地球的化学不均一性及其起源和演化

地球的化学不均一性及其起源和演化欧阳自远，张福勤（中国科学院地球化学研究所．贵阳５５０００２）关键词地球化学不均一性，星子堆积，小行星带随着地球化学资料的大量积累，在诸多领域（同位素、微量元素等）建立了一系列的地球化学模式，并以这些一般的模式推断地质...     

CAMECA ims-1270多道接收离子探针——地球化学的最终选择

微区-原位(in situ)同位素研究,是离子探针在地球化学研究领域最具生命力的方向之一。以精确测定同位素比值的角度来看,能同时接收某一元素所有同位素的多道接收质谱最为理想,这正是新一代CAMECA ims-1270离子探针致力解决的难题,也是它明显优越于前几代离子探针的地方。1270多道接收离子探针(以下简称1270离子探针或1270)的磁场半径大到635mm(即直径为     

锆石地球化学特征及地质应用研究综述

介绍并对比了用于锆石等副矿物测试的离子探针、激光探针、电子探针、质子探针等几种微区原位测试技术各自的特点.锆石U-Pb定年实现了对同一锆石颗粒内部不同成因的锆石域进行原位年龄的分析,给出了有关寄主岩石的源岩、地质演化历史等重要信息,为地质过程的精细年龄框架的建立提供了有效的途径.锆石微量元素、同位素特征是译解岩石来源和成因的指示器.锆石Hf同位素已成功地用于地球早期历史、岩浆来源、壳幔相互作用、区域大陆地壳增长的研究等;锆石氧同位素组成能有效地约束壳幔相互作用和示踪岩浆来源等.     

红透山式块状硫化物铜锌矿床地球化学特征及找矿意义

产于辽宁省清原地区太古宙花岗-绿岩地体中的红透山式块状硫化物铜锌矿床，具有独特的地球化学特征。以往应用微量元素、稀土元素、同位素、岩石化学等地球化学特征，在原岩恢复、时空演化、矿床成因等基础地质研究中发挥了重要作用。通过该类矿床地层(矿体)中微量元素、卤族元素、汞元素、硫同位素及容矿岩石的岩石化学等地球化学特征的研究，提出了其对清原地区寻找红透山式块状硫化物铜锌矿床的地质找矿意义。     

银同位素地球化学综述

银(Ag)是生活中常见的贵金属元素.Ag有2个稳定同位素107Ag和109Ag.随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的应用,国内外对银同位素体系开展了一系列研究.Ag在矿床中常与Au元素共生,且Pd-Ag同位素体系可作为早期太阳系演化计时器,因此在天体化学、环境科学、矿床地球化学等领域都具有广泛应用.本文首先介绍了银同位素的地球化学特点及其研究历史,对前人工作进行了系统总结,包括化学分离流程、质谱测定及质量分馏校正方法、储库同位素组成,评述了银同位素在地球科学及交叉学科中的应用.最后总结了银同位素地球化学研究的难点,展望了银同位素储库组成和分馏机理研究.     

Mo稳定同位素研究进展

随着表面热离子质谱(TIMS)和多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用以及同位素分析方法的改进,近10年来非传统稳定同位素(Cu、Zn、Fe、Se、Mo、Cr、Hg等)的研究得到迅速发展.其中,由于Mo同位素的分馏明显受氧化还原条件的控制,使其在指示古环境及古气候的变化方面有独特的地球化学指示意义.同时,Mo同位素在指示成矿物质来源和海洋Mo循环等方面也取得较大成果.因此,Mo同位素地球化学研究已成为国际地学领域的一个前沿和热点.本文综合前人的研究成果,结合近期自己的工作,论述了Mo同位素地球化学研究领域的一些重要进展,详细介绍了Mo同位素的化学分离、提纯和质谱分析技术,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

激光剥蚀等离子质谱微区分析在固体地球科学中的应用进展

当前分析化学技术正向着痕量微区方向发展。这使得我们能够用更小更少的样品直接得到更多的地球化学信息。在诸多微区测试技术中,激光剥蚀等离子质谱（LA-ICPMS）技术发展最快。其地质应用较广,激光探针等离子体质谱能够进行固体样品的微区微量元素和同位素的分析,具有灵敏度高、简便、快速的特点,同样具有在同位素定年上的潜力。近年来又研制出激光剥蚀多道接收等离子质谱（LA-MC-ICPMS）仪,使得微区同位素分析开始了新的革命。而多种微区技术综合应用为近几年分析地球化学新的趋势。     

冀西石湖金矿床地质地球化学特征

文章根据冀西石湖金矿床的矿区地质特征、矿石的微量元素地球化学特征、稀土元素的地球化学特征、稳定同位素地球化学特征等的研究,认为金矿赋矿层位为阜平群团泊口组。硫、铅同位素分析显示硫、铅来源于地幔,研究表明石湖金矿床成矿物质主要来源于矿源层。     

四川底苏沉积改造层控型铅锌矿床地球化学初步研究

本文对底苏铅锌矿床微量元素地球化学、稀土元素地球化学、成矿热液地球化学性质及稳定同位素地球化学等进行了研究，并提供了首批研究数据，同时首次对该类型矿床的成因提出了一定认识。     

锌稳定同位素地球化学综述

锌是生物生命必需的微量元素和与人类活动息息相关的金属元素。随着样品纯化技术的提高和新一代质谱仪的开发应用,锌同位素体系已成为近年发展起来的金属(非传统)稳定同位素地球化学的一个热点领域,得到国内外学者的广泛研究。对最新的锌稳定同位素研究结果进行了系统总结,分别从分析方法、分馏理论、储库同位素组成以及应用等方面进行了论述。锌同位素已被广泛应用到天体化学、海洋、大气以及地球深部等诸多地球科学研究领域,大大提高人们对全球锌及其他重金属元素生物地球化学循环的认识。锌同位素在宇宙化学、环境地球化学、古气候环境重建以及健康及生物医学领域将具有非常大的应用前景。     

Rb,Sr and strontium isotopic composition,K/Ar age and large ion lithophile trace element abundances in rocks and glasses from the Wanapitei Lake impact structure

Shock metamorphosed rocks and shock-produced melt glasses from the Wanapitei Lake impact structure have been examined petrographically and by electron microprobe. Eleven clasts exhibiting varying degrees of shock metamorphism and eight impact-produced glasses have been analyzed for Rb, Sr and Sr isotopic composition. Five clasts and one glass have also been analyzed for large ion lithophile (LIL) trace element abundances including Li, Rb, Sr, and Ba and the REE's.The impact event forming the Wanapitei Lake structure occurred 37 m.y. ago based on K/Ar dating of glass and glassy whole-rock samples. Rb/Sr isotopic dating failed to provide a meaningful whole-rock or internal isochron. The isotopic composition of the glasses can be explained by impact-produced mixing and melting of metasediments. Large ion lithophile trace element abundance patterns confirm the origin of the glasses by total shock melting of metasediments.     

Combining in situ isotopic, trace element and textural analyses of quartz from four magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits

This study couples in situ ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O isotope and in situ trace element analyses to investigate and characterize the geochemical and textural complexity of magmatic-hydrothermal quartz crystals. Euhedral quartz crystals contemporaneous with mineralization were obtained from four magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits: El Indio Au–Ag–Cu deposit; Summitville Au–Ag–Cu deposit; North Parkes Cu–Au deposit and Kingsgate quartz-Mo–Bi–W deposit. The internal features of the crystals were imaged using cathodoluminescence and qualitative electron microprobe maps. Quantitative isotopic data were collected in situ using 157 nm laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (for 40 trace elements in quartz) and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (for 3 isotopes in quartz). Imaging revealed fine oscillatory zoning, sector zoning, complex “macromosaic” textures and hidden xenocrystic cores. In situ oxygen isotope analyses revealed a δ¹⁸O range of up to 12.4 ± 0.3 ‰ in a single crystal—the largest isotopic range ever ascribed to oscillatory zonation in quartz. Some of these crystals contain a heavier δ¹⁸O signature than expected by existing models. While sector-zoned crystals exhibited strong trace element variations between faces, no evidence for anisotropic isotope fractionation was found. We found: (1) isotopic heterogeneity in hydrothermal quartz crystals is common and precludes provenance analysis (e.g., δD–δ¹⁸O) using bulk analytical techniques, (2) the trace element signature of quartz is not an effective pathfinder toward noble metal mineralization and (3) in three of the four samples, both textural and isotopic data indicate non-equilibrium deposition of quartz.     

Trace elements and the behaviour of the U-Pb system in inherited and newly formed zircons

The distribution of U, Y, P, and Ca was studied with an electron microprobe in detrital zircons from paragneisses of amphibolite to granulite facies as well as in zircons formed in their present-day host rocks, such as a granite, anatectic and aplitic gneisses and a migmatite from the Southern Alps. Detrital paragneiss zircons have low trace element contents, whereas zircons formed in their present-day host rocks have elevated trace element contents. According to the isotopic U-Pb age pattern one may distinguish two types of zircon populations formed in their present-day host rocks: one which lost lead without any known exogene cause, and one the U-Pb system of which was only opened in response to a geological event. Different modes of incorporation of the trace elements in the zircon crystals are thought to be responsible for this different behaviour and are discussed.     

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY LASER ABLATION ICPMS: INSTRUMENTAL OPERATING CONDITIONS AND CALIBRATION VALUES OF NIST GLASSES

A UV laser ablation microprobe coupled to an ICPMS has been used to determine trace element concentrations in solids with a spatial resolution of 50 microns and detection limits ranging from 2 μg/g for Ni to 50 ng/g for the REE, The, and U. Experiments designed to optimize laser operating conditions show that pulse rates of 4 Hz produce a steady state signal with less inter-element fractionation per unit time than higher pulse rates (10–20 Hz). Comparisons of laser microprobe analyses of garnets and pyroxenes using the NIST 610 and 612 glasses as calibration standards, with proton microprobe, solution ICPMS, INAA and XRF data show no significant matrix effects. Laser microprobe analyses of the NIST 610 and 612 glasses have a precision and accuracy of 2–5%, and error analysis shows that counting statistics and the precision on the internal standard concentration accounts for the analytical uncertainty. The NIST glasses appear to be useful calibration materials for trace element analysis of geological materials by laser microprobe.     

ANORTHOCLASE, A SECOND MICROPROBE STANDARD FROM KAKANUI, NEW ZEALAND

A second mineral from the Kakanui Mineral Breccia, an anorthoclase, has been prepared as an international microprobe standard. The K2O content may be variable. Major and trace element contents are tabulated. Relatively high Sr (2260 ppm) and Ba (622 ppm) may make this mineral a useful trace element standard.     

A review on bivalve shell,a tool for reconstruction of paleo-climate and paleo-environment

Environmental information can be extracted from bivalve shell geochemistry. In this review, the latest research progress and the existing problems as well as the focus of future research on stable oxygen and carbon isotopic composition and trace elemental ratios of bivalve shell were investigated. Oxygen isotopic signatures of bivalve shell have been proved precipitate in equilibrium with their host water and used as a robust tool to reconstruct ancient water temperature. In order to reconstruct quantitative paleo-temperature information, the future research on bivalve shell oxygen isotope should combine with the study of ancient water oxygen isotope. Metabolic effect pre- vents the direct application of stable carbon isotopic composition of bivalve shell from extracting dissolved inorganic carbon information. The contribution of metabolic carbon to bivalve shell is species specific. Stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon could be reconstructed if the metabolic contribution could be accounted for. Explore ways to remove contribution of metabolic effects to bivalve shell is the future focus of the research. There is no consensus on the effect of temperature on bivalve trace element ratios, which may be also species spe- cific, each proxy should ideally be validated and calibrated for each species before being used to interpret past climate and environmental conditions. Future research needs to pay attention to the bivalve shell biomineralization process, which controlled bivalve shell trace element ratios. Cultivation experiment is an important way to obtain the relevant conclusions.     

Time-resolved,defect-hosted,trace element mobility in deformed Witwatersrand pyrite

The Pb isotopic composition of rocks is widely used to constrain the sources and mobility of melts and hydrothermal fluids in the Earth's crust. In many cases, the Pb isotopic composition appears to represent mixing of multiple Pb reservoirs. However, the nature, scale and mechanisms responsible for isotopic mixing are not well known. Additionally, the trace element composition of sulphide minerals are routinely used in ore deposit research, mineral exploration and environmental studies, though little is known about element mobility in sulphides during metamorphism and deformation. To investigate the mechanisms of trace element mobility in a deformed Witwatersrand pyrite(FeS_2), we have combined electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD) and atom probe microscopy(APM). The results indicate that the pyrite microstructural features record widely different Pb isotopic compositions, covering the entire range of previously published sulphide Pb compositions from the Witwatersrand basin. We show that entangled dislocations record enhanced Pb, Sb, Ni, Tl and Cu composition likely due to entrapment and short-circuit diffusion in dislocation cores. These dislocations preserve the Pb isotopic composition of the pyrite at the time of growth(~3 Ga) and show that dislocation intersections, likely to be common in deforming minerals, limit trace element mobility. In contrast, Pb, As, Ni, Co, Sb and Bi decorate a highangle grain boundary which formed soon after crystallisation by sub-grain rotation recrystallization.Pb isotopic composition within this boundary indicates the addition of externally-derived Pb and trace elements during greenschist metamorphism at ~2 Ga. Our results show that discrete Pb reservoirs are nanometric in scale, and illustrate that grain boundaries may remain open systems for trace element mobility over 1 billion years after their formation.     

激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱技术及其在地球化学宇宙化学和环境研究中的应用

激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)已成为地球化学、宇宙化学和环境研究领域元素和同位素原位分析最重要的技术之一。文章介绍了多种类型的质谱仪及其使用的激光器。用途最广的LA-ICPMS仪器之一是单接收器扇形磁场质谱仪,配有Nd:YAG激光剥蚀系统(激光波长分为193 nm和213 nm两种),MPI Mainz实验室使用的就是这套系统,文章对此作一详细介绍。文中阐述了数据优化技术及其多种校正过程;介绍LA-ICPMS在痕量元素和同位素分析领域的一些应用,包括参考物质的研制,Hawaiian玄武岩、Martian陨石、生物骨针和珊瑚虫中痕量元素分析及熔融包裹体和富钙-铝碳质球粒陨石中的铅和锶同位素测量。     

LA-(MC)-ICPMS和(Nano)SIMS硫化物微量元素和硫同位素原位分析与矿床形成的精细过程

硫化物微区原位分析技术包括LA-ICPMS定点微量元素分析、LA-ICPMS和(Nano) SIMS微量元素面扫描分析,以及SIMS、Nano SIMS和LA-MC-ICPMS原位硫同位素点分析和面扫描。这些分析方法可以有效地获取不同期次硫化物微量元素含量、丰度分布图像、硫同位素比值和分布特征,结合微区时间分辨信号谱图、微量元素相关性分析等,在矿床学的成矿元素行为与赋存状态、成矿元素置换反应、成矿流体与硫的来源、矿石矿物的化学分带性、矿床成因模型等研究中有着重要的应用前景,以探讨矿床的精细成矿过程。硫化物原位微量元素和同位素LA-(MC)-ICPMS和(Nano) SIMS分析,需要降低仪器和分析方法的系统误差,克服严重的基体效应和同位素分馏效应。     

锆石微区原位同位素和微量元素测定的新进展

文章简述了二次离子探针质谱(SIMS)、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)和激光剥蚀多接受等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)等3种锆石微区原位同位素和微量元素测定方法的原理和优缺点;针对U-Pb定年、铪同位素、锂同位素、多种元素的同时测定,以及仪器改进、测试方法创新、标样研发等方面的新进展进行了评述。