雨量站网布设对水文模型不确定性影响的比较

雨量站网布设会影响径流模拟精度,研究不同雨量站密度和空间分布的径流响应规律对提高径流模拟精度和减小不确定性具有重要意义。应用新安江模型和HBV（Hydrologiska Fyrans Vattenbalans）模型,以湘江流域为研究对象,采用贝叶斯方法比较分析在不同雨量站密度及空间分布下径流模拟的不确定性。结果表明:增加雨量站密度可以降低面雨量的估计误差,使模型在不同的雨量站空间分布下具有较高的模拟精度;通过优化雨量站空间分布,可以减小雨量站网布设导致的模型不确定性,从而提高径流模拟精度;在相同的降雨输入和参数采样方法下,新安江模型和HBV模型对降雨输入导致的不确定性响应规律具有相似性,但是本研究结果显示在湘江流域新安江模型的模拟精度更高,而HBV模型的不确定性更大。     

基于HBV模型的太子河流域径流变化情景预估

以太子河流域为研究区域,采用HBV水文模型对流域的水文过程进行模拟,并选取RegCM4.4区域气候模式输出的平均气温和降水数据来驱动HBV水文模型,模拟逐日径流过程,分析RCP4.5排放情景下未来太子河流域径流的演变。结果表明,HBV水文模型在太子河流域模拟效果较好,率定期与验证期Nash效率系数与确定性系数均在0.60以上,模型基本模拟出了洪水对降水的响应过程。RCP4.5情景下,2021 2070年太子河流域年平均气温呈持续升温趋势,流域降水和年径流深度呈微弱减少趋势。相较于基准期,年径流深度将增多9.79%,夏季和秋季径流深度上升明显。径流分位数的变化表明,峰值极端径流和枯水极端径流均较基准期有不同程度的增多,未来太子河流域发生极端洪涝的可能性较高。     

四个概念性水文模型在黑河流域上游的应用与比较分析

首先结合新安江模型、TopModel、HBV模型和Sacramento模型机理,从模型结构的土层划分、土壤水分计算、蒸散发计算、产流区不均匀性的考虑、产流机制、下渗机制等多个方面进行了理论上的比较,然后选择黑河流域上游为研究区,结合模拟结果对这四个概念性水文模型在黑河上游山区流域应用情况,从土壤水分、蒸散发、径流过程和各径流组分四个方面进行了分析比较。结果显示,概念性水文模型对黑河干流上游山区径流模拟有较好的模拟效果,但是对土壤水分、蒸散发等水文过程只能描述其变化趋势,难以定量,同时,我们还可以得出在所用四个模型中,HBV模型在黑河干流上游山区出山口的径流拟合中有和其他3个模型相当的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数,并且在枯水期的表现也好,适用性最好。     

基于SWAT模型的流域径流模拟研究进展

本文概述了国内外应用SWAT模型在流域径流模拟研究方面的主要进展.简要介绍了SWAT模型的径流模拟功能,概括了在不同流域、不同时间尺度上基于SWAT模型的径流模拟的适用性,并针对模型在具体应用时受特定区域下垫面影响这一限制因素,归纳了模型径流模拟功能的开发、改进与拓展.在此基础上,介绍了模型输入参数和环境变化对径流模拟结果的影响,特别是气候和土地利用/覆被变化对径流的影响.最后,总结了现有基于SWAT模型的流域径流模拟研究存在的问题,并就这些问题的解决方案进行了讨论.     

辽宁省中小流域径流模拟研究

本文以辽宁省大凌河中小流域为例,结合流域特征对SCS模型采用系统偏差系数k和初损比例m进行改进,并在辽宁省中小流域降雨径流模拟中验证了改进SCS模型的适用性与可行性。研究表明:改进后的SCS模型可准确、有效的模拟辽宁省中小流域降雨径流过程,其模拟效率系数达0.8以上;模型表现出较强的适用性与可靠性,可用于相似流域的径流模拟研究。     

融合数据同化与机器学习的流域径流模拟方法

环境变化影响下流域径流的精确模拟对洪涝灾害防治与区域水资源管理都具有重要意义。在径流模拟研究中，现有机器学习模型未能充分考虑水文中间状态变量对降雨-径流过程的影响，本研究基于集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)更新水文状态变量，结合主成分分析(PCA)提取预报因子的主要特征，采用长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)构建考虑水文中间变量的机器学习水文模型EnKF-PCA-LSTM。以赣江流域为例，评估EnKF-PCA-LSTM模型的径流模拟效果，同时将模拟结果与LSTM模型、物理水文模型HYMOD做对比分析。结果表明，EnKF-PCA-LSTM模型模拟径流的纳什效率系数、Kling-Gupta效率系数和对数纳什效率系数分别为0.954、0.971和0.972,比LSTM模型和HYMOD模型具有更好的模拟性能，说明考虑水文状态变量可有效提高机器学习模型的径流模拟精度及稳定性。研究成果可为流域径流模拟提供技术参考。     

利用Horton下渗曲线改进TOPMODEL模型的基流模拟

TOPMODEL模型是一个以地形为基础的半分布式水文模型,在降雨径流模拟中得到广泛应用。但也存在着基流过程模拟不尽合理等问题。本文利用Horton下渗曲线改进TOPMODEL模型的基流模拟,并采用羊坪、猴子岩、西峡和东湾四个流域的降雨径流资料进行实例研究。结果表明,改进的TOPMODEL模型不仅能够更加合理地模拟基流过程,而且径流过程的模拟精度要优于原TOPMODEL模型。     

基于通用计算的涪江中段径流模拟研究

为了提高传统径流汇流模拟的时效性,提出了一种基于通用计算的径流汇流模型。模型采用纳维-斯托克斯作为基础方程。首先,文章探讨了利用通用计算进行径流汇流模拟的实现方法并设计了模拟计算流程。然后,以涪江流域中段为研究区域,将流域内25个常规站和区域站的实况降水数据为数据源,分别利用本文径流汇流模型和FloodArea模型对流域进行径流模拟,并将两种模型模拟结果与水文站实测数据进行对比分析。结果发现,基于通用计算的径流汇流模型不仅在模拟效率上相对于FloodArea模型有很大程度的提高,而且模拟结果具有更小的水位变化误差,与水文站实测水文数据具有更好拟合效果。模拟时效性和结果准确性的同时提升表明本文的径流汇流模型对暴雨洪涝预警预报具有重要的意义。     

利用 Hoton下渗曲线改进TOPMODEL模型的基流模拟

TOPMODEL模型是一个以地形为基础的半分布式水文模型,在降雨径流模拟中得到广泛应用,但也存在着基流过程模拟不尽合理等问题.本文利用Horton下渗曲线改进TOPMODEL模型的基流模拟,并采用羊坪、猴子岩、西峡和东湾四个流域的降雨径流资料进行实例研究.结果表明,改进的TOPMODEL模型不仅能够更加合理地模拟基流过程,而且径流过程的模拟精度要优于原TOPMODEL模型.     

BP人工神经网络在小流域径流模拟中的应用

径流量的变化与区域经济社会发展、生态平衡以及水资源管理和水环境保护密切相关,月径流量的研究对水量配置、调度等均具有重要意义。针对小尺度流域普遍存在的资料有限问题,研究BP人工神经网络在华南湿润区小流域月径流模拟的适用性。以滨江流域长序列逐日降水径流资料为基础,采用BP人工神经网络进行月径流量模拟,并将其与径流系数法、新安江模型和HSPF模型所得进行对比分析。研究表明:BP人工神经网络使用简便,变化趋势预测准确,在降水径流模拟方面优势明显,全年确定性系数为0.91,高于径流系数法所得0.85,与新安江模型的0.92、HSPF的0.96相当,具有良好的应用前景,其汛期的模拟效果优于非汛期,但模拟结果相对偏大,存在一定的改进和提高空间。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.