Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations in temperature proxy records

Holocene temperature proxy records are commonly used in quantitative synthesis and model-data comparisons. However, comparing correlations between time series from records collected in proximity to one another with the expected correlations based on climate model simulations indicates either regional or noisy climate signals in Holocene temperature proxy records. In this study, we evaluate the consistency of spatial correlations present in Holocene proxy records with those found in data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Specifically, we predict correlations expected in LGM proxy records if the only difference to Holocene correlations would be due to more time uncertainty and more climate variability in the LGM. We compare this simple prediction to the actual correlation structure in the LGM proxy records. We found that time series data of ice-core stable isotope records and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios were consistent between the Holocene and LGM periods, while time series of Uk'37 proxy records were not as we found no correlation between nearby LGM records. Our results support the finding of highly regional or noisy marine proxy records in the compilation analysed here and suggest the need for further studies on the role of climate proxies and the processes of climate signal recording and preservation.     

Testing the relationship between Holocene peatland palaeoclimate reconstructions and instrumental data at two European sites

Peatland surface wetness records provide long Holocene palaeoclimate reconstructions at 10¹–10² year resolution. They reflect changes in water balance but the relative strength of precipitation and temperature signals are not known. In common with other non-annually resolved records, there has been no testing of the reconstructions against instrumental climate data. In this paper high-resolution records of palaeohydrological change reconstructed from testate amoebae analysis are used to examine critically the relationships between reconstructed water table change, instrumental water table and climate data. A 200-year record of reconstructed water table from northern England shows that the strongest control on reconstructed mean annual water table change is summer precipitation, with summer temperature becoming more important over longer time periods. A 50-year record from Estonia shows that both measured and reconstructed water table records are strongly correlated with summer precipitation. Summer temperature is also correlated with reconstructed water table. We conclude that peatland surface wetness records should be interpreted as primarily reflecting summer precipitation variability, with summer temperature increasingly important in more continental settings.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带东段中、新生代斑岩成矿系统岩石地球化学与年代学测试数据集

西藏冈底斯成矿带东段中—新生代斑岩成矿系统岩石地球化学测试数据集基于冈底斯成矿带地质矿产调查项目“西藏冈底斯东段中新生代斑岩成矿系统与找矿预测”资助,进行岩石测试分析整理而得。岩石地球化学与地质年代学数据可以全面地反映岩石与矿床成因、成岩与成矿年龄等重要信息,为西藏冈底斯成矿带东段中、新生代斑岩矿床成矿背景与成矿模式研究提供科学依据和基础数据支撑。本数据集为Excel表格型数据,包括3个.xlsx类型文件（majorelement_Gangdise.xlsx,traceelement_Gangdise.xlsx,reos-upb_Gangdise）分别记录主量、微量、测年数据,其中majorelement_Gangdise.xlsx包含141条记录和105个字段,traceelement_Gangdise.xlsx包含273条记录和166个字段,reos-upb_Gangdise包含208条记录和100个字段。其中,主量、微量元素数据涉及与邦铺、达布、程巴、甲玛4个矿床有关的5个岩体。测年数据包括邦铺钼多金属矿床黑云母二长花岗岩等4组锆石U-Pb年龄数据,达布铜（钼）花岗岩体等3组锆石U-Pb年龄数据,甲玛铜多金属矿床5组Re-Os年龄数据,邦铺钼多金属矿床2组Re-Os年龄数据。本库提供全部测试均在国家知名测试数据实验室进行,数据质量可靠。     

层序地层和岩相古地理研究中空间数据库的设计与应用——以鄂尔多斯地区寒武系-奥陶系研究为例

在层序地层与岩相古地理研究中,需要对野外地质剖面记录、测井、录井记录等海量数据进行对比分析。如何将海量数据用空间数据库管理并加以分析,无疑是层序地层与岩相古地理研究中的重要技术手段。以鄂尔多斯盆地中一个层序的岩相古地理图的分析、绘制为例,介绍了空间数据库的设计、分析、应用等关键技术。     

On the design of paleoenvironmental data networks for estimating large-scale patterns of climate

Guidelines are determined for the spatial density and location of climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) that are appropriate for estimating the continental- to hemispheric-scale pattern of atmospheric circulation (sea-level pressure). Because instrumental records of temperature and precipitation simulate the climatic information that is contained in certain paleoenvironmental records (tree-ring, pollen, and written-documentary records, for example), these guidelines provide useful sampling strategies for reconstructing the pattern of atmospheric circulation from paleoenvironmental records. The statistical analysis uses a multiple linear regression model. The sampling strategies consist of changes in site density (from 0.5 to 2.5 sites per million square kilometers) and site location (from western North American sites only to sites in Japan, North America, and western Europe) of the climatic data. The results showed that the accuracy of specification of the pattern of sea-level pressure: (1) is improved if sites with climatic records are spread as uniformly as possible over the area of interest; (2) increases with increasing site density-at least up to the maximum site density used in this study; (3) is improved if sites cover an area that extends considerably beyond the limits of the area of interest. The accuracy of specification was lower for independent data than for the data that were used to develop the regression model; some skill was found for almost all sampling strategies.     

层序地层和岩相古地理研究中空间数据库的设计与应用——以鄂尔多斯地区寒武系—奥陶系研究为例

在层序地层与岩相古地理研究中,需要对野外地质剖面记录、测井、录井记录等海量数据进行对比分析。如何将海量数据用空间数据库管理并加以分析,无疑是层序地层与岩相古地理研究中的重要技术手段。以鄂尔多斯盆地中一个层序的岩相古地理图的分析、绘制为例,介绍了空间数据库的设计、分析、应用等关键技术。     

Understanding the origin and analysis of sediment-charcoal records with a simulation model

Interpreting sediment-charcoal records is challenging because there is little information linking charcoal production from fires to charcoal accumulation in lakes. We present a numerical model simulating the major processes involved in this pathway. The model incorporates the size, location, and frequency of fires, primary and secondary charcoal transport, sediment mixing, and sediment sampling. We use the model as a tool to evaluate assumptions of charcoal dispersal and taphonomy and to assess the merits of inferring local and regional fire history by decomposing charcoal records into low-frequency (‘background’) and high-frequency (‘peak’) components. Under specific dispersal scenarios, the model generates records similar in appearance to sediment-charcoal records from Alaskan boreal forests. These scenarios require long-distance dispersal (e.g. 10⁰–10¹ km), consistent with observations from wildfires but longer than previously inferred from experimental dispersal data. More generally, charcoal accumulation in simulated records mainly reflects area burned within the charcoal source area. Variability in charcoal peak heights is primarily explained by the size of charcoal source areas relative to the size of simulated fires, with an increase in this ratio resulting in increased variability in peak heights. Mixing and multi-year sampling add noise to charcoal records, obscuring the relationship between area burned and charcoal accumulation. This noise highlights the need for statistical treatments of charcoal records. Using simulated records we demonstrate that long-term averages of charcoal accumulation (>10×mean fire return interval) correlate well with area burned within the entire charcoal source area. We further demonstrate how decomposing simulated records to isolate the peak component emphasizes fire occurrence at smaller spatial scales (<1 km radius), despite the importance of long-distance charcoal dispersal in simulating charcoal records similar to observations. Together, these results provide theoretical support for the analysis of charcoal records using the decomposition approach.     

公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加(Eldgjá)火山喷发对中国的古气候效应

本文通过搜寻公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加(Eldgjá)火山喷发前后(公元932～948年)各地气候冷暖变化的历史文献记录以及树轮记录，重点发掘并考订了中国的历史文献记录，对公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加火山喷发的气候效应，特别是对中国的气候效应进行了分析。综合中国、欧洲和中东以及日本等地的历史文献记录与树轮记录，发现埃尔加火山喷发后的气候变冷集中在公元934～935年和公元939～942年两个时期。公元934～935年的降温可能是欧洲和中东的区域性降温，公元939～942年的降温在全球范围有广泛表现。埃尔加火山喷发开始后直至公元938年，中国出现了区域性的气候变暖，变暖的峰值可能在公元934年。从现有历史文献证据分析，埃尔加火山喷发后中国的降温发生在公元939～942年。初步估计，公元939年到940年冬季(939年12月至940年2月)中国洛阳开封一带相对于公元933～938年的降温幅度可达5℃～8℃。我们对埃尔加火山喷发过程的考订印证了前人的推测：埃尔加火山在3～8年的喷发过程中，可能于公元934年和939年前后各出现一个喷发的高潮。     

Structural and geochronologic data from the Shin Jinst area, eastern Gobi Altai, Mongolia: Implications for Phanerozoic intracontinental deformation in Asia

The complex geology of central Asia records significant Phanerozoic growth and deformation of continental lithosphere, yet many questions about the timing and mechanisms of these processes remain. The Gobi Altai of southwestern Mongolia preserves much of this history in exposed mountain ranges and sedimentary basins. The Shin Jinst area (near latitude 44 21' to 44° 32', longitude 99°35' to 99° 25') contains important evidence of Paleozoic growth and accretion as well as subsequent Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation. Detailed mapping and structural data, including data sets on folds and cross-cutting faults, point to repeated episodes of deformation and add to recent work that documents Triassic and Jurassic compression as well as Cenozoic tectonic activity in this region. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data are interpreted to record Permian to Jurassic convergent margin processes. In particular, these data, in combination with previous studies, suggest that southern Mongolia records protracted deformation throughout the Jurassic that likely resulted from compression associated with the subduction zone at the southern margin of Asia at that time.     

黄龙钙华210Pb计年与现代沉积的环境变化研究

本文以黄龙钙华岩芯为主要研究对象, 利用210Pb定年技术在测定年轻碳酸盐样品短时间尺度上的优势建立了研究区近100年来高精度的年代标尺及环境记录; 通过碳氧稳定同位素的分析, 讨论了钙华稳定同位素记录与器测气候数据的相关性特征, 并与其他定年技术所获得的结果进行了相互验证。研究区钙华δ18O在1908~2004年时段内的变化范围为?12.13‰~?10.42‰, 平均值为?11.23‰, 变化幅度达到了1.7‰。同属西南季风区、由于海拔效应和距离水汽来源远近不同等因素的影响, 在同时段内黄龙钙华δ18O的变化范围和变化幅度都比董歌洞和Kahf Defore洞的δ18O记录要大, 说明处于中纬度、高海拔的黄龙钙华相对于低海拔的董歌洞和Kahf Defore洞石笋对气候环境的响应可能更加敏感。     

Vegetation and climate history in the Westeifel Volcanic Field (Germany) during the past 11 000 years based on annually laminated lacustrine maar sediments

Lakes Holzmaar and Meerfelder Maar are located in the Westeifel Volcanic Field less than 10 km apart. Both maar lakes are well known for their annually laminated (varved) sediments covering the past 15 000 years. Here, we focus on reconstructing the history of Holocene vegetation, human impact and climate using high-resolution pollen data. Detailed correlation between the two records using palynologically defined tie-points provides for the first time a test of the precision of the individual varve chronologies. The high-resolution pollen records of both Holzmaar and Meerfelder Maar show continuous natural successions of vegetation during the early and mid-Holocene controlled by the development of soil, climate, immigration and competitive expansion of thermophilous tree species. From 6500 varve yr BP onwards, human impact became an increasingly more important factor. Given the high chronological precision of both records, regional similarities, but also local differences of anthropogenically influenced vegetation changes, can be recognized. The reconstructed July temperature between 8500 and 5000 varve yr BP is around 1 °C higher than today, most likely in response to higher summer insolation related to orbital forcing. High variability of reconstructed July and January temperatures as well as annual precipitation around 5000 varve yr BP is a prominent climatic signal. This is consistent with other records in several areas of Europe which also identify this period as climatically highly variable.     

Long-term biological data sets: Their role in research,monitoring, and management of estuarine and coastal marine systems

Long-term records of biological data are extremely valuable for documenting ecosystem changes, for differentiating natural changes from those caused by humans, and for generating and analyzing testable hypotheses. Long-term sampling, however, is generally discouraged by a variety of institutional disincentives, so that today such records are uncommon. We discuss approaches for overcoming these disincentives through improved research planning and design, including clearera priori definition of management and regulatory actions and information needs, more rigorous adherence to hypothesis formulation and testing, and proper spatial and temporal scaling in sampling. We distinguish between prospective study design, in which the foregoing elements are essential for coast-effectiveness, and retrospective analysis, which relies on reconstruction of long-term records from existing data sets. We demonstrate the great value of retrospective analysis of encountered data, and argue for renewed attention to archival of data sets with documented data quality, interacalibration and documentation of methodologies, and long-term storage of samples for future analysis. Such practices are essential to ensure the quality of long-term records that are reconstructed for retrospective examination of new hypotheses in the future.     

Regional hydrological thresholds for landslides and floods in the Tiber River Basin (central Italy)

 The definition of landslide warning thresholds, based on the analysis of hydrological data, is proposed. In the Tiber River Basin of central Italy historical information on landslides and floods, for the period 1918–1990, was available from a nationwide bibliographical and archive inventory on geohydrological catastrophes. Hydrological data were obtained from mean daily discharge records at various gauging stations within the basin. Several hundred hydrological events, broadly defined as a series of consecutive days having mean daily discharge exceeding a predefined value, were identified. Hydrological parameters obtained from the discharge records were used to rank the events according to their probability to trigger mass movements or inundations and to define regional thresholds for the occurrence of landslides and floods. The proposed approach, not lacking limitations, has conceptual and operational advantages, among which is the possibility of using historical information on geohydrological catastrophes. Received: 20 November 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

赣南淘锡坑钨多金属矿床花岗岩和云英岩岩石特征及云英岩中白云母40Ar/39Ar定年

赣南崇义县淘锡坑钨矿位于南岭东西向构造带东段,属于以黑钨矿石英脉型为主的钨多金属矿床。矿床形成与燕山期中酸性岩浆作用有密切关系,石英矿脉受一组北西向断裂控制,穿切新元古界。本文在淘锡坑钨矿区3个揭露到花岗岩体顶部的中段（206、106、56中段）采集到岩体顶部云英岩样品,利用40Ar/39Ar同位素定年测得云英岩中的白云母的坪年龄分别为152.7 ± 1.5 Ma（206中段）,153.4 ± 1.3 Ma（106中段）,155.0 ± 1.4 Ma（56中段）。与前人用其他方法测定的花岗岩成岩和成矿年龄几乎一致。花岗岩和云英岩全岩稀土元素均具有M型四分组效应和强烈的Eu亏损特征,反映出花岗质岩浆经历了高度分异演化及其岩体结晶晚期流体/熔体相互作用。综合前人在南岭地区同类矿床的研究资料,可知南岭地区160～150Ma成岩成矿作用主要分布于南岭中-东段,可能为大陆边缘弧后岩石圈伸展的构造动力学背景的产物。     

Flood risk assessment in a coastal lagoon under present and future scenarios: Ria de Aveiro case study

Iranian strong motion records as well as detailed conditions of their instrument sites and the characteristics of their causative seismic sources are compiled and processed. The dataset consists of 2286 three-component records from 461 Iranian earthquakes with at least two high-quality records having moment magnitude from 3.9 to 7.3. These records are about 20% of the Iranian database and are suitable for seismic hazard analysis and engineering applications. Perhaps for the first time in the literature, the distance to the surface projection of the fault is reported for a great number of records corresponding to earthquakes with M > 6.0. The raw accelerations are processed using the wavelet de-noising method. Having corrected and filtered these raw data, the pseudospectral accelerations are calculated for each of the three components of time series, separately. In addition to the ground motion parameters, a large and comprehensive list of metadata characterizing the recording conditions of each record is also developed. Moreover, careful revision of the characteristics of the earthquakes such as location, magnitude, style of faulting and fault rupture plane geometry, if available, is carried out using the best available information in a scientifically sound manner. Finally, we also focus on special ground motion records including records with peak ground acceleration (PGA) >300 cm/s² and distances less than 30 km. These are “exceptional” records in the Iranian dataset and include less than 2% of the selected dataset.     

西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中的类ENSO式演化及其驱动机制

作为全球接受太阳辐射最多、表层海水温度最高的区域,西太平洋暖池区通过厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)和季风等过程影响着全球气候的变化。越来越多的沉积记录证明,在地质历史时期西太平洋暖池也存在类似于现代ENSO过程的“类ENSO式”变化。而目前类ENSO式变化与冰期—间冰期旋回之间的响应关系和驱动机制及其与东亚季风的关联仍存在争议。本文利用位于暖池核心区的B10岩心浮游有孔虫氧同位素、Mg/Ca(质量分数比)和黏土矿物参数重建了暖池区氧同位素8期以来的古气候记录,并结合已有的热带海表温度记录、中国石笋氧同位素和南大洋地区海表温度记录,研究了西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中类ENSO状态的演化规律及其与东亚季风的关系,并探讨了暖池区类ENSO演化的驱动机制。结果发现:冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层变浅,赤道东、西太平洋温差减小,同时,东亚夏季风减弱,暖池区降水量相对减少,与现代El Niño时期气候态类似;间冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层加深,赤道东、西太平洋温差增大,东亚冬夏季风增强,暖池区降水量相对增加,与现代La Niña时期气候态类似。频谱分析结果表明,西太平洋暖池区海表温度的变化具有偏心率周期(96 ka)。冰消期时,低纬度太阳辐射量的增加,增大了纬向上的SST梯度,并使得次表层海水储存了更多的热量,积累的热量会通过调节次表层环流向暖池区的热传输,最终调控赤道太平洋地区Walker环流强度和ENSO活动的长期变化。而冰期时,南大洋地区降温所引起的东南信风和大洋环流异常可能对类ENSO式起到调控的作用。     

A new global landslide dam database (RAGLAD) and analysis utilizing auxiliary global fluvial datasets

To address the current data and understanding knowledge gap in landslide dam inventories related to geomorphological parameters, a new global-scale landslide dam dataset named River Augmented Global Landslide Dams (RAGLAD) was created. RAGLAD is a collection of landslide dam records from multiple data sources published in various languages and many of these records we have been able to precisely geolocate. In total, 779 landslide dam records were compiled from 34 countries/regions. The spatial distribution, time trend, triggers, and geomorphological characteristic of the landslides and catchments where landslide dams formed are summarized. The relationships between geomorphological characteristics for landslides that form river dams are discussed and compared with those of landslides more generally. Additionally, a potential threshold for landslide dam formation is proposed, based on the relationship of landslide volume to river width. Our findings from our analysis of the value of the use of additional fluvial datasets to augment the database parameters indicate that they can be applied as a reliable supplemental data source, when the landslide dam records were accurately and precisely geolocated, although location precision in smaller river catchment areas can result in some uncertainty at this scale. This newly collected and supplemented dataset will allow the analysis and development of new relationships between landslides located near rivers and their actual propensity to block those particular rivers based on their geomorphology.

     

Time series and postglacial forest ecology

Forest ecology suffers from a lack of long-term community records. Preserved pollen data are richer in such information than is generally realized. By applying suitable statistical techniques to pollen records, one can learn much about competition, succession, and population dynamics in past tree communities. In this study, preserved pollen records from Everitt Lake, Nova Scotia, are analyzed as time series. Time domain studies reveal the post-fire responses of individual tree taxa. Correlograms yield models of past forest succession patterns. The models explain some effects of changing fire frequency, thus suggesting mechanisms by which fire, competition, and climate combine to produce long-term forest composition changes. Frequency domain studies suggest relationships between disturbance cycles, stand composition, and forest mosaics. Fire frequencies are seen to be highest where fire-dependent species abound and most regular where tree stands have uniform, not mixed, composition.     

冲绳海槽千年来陆源物质输入历史与东亚季风变迁

为解决近1000年以来东海沿岸地区气候演化及其对南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入的影响, 对取自南冲绳海槽的MD05-2908孔上部(0~810cm) 共78份孢粉样品和199份有机碳同位素样品进行了分析.结果显示, 近1000年以来南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入存在着显著波动, 其中1100~1040aBP、960~880aBP和800~480aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例增加; 1040~960aBP和480~230aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例减少.将陆源物质输入指标与陕西佛爷洞δ13C含量记录对比分析, 发现陆源物质输入比例变化与季风的变化密切相关.当夏季风减弱时, 导致降雨带长时间集中在南部地区, 增强的降雨量提高了风化剥蚀以及沉积物向海洋搬运的能力, 使得陆源物质供应量增加.      

Alpine climate during the Holocene: a comparison between records of glaciers,lake sediments and solar activity

The European Alps are very sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. Recent improvements in Alpine glacier length records and climate reconstructions from annually laminated sediments of Alpine Lake Silvaplana give the opportunity to investigate the relationship between these two data sets of Alpine climate. Two different time frames are considered: the last 500–1000 years as well as the last 7400 years. First, we found good agreement between the two different climate archives during the past millennium: mass accumulation rates and biogenic silica concentration are largely in phase with the glacier length changes of Mer de Glace and Unterer Grindelwaldgletscher, and with the records of glacier length of Grosser Aletschgletscher and Gornergletscher. Secondly, the records are compared with temporally highly resolved data of solar activity. The Sun has had a major impact on the Alpine climate variations in the long term, i.e. several centuries to millennia. Solar activity varies with the Hallstatt periodicity of about 2000 years. Hallstatt minima are identified around 500, 2500 and 5000 a. Around these times grand solar minima (such as the Maunder Minimum) occurred in clusters coinciding with colder Alpine climate expressed by glacier advances. During the Hallstatt maxima around 0, 2000 and 4500 a, the Alpine glaciers generally retreated, indicating a warmer climate. This is supported by archaeological findings at Schnidejoch, a transalpine pass in Switzerland that was only accessible when glaciers had retreated. On shorter timescales, however, the influence of the Sun cannot be as easily detected in Alpine climate change, indicating that in addition to solar forcing, volcanic influence and internal climate variations have played an important role. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.