南秦岭勉略结合带琵琶寺洋壳蛇绿岩的厘定及其大地构造意义

研究结果表明,康县-琵琶寺-南坪构造带是一个复杂的、含有不同成因岩块的混杂带.该带中分布有蛇绿岩块(古洋壳残片),为典型的洋脊型拉斑玄武岩,具有轻稀土亏损的稀土配分型式、不活动痕量元素及其比值Th/Yb、Tb/Yb、Ti/Y、Ti/Zr等,指示其来源于亏损的软流圈地幔.琵琶寺蛇绿岩与勉县一略阳地区庄科蛇绿岩以及德尔尼蛇绿岩完全可以类比.因此,康县-琵琶寺-南坪蛇绿构造混杂带乃是勉略带向西延伸的组成部分.     

秦岭—大别勉略结合带蛇绿岩及其大地构造意义

秦岭—大别勉略结合带乃是秦岭—大别造山带的组成部分和中国大陆最后拼合的主要具体结合带之一,该带是一个复杂的、包括不同成因岩块的蛇绿构造混杂带。带内蛇绿岩主要出露在南秦岭略阳—勉县—五里坝一带以及大别山南缘随县—京山一带。带内超基性岩类主要为方辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩,稀土特征为轻稀土亏损,铕富集型;辉绿岩均为轻稀土富集型。变质火山岩可区分为3种类型：一为轻稀土亏损的洋脊拉斑玄武岩,Ti/V、Th/Ta、Th/Yb、Ta/Yb值表明其为MORB型玄武岩,代表本区消失了的洋壳岩石;第二类为初始洋壳型变质玄武岩,以黑沟峡和大别南缘周家湾岩片为代表;第三类为岛弧火山岩组合。这表明勉略洋盆在晚古生代—早中生代曾经历过一个较     

秦岭勉略构造混杂带康县—勉县段蛇绿岩块—铁镁质岩块的SHRIMP年代及其意义

本文对秦岭勉略（勉县—略阳）构造混杂带康县—勉县段的铁镁质岩块或蛇绿岩块进行了系统的锆石SHRIMP UPb年代学研究。测年结果表明，勉略构造混杂带康县—勉县段铁镁质岩块的形成时代为841±16~812±11Ma，蛇绿混杂岩中的辉长岩和辉绿岩块的形成时代为827±14~808±10Ma。从西向东，勉略构造混杂带不同地段蛇绿岩块或铁镁质岩块的锆石UPb同位素年龄在误差范围内相同，表明勉略混杂岩带中的蛇绿岩块所代表的是新元古代古洋壳残片。中部三岔子斜长花岗岩的形成年龄（923Ma±13）大于其他铁镁质岩块和蛇绿岩。     

内蒙古北山地区芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩构造属性及与成矿关系: 来自阿民乌素地幔橄榄岩印证

阿民乌素地幔橄榄岩属芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩带一部分,该构造带南北两侧地质体无明显差异,不具分界断裂的构造特征。本文对阿民乌素地幔橄榄岩与月牙山地幔橄榄岩进行岩石化学、地球化学对比分析,为芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩构造属性提供新依据,并对阿民乌素蛇绿岩成矿潜力进行分析研究。笔者所在团队在地幔橄榄岩上部的辉长岩中获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄值为462.5±3.2 Ma,属中奥陶世。其上发育奥陶纪-志留纪公婆泉组岛弧拉斑玄武岩。该期地幔橄榄岩轻重稀土之比LR/HR＝1.63~3.68, (La/Sm)N＝1.70~6.92,(Gd/Yb)N＝0.36~0.52,表明岩石轻稀土略富集,稀土配分曲线呈不规则“U”型,估算其为原始地幔橄榄岩经过10%~20%部分熔融的残留物。原始地幔标准化蛛网图富集高场强元素U、Zr、Hf、Yb和大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti和大离子亲石元素Ba。与月牙山地幔橄榄岩标准化蛛网图对比,最大区别在于阿民乌素地幔橄榄岩明显亏损高场强元素Ti。初步研究认为阿民乌素地幔橄榄岩属SSZ型、高压型蛇绿岩,是岛弧裂谷的产物。该橄榄岩具有形成大型铬铁矿的成矿构造背景,是寻找蛇绿岩型铬铁矿的有利部位。     

青海拉脊山东段峡门蛇绿混杂岩带的物质确定及其构造意义

在拉脊山东段青海省民和县峡门镇以南地区新识别出一条蛇绿混杂岩带,其物质组成复杂,构造岩块主要由蛇绿岩岩块、外来岩块、火山岩岩块以及变沉积岩岩块组成. 基性火山熔岩和辉绿岩具轻稀土富集的"右倾"配分模式,大离子亲石元素Ba、Th、Sr相对富集,高场强元素P、Ti、Nb相对亏损,总体岩石地球化学特征与岛弧拉斑玄武岩类似. 岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学特征及区域资料综合研究认为,峡门蛇绿岩属与俯冲有关的SSZ型蛇绿岩,很可能是早古生代原特提斯洋俯冲消减的弧后小洋盆,属于弧后盆地扩张型蛇绿岩.     

西秦岭关子镇蛇绿混杂岩的地球化学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄

西秦岭沿天水武山断裂带产出的关子镇蛇绿混杂岩由变玄武岩、变中-基性深成岩浆岩以及少量蛇纹岩组成。变玄武岩具有平坦或轻稀土略亏损的稀土配分型式((La/Yb)_N=0.63～1.24),且不存在Nb、Ta和Ti的负异常,表明它们形成于洋中脊环境。变中-基性深成岩浆岩包含两种类型:类型Ⅰ显示轻稀土富集((La/Yb)_N>2.2)、具有显著Nb负异常((La/Nb)_N>2.4)的特征,类似于岛弧火山岩;类型Ⅱ显示轻稀土亏损到略富集((La/Yb)_N=0.44～1.38)、无显著Nb负异常((La/Nb)_N<1.5),这些特征与上述变玄武岩类似,表明它们也是关子镇蛇绿岩的组成部分。蛇绿岩中辉长岩和闪长岩(该闪长岩属"大洋斜长花岗岩类")样品的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为534±9Ma和517±8Ma,这反映关子镇蛇绿岩可能为早-中寒武世古洋壳残片。由于西秦岭的天水武山断裂带是东秦岭商丹断裂带的西延并共同被认为是华北和华南陆块之间的主缝合线,上述年龄对理解该带及古秦岭洋的演化提供了重要制约。     

藏北湖区拉弄蛇绿岩枕状玄武岩地球化学特征及其成因

微量元素分析结果表明,藏北湖区拉弄蛇绿岩中枕状玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba和放射性生热元素Th,且Rb变化混乱;Nb、Ta、Ti亏损,显示出TNT(Ta、Nb和Ti)的负异常现象,具有岛弧型火山岩的特点;而在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图中显示平坦型曲线,玄武岩的(La/Yb)N和(Ce/Yb)N比值同N-MORB接近,表现出N-MORB的特征。通过对其构造环境的判别,并结合蛇绿岩与相邻地质体的关系,提出拉弄蛇绿岩可能是北侧的新特提斯洋在中晚侏罗世向南俯冲消减过程中,在其后缘诱发拉张作用引起次级弧后扩张,形成了新的俯冲带之上的弧后盆地大洋岩石圈,并在后来的拼贴过程中蛇绿岩构造就位于此。     

青海省沱沱河地区乌石峰蛇绿混杂岩形成环境探讨

青海沱沱河晚古生代乌石峰蛇绿混杂岩(CPW)是古特提斯缝合系中可可西里增生楔的一部分,具典型的碰撞混杂岩带特征。基于Dilek等对蛇绿岩新定义和分类方案,并运用其推荐的SiO2-MgO图解、MORB标准化微量元素比值蛛网图、Ti/V图解和Nb/Yb-Th/Yb图解对乌石峰蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境进行了判别和探讨,发现青海沱沱河乌石峰蛇绿岩应形成于弧后-弧前环境,为与俯冲作用相关的上盘俯冲带型的次级类型弧后-弧前型蛇绿岩。     

大兴安岭嘎仙蛇绿混杂岩中超镁铁质岩地球化学、年代学特征及其地质意义

嘎仙蛇绿混杂岩位于新林-嘎仙-吉峰蛇绿混杂岩带中段。岩石主要由镁铁-超镁铁质岩石组成,呈构造岩块的形式与变质细碎屑岩基质混杂产出。对超镁铁质岩系统的岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究结果表明,超镁铁质岩石SiO_2含量平均值为44.87%,Mg~#平均值为87.06,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为649.6±4.2 Ma,时代为新元古代。稀土元素配分曲线总体呈平坦型,具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)向洋岛玄武岩(OIB)过渡的趋势。样品亏损Nb、Ta、Ti元素,相对富集Th、U、Zr、Hf元素,具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征。在Nb/Yb-Th/Yb构造环境判别图解中,样品点落入E-MORB和OIB交汇部位。通过与区域构造带岩石组合和地球化学特征对比,认为嘎仙超镁铁岩岩浆源区可能为受俯冲流体交代的富集地幔,属俯冲型(SSZ)蛇绿岩,其就位机制与持续洋内俯冲有关。     

新疆西准洪古勒楞蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造环境

对西准噶尔洪古勒楞蛇绿混杂岩带进行了较系统的岩石学、地球化学和年代学方面的研究,认为其主体由超镁铁质杂岩、堆晶岩类、镁铁质岩墙、基性熔岩和深海沉积组成。岩石地球化学数据表明其具轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损的右倾分布模式特征,富集Ta,Yb等元素,相对富集Ba,U,Sr等元素,亏损Nb,Hf,Ti等元素,Nb具负异常,一定程度上反映其为地幔源区含岛弧火山岩组分,岩石化学数据显示该蛇绿岩形成构造环境为弧后盆地。堆晶辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(497.2±4.2)Ma(MSWD=1.4,n=10),证实该蛇绿岩形成于晚寒武世。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.