非饱和含黏砂土的广义土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用非饱和土4联固结仪和非饱和三轴仪,解决了用压力板仪测试土-水特征曲线无法考虑体变、净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的问题,进行了考虑净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的土-水特征曲线研究,对未考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的土-水特征曲线同考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的广义土-水特征曲线的试验结果得出,净竖向压力或净平均应力是影响非饱和土土-水特征曲线的重要因素,试验结果与理论公式稳合较好,并结合非饱和理论和试验结果,拟合了可以反映净竖向压力或净平均应力影响的广义土-水特征曲线公式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

一种预测不同温度下非饱和土相对渗透系数的间接方法

高放核废料地下处置、城市供热管道及埋地高压电缆等工程建设的进行,使得考虑温度影响的非饱和土渗透性能越来越受到人们的重视。在考虑温度效应的非饱和土土-水特征曲线研究基础上,结合利用土-水特征曲线预测非饱和土相对渗透系数的方法,建立了一种预测不同温度下非饱和土相对渗透系数的间接方法。所建立的表达式是针对土-水特征曲线的整个吸力范围,从而使得其在应用上更具一般意义。利用MX-80班脱土和黄土土样的试验结果,对不同温度下相对渗透系数随吸力的变化进行了预测,得到了令人满意的结果     

非饱和土土-水特征曲线预估方法研究

在Wei等[1]基于多相孔隙介质非平衡渗流理论提出的多孔介质热动力学混合物理论模型的基础上,建立了一个能描述不考虑土骨架变形的非饱和土土-水特征曲线动态模型。依据非饱和土土-水特征曲线动态模型,推导出不考虑土骨架变形的气-水两相非饱和土的饱和度演化方程。利用饱和度演化方程并结合多步流动瞬态试验的成果,通过数值反演,提出了一种能利用多步流动瞬态试验数据快速确定非饱和土土-水特征曲线的方法。通过对低液限粉土及低液限黏土的多步流动瞬态试验研究发现,饱和度演化方程能较好地模拟非饱和土在小基质吸力步长变化下饱和度的变化规律。此外,通过对多步流动瞬态试验试样饱和度的模拟确定的非饱和土土-水特征曲线与联合测试系统测得的土-水特征曲线的结果较为一致。     

某滑坡土体土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用能够控制基质吸力的4联式非饱和土直剪仪,对清江流域古树包滑坡滑带土体进行了不同固结应力条件下土-水特征试验,得出了土-水特征曲线并进行了函数拟合。结合土-水特征曲线拟合函数,经过数学推导确定了函数中各个参数的物理意义,建立了能够同时反映固结应力、基质吸力和含水率之间关系的函数表达式,弥补了其他方法不能考虑固结应力的缺陷,对补充和发展土-水特征曲线试验和理论具有重要意义。     

土-水特征曲线及其相关性研究

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）描述了土体吸力与含水率之间的关系,是非饱和土力学研究的重要内容。从理论和试验两个方面研究了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线的相互关系。在理论上,应用自然比例法则研究了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线的特征,从物理和力学意义两个方面探讨了土-水特征曲线及其导数、渗透曲线、颗粒分布曲线之间的特征,给出了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线两指数函数表达式幂的取值范围和相互关系。试验研究结果表明：土体的土-水特征曲线受到土体的物质成分、塑性指数、孔隙结构、应力状态等多种因素影响,土体持水特性研究对工程建设具有重要的指导意义。     

南宁膨胀土持水性能的温度效应及微观机制

采用蒸汽平衡法测定了4种温度(T=5、25、40、60℃)条件下Whatman No.42滤纸的率定曲线,建立了考虑温度影响的双线性率定曲线方程,发现滤纸的持水性能随温度升高而降低,且温度对率定曲线高吸力段滤纸持水性能的影响要弱于低吸力段。在此基础上,以南宁膨胀土为研究对象,使用滤纸法测定了不同温度作用下膨胀土试样的土-水特征曲线。试验结果表明,随着温度的升高,膨胀土持水性能下降,但温度的影响幅度会随着吸力的增大而减弱,当基质吸力达到40MPa时,不同温度下试样的体积含水率并没有明显变化,即此时温度对膨胀土的持水性能变化几乎无影响。为解释上述宏观现象,选取部分试样进行了压汞试验和吸附结合水试验,并根据试验结果从土体中各相及各相界面相互耦合作用的物理机制角度阐述了南宁膨胀土持水性能的温度效应及微观机制。     

膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线研究

高放废物（HLW）深地质处置中,在膨润土中添加一定比例的石英砂能优化缓冲/回填材料的性能。利用水汽平衡法,对高庙子压实膨润土-砂混合物在不同温度、掺砂率和干密度条件下的土-水特征曲线（SWCCs）进行试验研究,分析温度、掺砂率与干密度对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明,随着温度升高,混合物的持水能力明显下降;在试验控制吸力范围内,低吸力段掺砂率对土-水特征曲线影响明显,高吸力段掺砂率对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响逐渐降低;干密度对混合物的土-水特征曲线基本没有影响。根据试验数据建立了不同温度和掺砂率条件下膨润土-砂缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线的经验公式,可用来预测不同温度和掺砂率条件下的膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线     

非饱和土渗流及其参数影响的数值分析

基于一维的Richards方程,考虑van Genuchten提出的土-水特征曲线和水力传导系数的表达式,采用差分方法进行求解,研究该土-水特征曲线对孔隙水压力分布的影响,分析该模型四个参数θs、θr、α和n对孔隙水压力分布的作用特征。结果表明经验参数α和n对孔隙水压力分布产生显著的影响。α影响土-水特征曲线的位置和水力传导系数斜率,其值越大,基质吸力越滞后,孔隙水压力分布弯曲度随着α值的增大而明显;n决定土-水特征曲线的斜率,其值大意味着基质吸力易消散。计算分析显示θr值变化引起孔隙水压力分布微弱的差异,这差异随着时间的增长而增大;饱和含水量θs对孔隙水压力分布也产生不小的影响,随θs的降低孔隙水压力消散减慢。     

非饱和土毛细滞回内变量模型的修正

土-水特征关系是基质吸力和含水率之间关系。在反复干湿循环路径下土-水特征曲线呈现出毛细滞回特性。基于毛细滞回内变量理论和传统的土-水特征关系经验模型,提出了能模拟在任意干湿循环路径下土-水特征关系的修正模型。该模型比原模型增加了一个可逆参数,考虑了含水率的可逆变化,使扫描线在靠近边界线的时候斜率不会无限大,同时保留了原模型精度。通过与文献中的试验结果进行比较,修正模型可以更好地模拟非饱和土的土-水特征关系的循环滞回特性,并讨论了可逆参数的确定方法。     

基于热力学并考虑体变及滞回效应的土-水特征曲线模型

基于热力学内变量理论,提出能综合考虑毛细滞回效应和非饱和土体积变形影响的土-水特征曲线模型。热力学第二定律推导结果表明：毛细滞回现象和塑性变形本质上是一种耗散行为;吸力和饱和度的变化不仅与流相变化直接相关,而且也受到固相体积变化的约束与影响;土-水特征曲线的流相体积变化与固相变形之间存在相互耦合作用。从微观上阐明滞回现象产生的机制以及变形对吸力的影响,建立了考虑体变及滞回效应的土-水特征曲线一般性模型。然后采用边界面塑性理论,在只增加两个新参数的情况下,建立了一个简化的能描述毛细滞回及塑性孔隙比变化影响的新模型。最后,利用已有试验数据对这一模型进行了验证,结果表明,新模型能考虑土体变形的影响,并能较为准确地描述毛细滞回现象,模型预测结果与已有的试验数据吻合较好。     

A hierarchical thermo‐hydro‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation

Unsaturated soils are highly heterogeneous 3‐phase porous media. Variations of temperature, the degree of saturation, and density have dramatic impacts on the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. To model all these features, we present a thermo‐hydro‐plastic model in which the hydro‐mechanical hardening and thermal softening are incorporated in a hierarchical fashion for unsaturated soils. This novel constitutive model can capture heterogeneities in density, suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature. Specifically, this constitutive model has 2 ingredients: (1) it has a “mesoscale” mechanical state variable—porosity and 3 environmental state variables—suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature; (2) both temperature and mechanical effects on water retention properties are taken into account. The return mapping algorithm is applied to implement this model at Gauss point assuming an infinitesimal strain. At each time step, the return mapping is conducted only in principal elastic strain space, assuming no return mapping in suction and temperature. The numerical results obtained by this constitutive model are compared with the experimental results. It shows that the proposed model can simulate the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with satisfaction. We also conduct shear band analysis of an unsaturated soil specimen under plane strain condition to demonstrate the impact of temperature variation on shear banding triggered by initial material heterogeneities.     

非饱和黏土动力特性及等价黏弹性模型的试验研究

针对非饱和重塑黏土,利用改进的非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在固结排水（CD）条件下进行了应力控制式分级加载的循环三轴试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析,探讨了初始固结压力和基质吸力(孔隙气压力Ua与孔隙水压力Uw之差)对非饱和土动应力-动应变关系特性的影响。以此为基础,将Hardin-Drnerich等价黏弹性模型和Masing加卸载准则进行了改进,并得到了可以考虑基质吸力的非饱和黏土的等价黏弹性模型。进而对试验数据与模型预测结果进行比较,结果表明这种改进的非饱和土等价黏弹性模型能较好预测各种基质吸力下非饱和土的动应力-动应变关系。     

Yielding of Silt at High Temperature and Suction Magnitudes

This study presents an evaluation of yielding mechanisms for unsaturated, compacted silt using drained triaxial compression tests with control of elevated temperatures and high suction magnitudes. After anisotropic compression, some compacted silt specimens were heated by approximately 40 °C before a suction of approximately 300 MPa was applied, while others were heated after suction application. A frictional response was observed for the specimens sheared under high suction magnitudes, in the form of a consistent increase in peak shear strength with increasing net confining stress. An effective stress analysis was used to evaluate the trends in the peak shear stress and the role of stress history for the different specimens. A single peak failure envelope was observed when the shear strength data was interpreted in terms of the mean effective stress. Changes in preconsolidation stress were estimated by identifying the intersections between a thermo-elasto-plastic yield function and the experimental peak shear strength values. Soil specimens heated before application of high suction values had lower peak shear strengths than reference specimens at high suction and ambient temperature. This behaviour is consistent with thermal softening trends observed in soils heated under low suction values. However, soil specimens heated after suction application had greater peak shear strengths than the reference specimens. This indicates heating under high suction results in hardening. The impact of suction on the preconsolidation stress was found to be better represented by a power law model at high suction magnitudes than other available models. The estimated preconsolidation stress values were used to evaluate the impacts of stress history on the thermal volume change response, which matched well with data from tests on saturated specimens.     

饱和盐渍土分数阶蠕变模型及试验研究

采用等温条件下饱和盐渍土的固结蠕变试验研究了其蠕变特性。在元件模型的基础上,通过引入Abel阻尼器和渗透吸力后,建立了饱和盐渍土的分数阶蠕变模型,从表观现象学方面展开了含盐量与饱和盐渍土蠕变特性的相关性讨论。结合试验结果和分数阶模型,拟合分析了渗透吸力同次固结系数与压缩指数的比值 和初始剪切模量以及初始剪切应变的相互作用关系。在蠕变试验的基础上,通过不同应力水平、含盐量的试验结果对分数阶模型进行了拟合分析,并结合给出的黏度系数公式对模型的有效性进行了验证。分析结果表明：次固结系数与压缩指数的比值 随着渗透吸力的增大而增大且呈指数关系,初始剪切模量随着渗透吸力的增大而减小,初始剪切应变与渗透吸力呈现出线性关系。相比与整数阶元件模型,所提出的分数阶蠕变模型更适合于饱和盐渍土蠕变行为的预测。结合试验和模型分析结果,发现含盐量的增大促进了盐渍土的蠕变行为。     

Modelling the effect of temperature on unsaturated soil behaviour

A simple thermohydromechanical (THM) constitutive model for unsaturated soils is described. The effective stress concept is extended to unsaturated soils with the introduction of a capillary stress. This capillary stress is based on a microstructural model and calculated from attraction forces due to water menisci. The effect of desaturation and the thermal softening phenomenon are modelled with a minimal number of material parameters and based on existing models. THM process is qualitatively and quantitatively modelled by using experimental data and previous work to show the application of the model, including a drying path under mechanical stress with transition between saturated and unsaturated states, a heating path under constant suction and a deviatoric path with imposed suction and temperature. The results show that the present model can simulate the THM behaviour in unsaturated soils in a satisfactory way.     

A thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated soils based on the effective stress concept

A simple thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) constitutive model for unsaturated soils is described. The effective stress concept is extended to unsaturated soils with the introduction of a capillary stress. This capillary stress is based on a microstructural model and calculated from attraction forces due to water menisci. The effect of desaturation and the thermal softening phenomenon are modelled with a minimal number of material parameters and based on existing models. THM process is qualitatively and quantitatively modelled by using experimental data and previous work to show the application of the model, including a drying path under mechanical stress with transition between saturated and unsaturated states, a heating path under constant suction and a deviatoric path with imposed suction and temperature. The results show that the present model can simulate the THM behaviour in unsaturated soils in a satisfactory way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑温度效应的延安新区压实黄土全吸力范围持水和渗透特性研究

干旱和半干旱黄土地区的压实土路基、垃圾填埋场黄土盖层等的持水特性和渗透特性均受温度影响。为了探究温度对全吸力范围内压实黄土水力特性的影响规律和内在机制,基于滤纸法和自行研发的小土柱试验装置对不同温度下延安新区压实黄土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)以及渗透性曲线(HCC)进行测定。结果表明:在黄土SWCC的高吸力段体积含水率随温度升高而减小,低吸力段受温度影响不明显;黄土渗透曲线则是在低吸力段受温度影响显著,温度越高渗透性越强,当土体吸力增大或体积含水率减小至一定值后,温度对土体渗透性的影响可忽略不计。基于此结果,将改进的van Genuchten(VG)模型作为可考虑温度影响的SWCC预测函数,通过拟合实测数据得出温度相关参数并进行验证;对于渗透性曲线,以90 kPa基质吸力为分段点,在低吸力段和高吸力段分别采用统计模型和幂函数进行分段预测,能够得到与实测数据吻合较好的预测结果。     

An unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model for compacted GMZ01 bentonite with consideration of temperature

As one of the most important properties of compacted bentonite used as buffer/backfill materials, hydraulic conductivity is influenced by various factors including temperature, microstructure and suction (or degree of saturation), etc. Based on the readily available results of both temperature-controlled water-retention tests and unsaturated infiltration tests under confined (constant volume) conditions, influences of temperature and microstructure variations on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ01) bentonite were analyzed. Then, a revised unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model considering temperature effects and microstructure changes was developed. With this proposed model, prediction and comparison were made on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted GMZ01 bentonite at 20 °C. Results show that water-retention capacity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite decreases as temperature increases and the degree of the temperature influence depends on suction. Under confined conditions, influence of hydration on microstructure of compacted GMZ01 bentonite depends on pore size. The proposed model can well describe the variations of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with suction at different temperatures. However, further improvement of the proposed model is needed to account for the phenomenon of inter-aggregate pores clogging that occurred at the initial stage of hydration of compacted GMZ01 bentonite under confined conditions.     

土-水特征曲线与核磁共振曲线的关系

土-水特征曲线在非饱和土的研究中扮演着重要的角色,其预测方法的研究具有重要的科学意义。以武汉黏性土为研究对象,在土-水特征曲线试验和核磁共振（NMR）试验的基础上,利用Fredlund-Xing模型对试验数据进行拟合分析。结合KST模型和Young-Laplace理论,建立了基质吸力与土体中孔隙水的弛豫时间（T2）之间的理论关系式,试验结果表明该理论关系式并不能简单有效的描述基质吸力与T2值之间的实际关系。基于土-水特征曲线和NMR试验结果,建议了基质吸力与T2值之间的经验关系式,在此基础之上,给出了基于NMR曲线的不同初始干密度非饱和黏性土土-水特征曲线的预测方法。