山东东营凹陷前古近系水化学场、水动力场与油气成藏

东营凹陷前古近系水化学特征对沉积环境有着良好的响应,从太古宙到早古生代的寒武纪,由于海水的侵入,使矿化度和氯离子含量出现增大的物质响应,但从奥陶纪到中生代,构造作用变强,水深总体变浅,保存环境变差,矿化度和氯离子含量总体降低。水化学剖面具有一定的分带性,大致可以划分为3种水文环境:水文流畅带(0~1.1km)、水文阻滞过渡带(1.1~1.75 km)和水文迟缓带(>1.75 km)。在各带矿化度、主要离子含量及离子组合系数等水化学参数具有不同的响应,其中水文阻滞过渡带和水文迟缓带对油气成藏有利。主要发育CaC l2型水和NaHCO3型水,随着矿化度的升高,NaHCO3型水逐渐被CaC l2型水取代。前古近系水动力场具有一定的对称性,从太古宙到中生代,水动力场中心和水动力场对称轴线发生变化。盆地内部发育以离心流为主的水动力场,在盆地边缘发育以向心流为主的水动力场,在离心流与向心流相接触的离心流泄水地带是油气聚集成藏的有利位置。     

沉积盆地地下水与油气成藏－保存关系

含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场可以划分为：①泥岩压实水离心流;②大气水下渗向心流;③(层间)越流、越流——蒸发泄水和④滞流四种局部水动力单元类型。通常盆地边缘大气水不对称下渗,发育向心流,中央凹陷区以泥岩为主的砂泥岩地层压实,发育离心流,大气水下渗向心流与地层压实离心流汇合,发育越流泄水。沉积盆地地下水动力场演化和地下水成因控制了地下水化学场的分布规律。在离心流和向心流流动过程中,地下水浓缩、盐化,在越流泄水区形成高浓缩、高盐化地下水。泥岩压实离心流是沉积盆地油气运移的主要动力之一,在地层压实排水离心流过程中,由于岩性、地层、断层等圈闭使得部分油气在运移过程中聚集;在地下水越流泄水过程中有利于油气大量聚集—富集;在向心流推进过程中,早期聚集的油气可能部分被破坏,此外也可能在特定的地质条件下形成水动力和部分岩性、地层、断层油气藏。     

论松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化

理想的沉积盆地地下水动力场模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种，其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为4种类型：①泥岩压榨水离心流；②大气水下渗向心流；③越流、越流－蒸发泄水；④滞留。地下水动力场演化具有旋回性，每个旋回可以分为两个阶段：①盆地沉降接受沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段；②盆地抬升剥蚀阶段的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随着沉积盆地的形成与演化，水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性：盆地北部和东部大气水不对称下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区压榨水形成离心流和越流；盆地南部以越流－蒸发浓缩为特征。在纵向上地下水动力的强度具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。     

沉积盆地地下水动力场特征研究①——以松辽盆地为例

盆地地下水动力场的形成演化与油气运移、聚集关系密切。由多个水动力体系组成的松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化在平面上具有明显的不对称性，总体上盆地北部为大气水下渗向心流区；中央坳陷区为离心流区和越流泄水区；盆地南部以地下水的越流—蒸发泄水浓缩为主要特征，盆地边缘和隆起剥蚀区的局部地区为大气水下渗区。且形成在地层压力、流动方向、流体势、垂直压力梯度等方面各具特征的局部水动力单元。同时，地下水动力场的形成与演化具有阶段性，其水动力强度在纵向上具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。     

松辽盆地油田地下水化学场的垂直分带性与平面分区性

松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化控制了地下水化学场的形成与分布,地下水化学分布特征又反映地下水动力场的演化结果。在地下水化学场的形成过程中,影响沉积盆地地下水化学性质的因素较多,这些因素对地下水化学性质的影响作用在垂向上具有阶段性,在平面上具有选择性。前者导致地下水化学性质的垂直分带性,从浅到深可以划分出:1)大气水下渗淡化带,2)近地表蒸发浓缩带,3)泥岩压实排水淡化带(C₁)—压滤浓缩带(C₂),4)粘土矿物脱水淡化带和5)渗滤浓缩带等5种水化学剖面单元类型。后者决定了地下水化学场的平面分区性:1)盆地边缘为大气水下渗淡化区,2)盆地中央为泥岩压实排水淡化区,3)越流区为过渡区,4)越流-蒸发区为浓缩区。在泥岩压实排水形成的离心流方向上,矿化度、Na⁺浓度、Cl^-浓度和盐化系数升高,(CO₃^2-+HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-浓度、钠氯系数(γNa⁺/γCl^-)和脱硫系数(SO₄^2-/SO₄^2-+Cl^-)降低。在大气水下渗向心流方向上,矿化度、离子浓度和钠氯系数、脱硫系数和盐化系数一致升高。     

论松辽盆地地下水动力场演化与油气运移、聚集

松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性:盆地北部大气水下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区发育泥岩压榨水形成的离心流和越流泄水；盆地南部以越流-蒸发泄水为特征，只有盆地边缘和隆起区的顶部有大气水下渗。泥岩压榨水形成的离心流是松辽盆地油气运移的主要动力。古水文地质的旋回性和离心流的阶段性，决定了油气的阶段性运移和在一个独立水动力体系内多个油环在内，气环在外，与沉积凹陷同心的阶梯式-环带状油气分布规律.     

浅析开采条件下地下热水资源的演变

地下热水的分布可以分为埋藏型(或盆地型)和出露型(或温泉型).埋藏型分布于沉积盆地深处,热储层规模大,有较大的储存资源,但补给资源极为有限或缺乏,开采地下热水主要是消耗储存资源,可导致热水系统水位持续下降.出露型多见于山区,地下热水以温泉的方式出露地表,其储存资源和补给资源均有限,在温泉附近开采热水可导致温泉流量减小直至干涸,热水系统水位、水温也会持续下降.在某些特定条件下在温泉附近打成的自流孔可使地下热水资源量有所增加.温泉的自封闭作用可使其流量减少.     

西安凹陷热储流体环境同位素研究

为了了解西安凹陷地下热水的补给循环及其赋存环境特征,对西安凹陷地下热水D、^18O、^13C、^14C、^34S分布特征进行了测定与分析。研究表明：西安城区地下热水中环境同位素δ（^180）、δ（^13C）、δ（^34S）的分布规律与其所在的关中盆地存在相反趋势,指示西安城区地下深部存在欠压实作用,表明西安是一个年轻的快速沉积盆地或其深部存在开启性断裂。通过水化学分析表明西安地区主要水化学类型为SO4-Na型,咸阳主要为Cl—Na型,指示咸阳地区的地质环境更为封闭。根据补给高程计算,西安、咸阳城区地下热水补给来源分别为秦岭和北山末次冰期高山雪水补给。     

东营凹陷地下水动力场的形成与演化

沉积盆地地下水动力场的理想模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种,其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为泥岩压榨水离心流,大气水下渗向心流,越流、越流蒸发泄水和滞流4种类型。地下水动力场的演化具有旋回性,每个旋回可以分为两个阶段:盆地沉降沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段和盆地抬升剥蚀时期的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随沉积盆地的形成与演化,水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。东营凹陷地下水动力场在平面上呈对称性:总体上大气水由凹陷边缘向凹陷中心渗入,凹陷内部各洼陷为压榨水形成的离心流区,凹陷边缘南部斜坡带和北部断阶带以及凹陷内部中央断裂带为越流泄水区。纵向上,局部水动力单元强度及演化规律与地层的埋藏深度有关。随着埋藏深度的增加,水动力单元强度逐渐减弱。     

玛湖-盆1井西复合含油气系统二叠系地下水动力场的形成与演化

油气运聚及分布和地下水动力场的形成与演化密切相关,随着盆地的演化,地下水动力场也经历了形成、发展和消亡的过程.对水化学、水动力分布特征研究表明,玛湖-盆1井西复合含油气系统二叠系的现今水动力场由于达巴松凸起而呈现分割性,形成玛湖和盆1井西2个独立的水动力体系,欠压实的存在使凹陷内仍然保持离心流特征,而盆地西北缘则是大气水下渗向心流区.研究区二叠系的水动力场演化具有南移特征.     

Indication of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes on the characteristics and circulation patterns of medium-low temperature geothermal resources in the Guanzhong Basin,China

Guanzhong Basin is a typical medium-low temperature geothermal field mainly controlled by geo-pressure in the west of China.The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to analyze the flow and storage modes of geothermal resources in the basin.In this paper,the basin was divided into six geotectonic units,where a total of 121 samples were collected from geothermal wells and surface water bodies for the analysis of hydrogen-oxygen isotopes.Analytical results show that the isotopic signatures of hydrogen and oxygen throughout Guanzhong Basin reveal a trend of gradual increase from the basin edge areas to the basin center.In terms of recharge systems,the area in the south edge belongs to the geothermal system of Qinling Mountain piedmont,while to the north of Weihe fault is the geothermal system of North mountain piedmont,where the atmospheric temperature is about 0.2℃-1.8℃in the recharge areas.The main factors that affect the geothermal waterδ18O drifting include the depth of geothermal reservoir and temperature of geothermal reservoir,lithological characteristics,water-rock interaction,geothermal reservoir environment and residence time.Theδ18O-δD relation shows that the main source is the meteoric water,together with some sedimentary water,but there are no deep magmatic water and mantle water which recharge the geothermal water in the basin.Through examining the distribution pattern of hydrogen-oxygen isotopic signatures,the groundwater circulation model of this basin can be divided into open circulation type,semi-open type,closed type and sedimentary type.This provides some important information for rational exploitation of the geothermal resources.     

张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征及成因分析

张掖盆地地处甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域中游地区,地势南东高北西低。已有勘探资料显示,张掖盆地赋存丰富的水热型地热资源。通过研究该区域地球物理勘探、钻探、地温测量及水文地球化学等成果资料,分析了张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征,探讨了其成因模式。张掖盆地地热田属沉积盆地型中低温地热田,热储为呈层状分布的新近系白杨河组砂岩、砂砾岩,选择钾镁地球化学温标计算热储温度为47～82°C,盖层为新近系上新统疏勒河组泥岩及第四系松散地层;地热水类型主要为碎屑岩类孔隙水,根据氢氧同位素特征推断其主要补给来源为南部祁连山区大气降水;祁连山北缘深大断裂和盆地内NNW向基底断裂是地热流体深循环良好的导水通道,地下水接受补给后沿导水断裂带或岩层孔隙裂隙运移,在深部热传导的增温作用下,赋存于碎屑岩类孔隙之中形成了本区的地热资源。水质分析结果表明：本区地热水属于溶滤型的陆相沉积水,水化学类型为Cl·SO₄—Na型,F-、SiO₂、溶解性总固体、总硬度含量随水温的升高而增大;区内地热水3H值普遍小于2.0 TU,说明形成年代较早;¹⁴C分析结果进一步证实,区域地...     

Quantity and location of groundwater recharge in the Sacramento Mountains,south-central New Mexico (USA), and their relation to the adjacent Roswell Artesian Basin

The Sacramento Mountains and the adjacent Roswell Artesian Basin, in south-central New Mexico (USA), comprise a regional hydrologic system, wherein recharge in the mountains ultimately supplies water to the confined basin aquifer. Geologic, hydrologic, geochemical, and climatologic data were used to delineate the area of recharge in the southern Sacramento Mountains. The water-table fluctuation and chloride mass-balance methods were used to quantify recharge over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Extrapolation of the quantitative recharge estimates to the entire Sacramento Mountains region allowed comparison with previous recharge estimates for the northern Sacramento Mountains and the Roswell Artesian Basin. Recharge in the Sacramento Mountains is estimated to range from 159.86?×?10⁶ to 209.42?×?10⁶ m³/year. Both the location of recharge and range in estimates is consistent with previous work that suggests that ~75 % of the recharge to the confined aquifer in the Roswell Artesian Basin has moved downgradient through the Yeso Formation from distal recharge areas in the Sacramento Mountains. A smaller recharge component is derived from infiltration of streamflow beneath the major drainages that cross the Pecos Slope, but in the southern Sacramento Mountains much of this water is ultimately derived from spring discharge. Direct recharge across the Pecos Slope between the mountains and the confined basin aquifer is much smaller than either of the other two components.     

滇西陇川断陷盆地地热水化学特征及循环过程

通过对陇川盆地开展地热地质调查,查清其地热资源分布:盆地内共出露地热点11处,热储结构类型为带状型和层状型,盆地中部为层状型,两侧盆地边缘为带状型,其中北西部受断裂控制明显,南东部受节理裂隙控制明显。其储热层为变质岩及新近系芒棒组的花岗质砂砾岩、细砂岩;地热水受大气降水影响明显,循环深度都在1 600 m以上,大部分在1 800~2 400 m之间,主要来源于深部热源,通过断裂、裂隙及砂砾石孔隙作为导水、储水上涌通道,接收来自山区补给的地下水混合出露于地表,补给距离在1.5 km以上,如南宛河温泉温度最高,地下水循环深度最深,补给距离最远,达10 km;盆地北东和西部水温高,循环深度深。      

Hydrogeology of the Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is located in the east of NW China that is composed of different aquifer systems. Karst groundwater is stored in the Carmbrian-Ordovician carbonates along the margins of the basin. Fissured-pore water is present in the Cretaceous strata in the central-western basin and pore water is stored in the overlying Quaternary deposits discontinuously. The main origin of groundwater in the basin is direct or indirect infiltration of precipitation. Groundwater flows from recharge areas to adjacent local discharge areas. Besides evaporation and abstraction, groundwater feeds springs and rivers, such as the Yellow River and its tributaries. According to the karst aquifer lithologic structure, the features of karst development and circulation, the karst aquifer is divided into three structural and circulation patterns. Based on the control of Cretaceous sedimentary environment, lithologic structure, lithofacies, and palaeogeographic characteristics, the Cretaceous system is divided into the northern desert simple plateau aquifer system and the southern loess plateau aquifer system. PACKER was used to obtain temperature, hydrogeochemical and isotope data at specific depths. Groundwater circulation is studied using hydrodynamic fields, temperature fields, isotopes, hydrogeochemical data and numerical simulations. According to the result, it is divided into local, intermediate and regional systems.     

苏北盆地老子山地热田成因模式

老子山地热田是苏北盆地的典型地热田之一,阐明其成因模式对于该地热田的进一步开发和热水资源的可持续利用具有一定的指导意义。基于大地热流测试和水文地球化学方法对其进行了系统研究。结果表明:该区大地热流背景值为63.9 mW/m²,地热水与浅层地下水和地表水之间在水化学和同位素组成上存在明显差异。经分析,该地热系统属于中低温对流型。其补给区位于距地热田南部约60 km处的盱眙－张八岭一带的丘陵地区,热储温度为73~120 ℃,循环深度为2 350~4 200 m,循环周期约为7 800 a,热水在区内NNE－SSW向与NW－SE向断裂的交汇处上涌,形成地热田。     

Groundwater circulation and hydrogeochemical evolution in Nomhon of Qaidam Basin,northwest China

In this study, analysis of hydrogeological conditions, as well as hydrochemistry and isotopic tools were used to get an insight into the processes controlling mineralization, recharge conditions, and flow pattern of groundwater in a typical arid alluvial-lacustrine plain in Qaidam Basin, northwest China. Analysis of the dissolved constituents reveals that groundwater evolves from fresh water (TDS =300–1000 mg/l) to saline water (TDS ≥5000 mg/l) along the flow paths, with the water type transiting from HCO ₃?Cl–Na ?Mg to HCO ₃?Cl–Na, and eventually to Cl–Na. Groundwater chemical evolution is mainly controlled by water–rock interaction and the evaporation–crystallization process. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopes in groundwater samples indicate that the recharge of groundwater is happened by meteoric water and glacier melt-water in the Kunlun Mountains, and in three different recharge conditions. Groundwater ages, estimated by the radiogenic (³H and ¹⁴C) isotope data, range from present to Holocene (～28 ka). Based on groundwater residence time, hydrogeochemical characteristics, field investigation, and geological structure distribution, a conceptual groundwater flow pattern affected by uplift structure is proposed, indicating that shallow phreatic water is blocked by the uplift structure and the flow direction is turned to the northwest, while high pressure artesian water is formed in the confined aquifers at the axis of the uplift structure.     

利用环境同位素识别酒泉-张掖盆地地下水补给和水流系统

详细了解干旱区地下水的补给机制对地下水资源管理来说是非常重要的,天然环境同位素在过去的40年里广泛应用于解决有关地下水补给、流动等问题。笔者通过分析酒泉-张掖盆地水的环境同位素变化特征,识别地下水的补给和流动.研究结果表明,酒泉-张掖盆地地下水的补给源主要来自山区出山河流,补给发生在祁连山前戈壁带,在山前冲积扇带地下水主要为1963年以来的快速补给,而部分深部地下水为1952年以前补给。同时,环境同位素指示盆地存在深部区域流系统和浅部局域流系统,酒泉盆地和张掖盆地之间不存在明显的水力联系。该研究不仅对黑河流域地下水的开发管理有着重要意义,对我国西北类似的内陆盆地地下水的开发管理有着借鉴意义。