华南晚古生代碳酸盐岩建造中层控铀矿床的地质和成因探讨

矿床多出现于晚古生代海盆边缘凹陷中。矿床的产出和分布受泻湖相潮坪碳酸盐沉积所控制。矿体呈似层状、透镜状，与上下围岩整合-准整合接触，沿层分布。矿石即为含铀不纯碳酸盐岩，其特征是色较深，含泥碳质及星散黄铁矿。矿石成分、结构构造、微量元素含量、δ¹⁴S、δ¹⁸O值与围岩近于一致，唯矿石中铀含量高，达工业采冶要求。近矿围岩蚀变微弱。沥青铀矿U-Pb年龄测定多为57-96 Ma，主要反映矿石的后生改造年龄，但部分沥青铀矿年龄(380 Ma)与所在地层时代(D1)相近，表明成岩成矿期矿石仍有存在。且后生改造、叠加富集作用主要发生在原有矿层内，使矿体(层)仍保留原地-准原地特征，因而，应属沉积成岩成矿为主兼有后生改造的层控铀矿床。矿床的形成经历了沉积、成岩成矿和改造富化三个阶段。     

华南晚古生代碳酸盐岩建造中层控铀矿床的地质和成因探讨

矿床多出现于晚古生代海盆边缘凹陷中。矿床的产出和分布受泻湖相潮坪碳酸盐沉积所控制。矿体呈似层状、透镜状,与上下围岩整合-准整合接触,沿层分布。矿石即为含铀不纯碳酸盐岩,其特征是色较深,含泥碳质及星散黄铁矿。矿石成分、结构构造、微量元素含量、δ~(14)S、δ(18)O值与围岩近于一致,唯矿石中铀含量高,达工业采冶要求。近矿围岩蚀变微弱。沥青铀矿U-Pb年龄测定多为57—96Ma,主要反映矿石的后生改造年龄,但部分沥青铀矿年龄(380Ma)与所在地层时代(D_1)相近,表明成岩成矿期矿石仍有存在。且后生改造、叠加富集作用主要发生在原有矿层内,使矿体(层)仍保留原地-准原地特征,因而,应属沉积成岩成矿为主兼有后生改造的层控铀矿床。矿床的形成经历了沉积、成岩成矿和改造富化三个阶段。     

江西相山邹家山、沙洲矿床蚀变特征对比及其对成矿热液来源的启示

结合矿床的蚀变特征,对相山铀矿田邹家山矿床和沙洲矿床不同标高的赋矿围岩及矿石样品进行了常量和微量元素地球化学分析,以制约成矿物质和成矿流体的来源.典型常量元素的变化趋势研究表明,相山矿田垂向蚀变分带明显,邹家山矿床浅部出露的蚀变岩以"碱性"蚀变为主,而沙洲矿床出露的蚀变岩以"酸性"蚀变为主,证实了相山地区蚀变"北碱西酸...     

俄罗斯东北部鄂霍次克--楚科奇火山岩带汞矿床与我国鸡血石矿床的对比

俄罗斯东北部鄂霍次克—楚科奇火山岩带中的某些汞矿床,其成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征与我国昌化、巴林鸡血石矿床有一定的相似性和可比性,主要表现在区域构造背景、火山岩含矿围岩、含矿构造和矿体形态、围岩蚀变矿区次火山岩体特征和矿床成因等方面。因此这些汞矿床的部分汞矿石作为珍贵的鸡血石资源利用可能具有一定的前景,进而可能大大拓展鸡血石的找矿前景。     

贵州从江污牙钨矿床地球化学特征及其成因探讨

本文对污牙钨矿区矿石、蚀变围岩、地层围岩及花岗岩进行了微量元素分析,分析结果显示,污牙钨矿床大多数矿石和蚀变围岩样品的Hf/Sm与Th/La值小于1,少部分蚀变围岩的Hf/Sm与Th/La值大于1,表明成矿流体以富Cl热液体系为主,部分显示富F特征,成矿流体具有多源性。云英岩化围岩及矿石与地层围岩样品的微量元素特征相似,主要显示变质成因;其它类型矿石及蚀变围岩样品微量元素特征与地层围岩样品差别较大,可能非单一变质热液作用的产物。类矽卡岩矿石中典型接触交代矿物符山石的大量存在,暗示岩浆热液参与成矿。在微量元素蛛网图上,蚀变围岩和电云英岩型矿石样品皆不显示Zr-Hf亏损,少数样品Ta-Nb也无异常,特征与地层围岩不同,与花岗岩样品相似,支持了岩浆热液作用的存在,污牙钨矿床很可能为变质热液与岩浆热液复合叠加成因。污牙矿区花岗岩和赋矿围岩,W元素均显示富集特点。     

贵州三都交梨汞一金矿床地质特征及找矿潜力

交梨汞、金矿床位于三丹成矿带上,汞矿体呈透镜状、扁豆状、脉状赋存于断裂破碎带上,合矿围岩为下奥陶统锅塘组一套斜坡相的粒屑灰岩。其中产于F1断层及其上盘的①、②号汞矿体中有金矿伴生,构成工业矿体。矿石矿物除辰砂外,还有黄铁矿、毒砂、闪锌矿、雄黄及自然金,偶见自然汞;脉石矿物为方解石、白云石重晶石、石英等,金以自然金属态及类质同位素形式分别含于玉髓和黄铁矿、毒砂等载金矿物中。矿体围蚀变强烈,与汞矿有关的蚀变有雄黄矿化、中强硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化及玉髓化（硅化）,与金矿化关系密切。汞、金矿的成矿地质条件优越,找矿潜力较大。     

湖南省桑植县油坊萤石矿床成矿地质条件

桑植县油坊萤石矿位于扬子准地台边缘,是一典型的小而富的低温热液充填型矿床。矿体主要由压扭性断裂控制,与围岩含Ca质有关,围岩界限清晰。矿体呈透镜脉状、似层状或扁豆状,矿石质量好,Ca F2含量高。该矿床广泛存在围岩蚀变作用,表现有硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化。该类型萤石矿床有明显的找矿标志。     

湖南凤凰地区寒武系敖溪组汞及汞锌矿床控矿因素研究

凤凰汞铅锌矿田位于湘黔汞矿带中部,寒武系敖溪组赋存多处沉积-热卤水改造型汞矿床(点)及汞锌矿床(点)。为了进一步寻找汞及汞锌矿,在充分收集前人资料、结合野外调研的基础上,总结敖溪组区域成矿地质条件、沉积相及沉积演化特征,深入研究敖溪组岩性岩相与汞锌成矿的关系。结果表明:敖溪组岩相古地理类型为斜坡相,汞矿及汞锌矿床(点)产于斜坡相并主要分布于陡坡与缓坡转折部位及两侧,侧向分布范围3～5 km;汞矿及汞锌矿体呈似层状、透镜状及囊状大致顺层产于敖溪组上段角砾状云岩、砾屑云岩内;与汞矿及汞锌矿化有关的蚀变类型主要为碳酸盐化,次为硅化。     

对大冶铁矿划分为IOCG型矿床的探讨

对湖北大冶铁矿的岩浆类型、矿体形态、矿石特征、围岩蚀变、成矿物质来源等进行分析,发现湖北大冶铁矿具备IOCG(铁氧化物-铜-金)型矿床的定义性特征,即铁氧化物含量高,伴生黄铜矿,贫硫化物、低钛,广泛受Na、K蚀变的热液矿床。另外,大冶铁矿与中酸性岩浆关系密切,且成矿物质来源于岩浆。作为IOCG型的大冶铁矿,其成矿环境为与非造山岩浆有关的大陆地块内部。     

丹寨汞矿卤素元素地球化学特征

丹寨汞矿是产于碳酸盐岩地层中以汞为主伴生金的浅成低温层控矿床。本文对该矿床矿石及围岩中的卤素元素分布特征进行了一定的研究。研究结果表明,（１）矿区内Ｂｒ、Ｉ的富集程度远比Ｆ、Ｃｌ高,从远矿围岩→近矿围岩→汞矿石Ｂｒ、Ｉ含量呈增加趋势,金矿石中Ｂｒ、Ｉ含量比近矿及远矿围岩含量低,且Ｉ的富集系数小于１;（２）Ｆ在金矿化岩石及近矿围岩中含量较高;（３）Ｃｌ的变化规律不甚明显,且富集系统均小于１;（４）垂     

Geology,alteration, age,and origin of iron oxide–apatite deposits in Upper Eocene quartz monzonite,Zanjan district,NW Iran

Iron oxide–apatite deposits are present in Upper Eocene pyroxene-quartz monzonitic rocks of the Zanjan district, northwestern Iran. Mineralization occurred in five stages: (1) deposition of disseminated magnetite and apatite in the host rock; (2) mineralization of massive and banded magnetite ores in veins and stockwork associated with minor brecciation and calcic alteration of host rocks; (3) deposition of sulfide ores together with potassic alteration; (4) formation of quartz and carbonate veins and sericite, chlorite, epidote, silica, carbonate, and tourmaline alteration; and (5) supergene alteration and weathering. U–Pb dating of monazite inclusions in the apatite indicates an age of 39.99?±?0.24 Ma, which is nearly coeval with the time of emplacement of the host quartz monzonite, supporting the genetic connection. Fluid inclusions in the apatite have homogenization temperatures of about 300 °C and oxygen isotopic compositions of the magnetite support precipitation from magmatic fluids. Late-stage quartz resulted from the introduction of a cooler, less saline, and isotopically depleted fluid. The iron oxide–apatite deposits in the Tarom area of the Zanjan district are typical of a magmatic–hydrothermal origin and are similar to the Kiruna-type deposits with respect to mineral assemblages, fabric and structure of the iron ores, occurrence of the ore bodies, and wall rock alteration.     

Fe–Cu deposits in the Kangdian region,SW China: a Proterozoic IOCG (iron-oxide–copper–gold) metallogenic province

Numerous Fe–Cu deposits are hosted in the late Paleoproterozoic Dongchuan and Dahongshan Groups in the Kangdian region, SW China. The Dongchuan Group is composed of siltstone, slate, and dolostone with minor volcanic rocks, whereas the Dahongshan Group has undergone lower amphibolite facies metamorphism and consists of quartz mica-schist, albitite, quartzite, marble and amphibolite with local migmatite. Deposits in the Dongchuan Group are commonly localized in the cores of anticlines, in fault bends and intersections, and at lithological contacts. Orebodies are closely associated with breccias, which are locally derived from the host rocks. Fe-oxides (magnetite and/or hematite) and Cu-sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite) form disseminated, vein-like and massive ores, and typically fill open spaces in the host rocks. The deposits have extensive albite alteration and local K-feldspar alteration overprinted by quartz, carbonate, sericite and chlorite. Deposits in the Dahongshan Group have orebodies sub-parellel to stratification and show crude stratal partitioning of metals. Fe-oxide ores occur as massive and/or banded replacements within the breccia pipes, whereas Cu-sulfide ores occur predominantly as disseminations and veinlets within mica schists and massive magnetite ores. Ore textures suggest that Cu-sulfides formed somewhat later than Fe-oxides, but are possibly within the same mineralization event. Both ore minerals predated regional Neoproterozoic metamorphism. Both orebodies and host rocks have undergone extensive alteration of albite, scapolite, amphibole, biotite, sericite and chlorite. Silica and carbonate alterations are also widespread. Ore-hosting strata have a LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of 1681 ± 13 Ma, and a dolerite dyke cutting the Fe-oxide orebodies has an age of 1659 ± 16 Ma. Thus, the mineralization age of the Dahongshan deposit is constrained at between the two. All ores from the two groups have high Fe and low Ti, with variable Cu contents. Locally they are rich in Mo, Co, V, and REE, but all are poor in Pb and Zn. Sulfides from the Fe–Cu deposits have δ³⁴S values mostly in the range of +2 to +6 per mil, suggesting a mix of several sources due to large-scale leaching of the strata with the involvement of evaporites. Isotopic dating and field relationships suggest that these deposits formed in the late Paleoproterozoic. Ore textures, mineralogy and alteration characteristics are typical of IOCG-type deposits and thus define a major IOCG metallogenic province with significant implications for future exploration.     

川东及其周缘地区下寒武统龙王庙组沉积相

通过野外露头、钻测井、三维地震及区域地质调查等资料的综合研究发现,川东及其周缘地区下寒武统龙王庙组岩石类型以碳酸盐岩(粉晶白云岩、颗粒白云岩、泥晶灰岩和颗粒灰岩)为主,局部发育大套蒸发岩(膏岩和云质膏岩)及碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积;识别出局限台地相、开阔台地相、蒸发台地相和混积台地相4种沉积相类型,以局限台地相最为发育;川东及其周缘地区龙王庙组各沉积相带呈北东—南西向展布,混积台地相分布于研究区西北部,蒸发台地相集中发育在研究区西部华蓥山断裂东侧,局限台地相分布于混积台地相以东到盆地东边界以西的地区,开阔台地相分布于局限台地相以东到广海的部分地区。     

重庆云阳石梁飞仙关组剖面特征及地质意义

重庆云阳石梁剖面位于上扬子板块北缘南大巴山冲断带位置,早三叠世飞仙关期处于城口-鄂西海槽西侧位置,对该剖面的详细研究,有利于恢复飞仙关期川东北碳酸盐台地东缘的沉积演化过程．研究认为,该剖面飞仙关组-段属于斜坡相沉积;二段下部继承碳酸盐台地东缘斜坡相,中部发育典型的台地边缘滩沉积,其顶部则演化为局限台地溺湖环境;三段由开阔台地及局限台地渴湖沉积构成;四段属于典型的局限台地潮坪沉积城口-鄂西海槽西侧飞仙关组由两个向上变浅的沉积旋回组成,通过与相邻位置的井剖面对比认为。相对海平面变化控制了城口-一西海槽西侧飞仙关期沉积相演化。台地边缘滩基本发育于相对海平面下降时期     

The role of evaporites in the genesis of base metal sulphide mineralisation in the Northern Platform of the Pan-African Damara Belt, Namibia: geochemical and fluid inclusion evidence from carbonate wall rock alteration

The Otavi Mountain Land is a base metal sulphide ore province in northern Namibia where deposits are hosted by platform carbonates of the Otavi Group in a foreland fold-and-thrust belt on the northern edge of the Pan-African Damara Belt. Deposits have been classified as the Berg Aukas- or Tsumeb-types, based on differences in ore association, stratigraphic position and geochemistry of ores and gangue carbonates. Mineralisation at these deposits is accompanied by carbonate alteration in the form of dolomite and calcite veins, carbonate recrystallisation, calcitisation and carbonate silicification. Based on cathodoluminescence imaging, trace and rare earth element (REE), O and C isotope, and fluid inclusion data, a series of carbonate generations, constituting wall rock alteration around the Tsumeb and Kombat (Tsumeb-type) and Berg Aukas (Berg Aukas-type) deposits, was established. Similar data obtained on the recently discovered Khusib Springs deposit indicate a strong affinity to Tsumeb-type deposits. Tsumeb-type deposits are distinguished from Berg Aukas-type deposits by having trace element and REE concentrations that are significantly higher in the alteration products compared to the carbonate host rocks. Only around Tsumeb-type deposits a relative enrichment in light REE is noted for the hydrothermal carbonate generations that are cogenetic with the main stage of mineralisation. Microthermometric results from fluid inclusions in carbonate alteration phases and associated quartz indicate relatively high salinity (17–23 wt% NaCl equivalent) for the main mineralising and subsequent sulphide remobilisation stages at the deposits investigated. Estimated mineralisation temperatures are significantly higher for Tsumeb-type deposits (370–405 °C) with early sulphide remobilisation in Tsumeb at 275 °C, whereas they are lower at Berg Aukas (up to 255 °C). Fluid inclusion leachate analysis suggests that most of the observed salinity can be ascribed to dissolved, predominantly Ca- and Mg-carbonates and chlorides with subordinate NaCl. Na-Cl-Br leachate systematics indicate a derivation of the fluid salinity from the interaction with evaporitic rocks en route. Tsumeb-type mineralisation is interpreted to be derived from fluids expelled during Pan-African orogeny in the more intensely deformed internal zones of the Damara Belt further south. When the high salinity fluids reached the carbonate platform after having scavenged high concentrations of base metals, base metal sulphide precipitation occurred in zones of high porosity, provided by karst features in the carbonate sequence. Results obtained for the Berg Aukas-type deposits emphasise their derivation from basinal brines, similar to Mississippi Valley-type deposits, and confirm that mineralisation of the Berg Aukas- and Tsumeb-types are both spatially and temporally distinct. Received: 5 May 1999 / Accepted: 10 November 1999     

滇东南含锰建造沉积相及聚锰条件分析

在对滇东南区域地质及锰矿研究成果综合分析的基础上, 以中三叠世拉丁期含锰建造的沉积相研究为基础, 把滇东南的法郎组中的锰矿总结为碎屑岩建造中的斗南式锰矿和碳酸盐岩建造中的白显式锰矿两类, 从解析典型锰矿床的沉积格局入手, 研究了中三叠世拉丁期典型矿床的岩相古地理特征。斗南锰矿形成于礁(滩)后泻湖的滨浅海碎屑岩建造相区、台地碳酸盐建造相区和斜坡碎屑岩建造相区中, 在斜坡碎屑岩建造相内多具有异地堆积的重力流沉积。白显锰矿形成于局限台地水体较为滞流的泻湖相-潮坪相中。在不同沉积格架下, 海水物理化学条件、水动力环境、生物作用和同生断裂活动是影响聚锰作用的重要因素。     

Upper Jurassic Rock Depositional Settings in the Baidar Valley and Evolution of the Crimean Carbonate Platform

The paper presents results of the lithological study of Upper Jurassic limestones, flyschoids and limestone breccias on the southern side of the Baidar Valley in the Crimean Mountains. Study of the microfacies revealed that the limestones are represented by deposits on lagoons, platform edge shoals, reefs, and forereef aprons on the carbonate platform slope. Flyschoids include deposits in the distributive turbidite channels and hemipelagic sediments in the deep-water part of the basin. Limestone breccias were formed by gravitation flows on the carbonate platform toe-of-slope and slope. The presence of gravitation deposits in the Upper Jurassic carbonate complexes of the Crimean Mountains can testify to the primary clinoform structure of this sedimentary sequence. Comparison of the obtained sedimentological data made it possible to reconstruct the facies model of the Crimean carbonate platform and main episodes of its formation. Development of the carbonate shelf was related to two transgressive-regressive cycles. A dome-shaped reef was formed away from the coast at the initial (Oxfordian) stage. The carbonate platform was formed at the early Kimmeridgian lowstand stage when sediments were deposited in the internal part of the platform adjacent to land. In the late Kimmeridgian and early Tithonian, configuration of the carbonate platform profile resembled a distally steepened ramp, and its active progradation and shelf expansion took place in the course of transgression. Regression in the late Tithonian–early Berriasian led to regressive transformation of the ramp into platform with a flattened shallow-water shelf. Tectonic deformations at the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition promoted the formation of megabreccias on the carbonate platform foreslope. The tectonically reworked rock sequence of the “extinct” carbonate platform was overlapped transgressively by the upper Berriasian or lower Valanginian, relatively deep-water deposits of the Cretaceous platform cover.     

塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩台地样式及其沉积响应特征

从寒武纪到奥陶纪，塔里木盆地经历了早、中寒武世缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地，晚寒武世—早中奥陶世弱镶边斜坡型碳酸盐岩台地，晚奥陶世早期孤立型碳酸盐岩台地和晚奥陶世中晚期淹没型碳酸盐岩台地四种不同台地结构型式的演变。不同类型的碳酸盐岩台地在其剖面结构、台地边缘特征、沉积相构成等方面有着显著差异，它控制了不同区域沉积相类型和特征，并决定了烃源岩、储集岩和区域盖层的发育条件和展布规律。通过地震、钻井层序地层分析，总结出了不同类型的碳酸盐岩台地结构的层序—沉积相模式。在碳酸盐岩台地演变过程中，塔里木盆地发育二期坡折带:寒武纪—早中奥陶世形成第一期坡折带，沿着库南1井—满参1井—塔东2井一线分布，呈向西凸伸的弧形带；晚奥陶世发育第二期坡折带，由库南1井—满参1井—塔中1井—塘参1井延伸，呈向东凸伸的弧形带。坡折带的迁移变化，反映着台地样式的转变。