可以形成酸性"C型埃达克岩";玄武质源岩部分熔融不会形成那些SiO2含量中等而又不具备高度富碱特征的"C型埃达克岩"。高Sr低Y特征并非判别"C型埃达克岩"高压(p≥1.5 GPa)熔融成因的决定性标志,仅仅基于高Sr低Y特征而认为"C型埃达克岩"形成于高压熔融的成岩机制是值得商榷的。     

辽东岫岩地区晚侏罗世侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

对辽东岫岩地区锉草沟黑云母二长花岗岩、刘家堡子二云母二长花岗岩进行了岩相学观察、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学测试。测年结果显示锉草沟黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石年龄为(162.7±2.5) Ma,刘家堡子二云母二长花岗岩锆石年龄为(156.9±1.1) Ma,均形成于晚侏罗世。两个岩体具有相似的地球化学特征,主量元素具有富Si、Al和K以及贫Fe、Mg和Ca的特征,A/CNK值为1.01~1.15,A/NK值为1.13~1.33;微量元素亏损Nb、P和Ti等高场强元素,富集Rb、K和Hf等不相容元素,(La/Yb)_N为7.10~41.13,Eu无负异常,具有高Sr (128×10^-6~454×10^-6)、低Y(3.03×10^-6~12.10×10^-6)和Yb(0.40×10^-6~1.32×10^-6)特征,表现为具有埃达克质亲和性的过铝质I型花岗岩。结合两个岩体的时空特点分析认为,在晚侏罗世时期,辽东岫岩地区花岗质岩浆作用的发生是太平洋Izanaqi板块向西俯冲、西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞挤压造成地壳增厚,进而引发下地壳物质部分熔融的结果。     

埃达克岩研究现状

埃达克岩是一套钙碱系列岩浆岩,其主要地球化学特征为SiO₂ ≥ 56%,Al₂O₃ ≥ 15%,MgO通常小于3%,低重稀土元素和Y(Y ≤ 18×10^-6,Yb ≤ 1.9×10^-6),高Sr(多数大于400×10^-6),无Eu异常或有轻微的负Eu异常,其成因主要有两类,一种为由俯冲板片的熔融形成,另一种由底侵玄武质下地壳熔融形成,埃达克岩具有重要的成矿意义。     

拉萨地体东南缘的多期深熔作用及动力学

位于青藏高原班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带与印度-雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带之间拉萨地体东南缘的前寒武纪结晶基底经历了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用和强烈的混合岩化.研究区可识别出两期深熔作用,第一期为斜长角闪岩部分熔融形成的花岗闪长岩脉体,其与围岩一起发生了变质与变形再造,转变成了黑云斜长片麻岩.第二期为含夕线石石榴石片麻岩部分熔融形成的含石榴石斜长石花岗岩脉体.岩石化学成分显示,第一期深熔脉体具有埃达克岩的典型地球化学特征,其SiO2=63.81%,Al2O3=16,92%,MgO=1.86%,Na2O=4.22%,K2O=1.81%,K2O/Na2O=0.43,并显示出LREE富集、无Eu异常的BEE配分模型,同时明显富Sr(366×10-6),贫Y(12×10-6)和Yb(0.4×10-6),Sr/Y=30.舍石榴石斜长石花岗岩主要由斜长石、石英和石榴石组成,含少量白云母和黑云母,其全岩SiO2=71.14%,Al2O3=14.26%,K2O=0.26%,Na2O=2.79%.CaO=2.94%.过铝指数A/CNK=1.40,为典型的过铝花岗岩.黑云斜长片麻岩脉体中的大多数锆石具有同心韵律状结晶环带和较高的Th//U比值(0.433～1.167),为典型的岩浆结晶锆石.锆石岩浆结晶域U-Pb原位定年给出了64.0±1.0Ma(MSWD=8.7)加权平均年龄;个别锆石变质交生边给出了27.9 Ma的谐和年龄,同时具有较低的Th/U比值(0.019),应代表后期叠加的变质热事件年龄.含石榴石斜长石花岗岩中的锆石均发育同心韵律状环带,而且具有较高的Th/U比值(0.196～1.212).所获得的谐和年龄在27.0～34.1Ma之间(加权平均年龄为29.3±0.9 Ma),应代表过铝花岗岩的结晶年龄.因此,我们认为拉萨地体东南缘变质基底在古近纪经历了两期深熔作用,第一期发生在约65Ma,在特提斯洋壳俯冲和印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞的动力学体制下,拉萨地体下地壳加厚和升温,发生了麻粒岩相变质和部分熔融,形成了埃达克岩质的花岗闪长岩浆;第二期混合岩化作用发生在约30Ma,在印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞后伸展的动力学体制下,高角闪岩相泥质变质岩中的含水矿物脱水熔融形成了过铝质花岗闪长岩浆.     

Non‐subduction origin for 3.2 Ga high‐pressure metamorphic rocks in the Barberton granitoid‐greenstone terrane,South Africa

The occurrence of high‐pressure (HP) garnet‐bearing metamorphic rocks in the southern Barberton granitoid–greenstone terrane (BGGT), South Africa, has been proposed as a key indicator of the onset of modern plate tectonics at ca. 3.2 Ga. Here, we report new zircon/titanite U–Pb ages of garnet‐bearing HP metamorphic rocks and associated granitoids in the BGGT that argue against such an interpretation. The results show that HP metamorphism occurred synchronously with granitoid magmatism in the Stolzburg domain, the supposed subducted plate, during two episodes at 3.4 and 3.2 Ga, and that these two episodes of magmatism occurred on both sides of the assumed suture zone, a feature that cannot easily be explained by the subduction model. In contrast, the coupled magmatism and metamorphism probably resulted from partial convective overturn (PCO), another viable mechanism for production and differentiation of continental crust during early Archean.     

Structure and metamorphism of the Gondwanan basement in the Bariloche region (North Patagonian Argentine Andes)

In the Bariloche region, the Gondwanan basement consists of metamorphic and deformed igneous rocks intruded by Mesozoic and Tertiary granitoids. Metasediments and amphibolites have been affected by three main deformation events (D1, D2 and D3). D1 (S1 foliation) is well shown preserved in the microlithons of the S2 regional foliation and in albite and garnet porphyroblasts. Both foliations have been folded by upright open folds with associated crenulation (S3) locally developed in the D3 folds hinge zones. An early-stage (syn-D1) subduction episode can be invoked based on evidence of high pressure (HP) metamorphism in schists and amphibolites as well as on the presence of pre-collisional I-type granitoids. D2–D3 developed under regional intermediate pressure–low pressure (IP–LP) metamorphic conditions. High temperature (HT) conditions were reached, as deduced from regional migmatization and the intrusion of syn- to late-orogenic S-type granitoids. The transition from HP to IP metamorphic conditions could be associated with the emplacement of NE directed crustal-scale thrusts during D2.     

中国东南部花岗岩类Nd—Sr同位素研究

根据本文测定的５８个数据以已发表的１２７个数据讨论了中国东南部不同时代花岗岩类的Ｎｄ－Ｓｒ同位素特征,工通过与基底变质岩Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ同位素组成的对比,研究了这些花岗岩类的物质来源与成因。仅分布于浙西南的古元古代花岗岩娄是由成分上类似干被其侵入的八都群片麻岩经部分熔融形成的。沿江绍断裂带分布的新元古代花岗岩类是由地幔来源岩浆或初生地壳形成的;浙西－皖南－赣北地区的新元古代花岗岩类可能是由中元古代地层中的低成熟度组分形成的。古生代和大部分中生代花岗岩类主要是由所在区域内出露的中元古代变质沉积岩的相当物衍生的。沿浙闽沿海地区分布的大多数晚中生代花岗岩娄含有较多的地幔组分．两种来诹岩浆混台可能是其一种重要的成岩方式。     

The Coolgardie Goldfied,Western Australia: district-scale controls on an Archaean gold camp in an amphibolite facies terrane

Archaean lode gold deposits in the Coolgardie Goldfield, Western Australia, occur in mafic and ultramafic rocks which have been metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. Mineralisation was broadly synchronous with peak metamorphism, the main phase of granitoid emplacement, and regional deformation. Several different structural styles are represented by the deposits of the Coolgardie Goldfield. Mineralisation occurs along sheared felsic porphyry-ultramafic rock contacts, in gabbro-hosted quartz-vein sets, in fault-bounded quartzvein sets, and in laminated quartz reefs sited in brittleductile shear zones. The structures hosting mineralisation formed in response to a progressive deformation event, related to granitoid emplacement in an east-west compressional far-field stress régime, but with local heterogeneous stress orientations. This occurred after an earlier period of thrust-stacking, with probable north-south directed tectonic transport. Two contrasting styles of goldrelated wallrock alteration are associated with the auriferous lodes of the Coolgardie Goldfield. A high-temperature assemblage (formation temperature >500°C), characterised by the proximal alteration assemblage garnet+ hornblende + plagioclase + pyrrhotite, contrasts with a medium-temperature assemblage (formation temperature <500°C), consisting of calcic amphibole + biotite + plagioclase + calcite + arsenopyrite + pyrrhotite. The distribution of the two styles of gold-related alteration is controlled by distance from voluminous syntectonic granitoids located to the west of the Coolgardie Goldfield, with the high-temperature style of alteration more proximal to the granitoid-greenstone contact than the medium-temperature style. The occurrence of gold deposits that formed under amphibolite facies conditions throughout the Coolgardie Goldfield supports a crustal continuum model for Archaean lode-gold deposits, which proposes that gold is deposited in metamorphic environments that range from the sub-greenschist to granulite facies. In addition, the data from Coolgardie suggest that syntectonic, synmineralisation granitic plutons may play a significant role in controlling the style of gold associated wallrock-alteration at deep crustal levels.     

高压-超高压变质岩石中不同成因的石榴石

石榴石是高压-超高压变质岩石中最重要的变质矿物之一,是研究俯冲带深部变质和熔融过程的理想研究对象.通过对俯冲带内不同条件下形成的石榴石进行详细研究,确定了岩浆成因、变质成因和转熔成因石榴石.岩浆石榴石是岩浆熔体在冷却过程中结晶形成,成分主要为锰铝榴石-铁铝榴石,通常含有石英、长石、磷灰石等晶体包裹体.变质石榴石是在亚固相条件下通过变质反应形成,包裹体为参与变质反应的矿物组合;进变质生长的石榴石通常显示核部到边部锰铝榴石降低的特征.转熔石榴石是在超固相条件下通过转熔反应形成,通常含有晶体包裹体,其中既有从转熔熔体结晶的矿物包裹体,也有转熔反应残留的矿物包裹体.对超高压变质岩石中转熔石榴石的识别,可以为深俯冲陆壳岩石的部分熔融提供重要的岩石学证据,是大陆俯冲带部分熔融研究的重要进展之一.      

Petrological and Geochemical Evidence for Granitoid Formation: The Waldoboro Pluton Complex, Maine

The Acadian-age Waldoboro Pluton Complex (WPC), mid-coastalMaine, consists of seven granitoid units surrounded by migmatitic,peraluminous gneisses and schists (predominantly Bucksport orSebascodegan Formation). The complex (area >340 km²) cross-cutsthe westward-vergent St. George thrust fault, which may markthe boundary between the Avalon and Gander composite terranes.Field and petrologic data indicate in situ formation of theperaluminous, syntectonic granitoids: contacts with Bucksportparagneisses are transitional and concordant; abundant country-rockenclaves show evidence for melting; restitic garnet, biotite,and plagioclase in the granitoids are identical in compositionto garnet, biotite, and plagioclase in the country rock. Chemicalvariations among the main granitoid phases (gneissic granite,granite, and leucogranite) reflect varying degrees of melt-restiteunmixing. Major and trace elements define mixing trends betweenrefractory Bucksport lithologies and leucogranites which approximatemelt compositions. Petrographic and whole-rock chemical dataare consistent with restitic plagioclase, garnet, biotite, tourmaline,zircon, apatite, sphene, and an accessory phase such as monazite.Quantitative major-oxide mass-balance models indicate that gneissicgranite represents a mixture of 55% melt–45% restite whereasgranite represents a mixture of 76% melt–24% restite.Melt-restite proportions calculated from trace element dataagree with those calculated from major oxide data for the gneissicgranite, but are different (85% melt–15% restite) fromthose calculated from major oxide data for the granite. Thisis attributed to inhomogeneous distribution of minor phasesand the effects of metasomatism. High K₂O, Rb, Ba, Cs, Li, B,K/Rb, K/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Th/U along the eastern mylonitic marginand elsewhere within the WPC reflect post-solidification metasomaticprocesses. Intrusion of mafic magmas during uplift after crustal thickeningappears to have caused high-temperature metamorphism and anatexisof Bucksport country rocks at relatively low pressure (0.4 GPa).Dehydration melting of muscovite to produce magmas saturatedor nearly saturated with H₂O explains the formation of migmatitesin the vicinity of the WPC. Formation of granites by 50–60%fluid-absent melting of Bucksport source rocks containing 20%biotite requires that fusion occurred at T860C and consumedall of the biotite in the source rock. Phase equilibrium dataand estimated temperatures of formation provide evidence thatthe granitoids formed at T<860C, whereas petrographic dataindicate that not all biotite in the source rock was consumedduring anatexis. Therefore, the WPC granitoids could have formedby fluid-absent melting if the source rocks contained >20%biotite (the maximum amount observed). However, it is also possiblethat influx of aqueous fluid before or during anatexis allowedproduction of relatively large volumes of melt at T<860C.Available data do not allow these possibilities to be rigorouslytested. The WPC granitoids have many characteristics of S-type granitesand preserve a chemical and mineralogical record of their sourcerocks, indicating that granites can image their sources evenin tectonically complex regions.     

Geochemistry of granulite‐facies granitic rocks from Battye Glacier,northern Prince Charles Mountains,East Antarctica

Proterozoic basement outcrops in the vicinity of Battye Glacier, northern Prince Charles Mountains, are dominated by granulites and gneisses derived from felsic (granitoid) intrusive igneous rocks, and by pegmatites. Felsic orthopyroxene granulites, garnet leucogneisses and garnet pegmatites have major and trace element compositions of highly felsic, but not strongly fractionated, granites. The garnet leucogneisses and garnet pegmatites have S‐type characteristics, whereas the felsic granulites are probably I‐type, although their high Zr+Nb+Y+Ce abundances suggest possible A‐type affinities. Intermediate orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene granulites mostly resemble I‐type quartz diorites, except for a small subgroup of samples (characterised by low Na₂O and K₂O, and high MgO, Ni, Cr and HREE) of uncertain affinities and significance. Element ratios involving LILE (e.g. K/Rb, Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, K/La, La/Th) closely match those typical of the inferred granitoid protoliths, suggesting that these rocks have experienced relatively little LILE depletion (except possibly for U) during regional metamorphism. It is therefore inferred that metamorphism was probably broadly isochemical. Because the felsic and intermediate granulites and garnet leucogneisses are Sr‐depleted, Y‐undepleted and mostly have negative Eu anomalies they are inferred to be the products of partial melting of felsic crustal sources leaving plagioclase‐bearing residua. Plagioclase fractionation during crystallisation could also account for these characteristics, but K/Rb, Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr ratios in these rocks are not consistent with strong fractionation of feldspar. Garnet pegmatites differ chemically from garnet leucogneisses mainly in their lower Fe, Ti, Nb, Zn, Zr, Th and REE abundances and positive Eu anomalies, related to lower garnet, ilmenite and zircon contents in the garnet pegmatites. A genetic link between these two rock types, probably involving fractionation of these minerals during partial melting or crystallisation, is inferred. Incompatible‐element abundances suggest that generation of the Battye Glacier granitic magmas from felsic crust might have occurred in a mature continental magmatic arc possibly well removed from an active subduction trench or, perhaps, in an intracontinental setting.     

Deep subduction of felsic rocks hosting UHP lenses in the central Saxonian Erzgebirge: Implications for UHP terrane exhumation

Contrasting metamorphic conditions determined by chemical geothermobarometric investigations of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) lenses surrounded by high-pressure (HP) and medium-pressure (MP) felsic country rocks are an enigmatic feature of UHP terranes. One of the major questions arising is whether the UHP lenses and the country rocks are a product of different peak metamorphic conditions corresponding to different maximum depth or whether country rocks also experienced UHP conditions but equilibrated and/or re-equilibrated at a different metamorphic stage. Here we address this question to the central Saxonian Erzgebirge in the northwestern Bohemian Massif, Germany. In order to screen the variety of garnet from lithologies occurring in the study area, we analyzed the detrital garnet record from seven modern stream sands. In addition to 700 inclusion-bearing garnet grains previously studied from the 125–250 μm grain-size fraction, we analyzed the 63–125 and 250–500 μm fractions and extended the dataset to overall 2100 inclusion-bearing grains. The new findings of coesite and diamond inclusions in several garnet grains, which are in compositional contrast to garnet of the known UHP lenses but match with those of the felsic country rocks, show that considerable parts of the country rocks underwent UHP metamorphism. Melt inclusions containing cristobalite, kokchetavite, and kumdykolite in garnet derived from the country rocks point to partial melting and re-equilibration during exhumation at HP/HT conditions. Although an amalgamation of rocks which reached different maximum depth may be responsible for some of the contrasting peak metamorphic conditions, the mineralogical evidence for UHP conditions in the felsic country rocks surrounding the UHP lenses proves a largely coherent slab subducted to UHP conditions. Furthermore, the presence of coesite in the subducting voluminous felsic crust and its transformation to quartz during exhumation have great implications for buoyancy development during the metamorphic cycle, which may explain the high exhumation rates of UHP terranes.     

P–T and structural evolution during exhumation of high-T, medium-P basement rocks in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa

The P–T evolution of amphibolite facies gneisses and associated supracrustal rocks exposed along the northern margin of the Paleo to MesoArchean Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, has been reconstructed via detailed structural analysis combined with calculated K(Mn)FMASH pseudosections of aluminous felsic schists. The granitoid‐greenstone contact is characterized by a contact‐parallel high‐strain zone that separates the generally low‐grade, greenschist facies greenstone belt from mid‐crustal basement gneisses. The supracrustal rocks in the hangingwall of this contact are metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies conditions. Supracrustal rocks and granitoid gneisses in the footwall of this contact are metamorphosed to sillimanite grade conditions (600–700 °C and 5 ± 1 kbar), corresponding to elevated geothermal gradients of ～30–40 °C km^?1. The most likely setting for these conditions was a mid‐ or lower crust that was invaded and advectively heated by syntectonic granitoids at c. 3230 Ma. Combined structural and petrological data indicate the burial of the rocks to mid‐crustal levels, followed by crustal exhumation related to the late‐ to post‐collisional extension of the granitoid‐greenstone terrane during one progressive deformation event. Exhumation and decompression commenced under amphibolite facies conditions, as indicated by the synkinematic growth of peak metamorphic minerals during extensional shearing. Derived P–T paths indicate near‐isothermal decompression to conditions of ～500–650 °C and 1–3 kbar, followed by near‐isobaric cooling to temperatures below ～500 °C. In metabasic rock types, this retrograde P–T evolution resulted in the formation of coronitic Ep‐Qtz and Act‐Qtz symplectites that are interpreted to have replaced peak metamorphic plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The last stages of exhumation are characterized by solid‐state doming of the footwall gneisses and strain localization in contact‐parallel greenschist‐facies mylonites that overprint the decompressed basement rocks.     

华北东南缘五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化

华北东南缘五河杂岩的变质演化过程研究有助于揭示研究区前寒武纪变质基底的形成与演化历史.基于对五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩进行的详细岩相学观察、矿物电子探针及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和微量元素分析,识别出古元古代变质演化的3个阶段,重建了峰期后近等温减压及降压冷却的顺时针P-T-t轨迹.峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段的代表性矿物组合为石榴子石（富Ca核部）+单斜辉石（富Al）+斜长石+石英+金红石±角闪石（富Ti）,所记录的峰期温压条件为850~900 ℃、1.5 GPa;峰期后近等温减压麻粒岩相变质阶段,富Ti角闪石分解在周围形成石榴子石+斜方辉石+斜长石±单斜辉石的矿物组合,所记录的温压条件为~900 ℃、1.1~1.2 GPa;晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,石榴子石分解产生角闪石+斜长石±石英,所记录的温压条件为600~680 ℃、0.65~0.75 GPa.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,高压麻粒岩相、中压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质时代分别为~1.90 Ga、~1.85 Ga和~1.78 Ga.因此,研究区镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化过程与胶北地体可以对比,结合已有的2.1 Ga花岗质岩石的成因和锆石年代学等方面研究成果,进一步证明五河杂岩属于胶-辽-吉带的西延,二者共同构成了华北克拉通东部一条古元古代碰撞造山带.