云南金顶超大型铅锌矿区的构造格架与控矿构造问题讨论

金顶铅锌矿床是一个以沉积岩(灰岩与砂岩)为寄主岩石的超大型铅锌矿床。本文在对矿区构造和矿床基本特点研究的基础上,重点阐述了两种不同类型矿体(砂岩型和灰岩型)的构造类型、矿石显微构造及矿石组构的特点。本文研究表明,极其发育的断裂构造系统是兰坪盆地地质构造发育的基本特点,在盆地边缘、盆地内部普遍发育了具有薄皮式逆冲断层和推覆构造组合特点的成矿前断裂,它们造成矿区内大规模地层倒转与堆叠现象;盆地中发育了由构造角砾岩与透镜体带构成、宽度达近3km的NE-NNE向成矿期中轴断裂,它控制着矿体或矿床的发育与分布;近SN方向的成矿后地堑构造对于矿床具有破坏作用,并使之剥露于地表。金顶铅锌矿床主要有两种重要的矿床类型,即板状或层状砂岩型矿床和角砾状灰岩型矿床,它们分别位于白垩系钙质长石石英砂岩与三叠系沥青质灰岩构成的两个逆冲席体内。以凤凰山矿区为典型,金顶铅锌矿床具有3层结构:上部的三叠系白云质灰岩岩盖,中部的砂岩型矿体和下部的灰岩型矿体,三者之间被两条作为圈闭存在的重要逆冲断层带间隔。砂岩型矿体与灰岩型矿体之间由几个角砾岩筒连接,作为成矿时期的矿液运移通道存在。破裂与微破裂构造、块状构造、对生脉状构造及假晶构造等是最常见的显微构造型式,它们的存在揭示出破裂与碎裂、充填和交代作用过程在铅锌矿化过程中均起着重要的作用。金顶铅锌矿床的形成与就位,直接受构造作用控制。成矿前的逆冲推覆作用为高压成矿流体的形成以及成矿圈闭的发育创造了条件,成矿期中轴断裂的活动性促使成矿流体向上运移,而灰岩与砂岩的物理性质(包括孔隙度/渗透率以及力学属性)则制约了两种不同类型矿体的出现。致密的灰岩渗透率较低,含矿流体加热了灰岩并使之软化,同时高流体压力使得围岩易碎,形成由早期到晚期的细角砾岩、粗角砾岩和破裂,成矿物质同时沉淀结晶,胶结围岩角砾形成角砾型灰岩矿体。高压流体通过流体通道进入低孔隙度的砂岩后,便迅速弥散于其中,沿着颗粒边界或裂隙充填,并交代岩石中的钾长石碎屑及方解石胶结物,形成块状的砂岩型矿体。     

青海南部东莫扎抓矿区挤压断层带结构及其对铅锌成矿的控制

大量逆断层控矿的实例表明挤压断层带具有较大含矿潜力,但挤压环境下矿质运移沉淀的过程尚不清楚。文章从断层带结构解剖入手,以东莫扎抓铅锌矿床为例,研究挤压断层带对成矿的控制。控矿断层可分为碎裂化带、浑圆角砾带和扁长角砾带3部分,其中碎裂化带内灰岩角砾中含有细脉状矿化,浑圆角砾带无矿化,扁长角砾带的角砾内部发育不规则脉状矿化,角砾间有浸染状、角砾状、团块状矿化。矿脉形态及与围岩接触关系表明成矿受断裂控制,矿质充填与灰岩破裂基本同时发生。分析认为,断层带经历了两个阶段的生长过程,成矿流体在第二次挤压的早期阶段贯入,挤压过程中的碎裂化和压溶作用为矿质运移和沉淀提供了重要保障。     

新疆叶城县叉路口铅锌矿床地质特征及矿床成因讨论

新疆叶城叉路口铅锌矿是喀喇昆仑北麓的叶尔羌河上游的一处中型铅锌矿床。铅锌矿体产于神仙湾二叠-三叠纪边缘裂陷带的中-下二叠统神仙湾组上段中,矿体的围岩有碎裂状的粉砂质板岩、白云质大理岩、泥晶灰岩,以及构造角砾岩等,铅锌矿体受断裂及碎裂化岩石的控制,矿体主要呈层状、似层状或大透镜状,但也有小型脉状含矿石英脉穿切层理,矿石构造有条纹-条带状、块状构造、团块状、斑点状、浸染状构造,矿物组合显示简单硫化物组合特点,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化,蚀变强度较弱。铅锌矿床特征既反映出沉积成矿的某些特点,也显示出后期热液成矿的许多特征,在综合对比区域铅锌矿成矿规律之后认为,叉路口铅锌矿的矿床成因为沉积-热液改造型铅锌矿床,属于复因-后成矿床范畴。     

3D geological architecture and ore -controlling structures of the Paomaping Zn-Pb deposit at the Jinding ore field,Lanping County,SE Tibetan PlateauSCIEI北大核心CSCD

滇西北金顶超大型铅锌矿田位于青藏高原东南缘兰坪中-新生代盆地中部,是三江成矿带中南段最典型的密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床之一,其构造控矿和盆地流体成矿特征明显受控于印度-欧亚大陆碰撞有关的区域挤压构造。近年来,矿床浅部地质条件与资源状况已被充分揭露,但其深部地质结构、构造控矿差异性仍不清楚,这也制约了成矿预测和找矿新发现。本文以矿田东北部的跑马坪大型隐伏矿床为研究对象,利用三维地质建模及空间分析方法,识别矿化空间变化及其与断层、不整合面和地层岩性的配置关系,分析构造控矿规律及可能的流体运聚趋势。结果表明,跑马坪铅锌矿床的成矿作用与近E-W向挤压构造对中新统金顶砂泥岩(Mio-j)与上三叠统三合洞组(T_(3)s)不整合面的差异性破坏关系密切,近NS和NE向逆断层与NW向走滑-掀斜断层组合是最重要的控矿构造。其中,近NE向逆断层与不整合面是成矿流体运聚的主要通道,而近于平行的NW向走滑-掀斜断层上盘的T_(3)s高孔渗性角砾状灰岩、含灰岩角砾砂岩及裂隙带因为富含H_(2)S等还原性流体而成为与Mio-j富含金属氧化性盆地卤水混合和金属沉淀就位的最有利空间。由此,逆断层和走滑-掀斜断层组合、特定地层岩性与不整合面联合控制了流体汇聚与混合成矿作用,断层沟通了同位叠加的上三叠统油气藏储层和渐新统-中新统盆地卤水(带),这是铅锌成矿的关键。该成矿模型在金顶矿田及邻区与类似地区均具有普遍指导意义。最后,本文预测沿跑马坪矿区深部及其南北侧延伸区域还存在多条NE向隐伏控矿断层,其成矿潜力大,是下一步找矿勘查的有利靶区。     

西藏昌都地区拉拢拉类MVT铅锌矿床矿化特征与成因研究

昌都地区位于青藏高原碰撞造山带东北部,是西南三江Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag成矿带重要组成部分,区内碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床大量产出,成矿明显受到新生代区域逆冲推覆构造系统控制.拉拢拉铅锌矿床位于昌都地区最具代表性的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿集区西南部,是区内铅锌矿床的典型代表.为了填补三江带昌都地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的研究空白,笔者在对拉拢拉矿区详细地质填图基础上,深入剖析了铅锌矿化成因,建立了铅锌成矿模型.矿区铅锌矿体产于逆冲断层上盘,主要呈透镜体状沿上三叠统甲丕拉组泥页岩和波里拉组灰岩岩性分界面展布,角砾状和网脉状为主要矿石构造,方铅矿、闪锌矿和菱锌矿为主要矿石矿物,矿体控矿要素和产状代表了三江带碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的一种全新矿床式,命名为拉拢拉式.矿区主要成矿过程划分为硫化物期(Ⅰ)和硫化物-碳酸盐期(Ⅱ),两期之间以一期构造活动相隔.Ⅰ期发育富液相LV流体包裹体和富CO2和CH4的LV流体包裹体两种类型,显微测温显示出低温(130 ～ 140℃)、高盐(23％ ～ 24％ NaCleqv)、中高密度(1.10～1.12g·cm-3)和中低温(170～180℃)、高盐(23％ ～24％ NaCleqv)、中低密度(1.06～ 1.08g· cm-3)两种特征.两期矿化流体均为Ca2+-Mg2+-Na+-K+-SO42--Cl--F--NO3-卤水体系,其离子含量相近,H-O同位素组成相似(δDC-SMOW为-137‰ ～-110‰,δ18 OV-SMOW为-2.92‰ ～ 13.42‰),形成方解石的C-O同位素分布规律一致(δ13CV-PDB为0.9‰～ 7.2‰,δ18OV-SMOW为9.1‰ ～ 26.5‰),揭示矿区至少存在两种流体来源,分别为中低温度、高盐度盆地卤水和由大气降水、地层封存蒸发浓缩海水及区域变质水混合而成的区域流体.两期矿化中矿物S同位素组成相近,硫化物δ34S为负值(-24.7‰ ～-11.5‰),重晶石δ34S为正值(11.3‰～22.9‰),第三纪石膏δ34S值(2‰～4.7‰)介于二者之间,反映还原硫主要来自生物还原第三纪盆地下渗的盆地卤水和灰岩地层封存的蒸发浓缩海水中的硫酸盐,富含金属物质的外来流体与富含还原硫的本地流体的混合是金属物质在矿区卸载的主要方式.两期方铅矿Pb同位素组成一致,206pb/204 Pb、207pb/204Pb和208 pb/204 Pb比值分别为18.8646 ～18.8835,15.6619 ～15.6677和38.9404～ 38.9796,推测成矿物质来自造山带内从变质基底到盖层灰岩(甚至碎屑岩)的多套地层.综合对比拉拢拉矿床与三江带内碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床,提出拉拢拉矿床与区域铅锌矿床成因类型一致,为受逆冲推覆构造控制的类MVT铅锌矿床,其代表的拉拢拉式矿床成矿模型可简述如下:逆冲推覆构造在碳酸盐岩地层中形成构造圈闭,第三纪盆地卤水下渗汇聚及伴随的硫酸盐生物还原作用形成富含H2S的本地流体储库;区域挤压变形释放的区域流体沿逆冲推覆主滑脱带运移,交换基底及盖层中的成矿物质,形成富含Pb-Zn-卤素络合物的外来流体;逆冲断层断后伸展导致区域流体沿相关开放空间上升至灰岩与泥页岩分界面这一上下封闭的有利空间与本地流体混合,铅锌硫化物及铅锌碳酸盐沉淀,金属物质卸载,形成以透镜状为主的矿体沿岩性分界面展布.     

陕西马元铅锌矿床矿石组构研究与成因意义

通过对马元矿床矿石组构研究,总结归纳矿床矿石主要结构包括自形晶结构、半自形结构、他形结构、包含结构、压碎结构;构造主要以角砾状为主,其次有浸染状、脉状构造、晶洞构造、雪顶构造。根据矿床矿体野外地质现象并结合镜下矿石组构和电子探针分析,认为马元铅锌矿床为典型的与后生热液有关的MVT铅锌矿床;热液期是其主要成矿期。根据矿物组合特征将热液期划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、白云石-闪锌矿-方铅矿阶段。对矿体大量发育于角砾岩中、矿体中发育大量有机质进行探讨,总结角砾岩化、有机质和成矿作用的关系。     

内蒙古边家大院铅锌银矿地质特征和控矿因素

边家大院矿床成因类型根据目前勘查成果认为是与浅成-超浅成侵入岩(脉)有关的热液型脉状铅锌银矿床,主要矿化产于砂板岩、闪长岩中。平面上成矿元素具有明显的分带性,自西向东有斑岩型锡(钼、铜)矿化→隐爆角砾岩型锌(铅、银)矿化→脉状充填型银(铅、锌)矿化;本文根据矿床地质特征分析,对控矿因素进行了总结,认为隐伏的石英斑岩脉(体)是本矿床成矿热源中心,也是成矿流体的主要来源;脉状铅锌银矿体受低次序密集裂隙(断裂)带的控制,并与岩脉、岩脉群密切相关,以脉状充填形式产于其中。     

尖山银铅锌多金属矿床地质特征

尖山银铅锌多金属矿床产出受ＮＮＥ－ＮＥ向蚀变破碎带控制,主要矿体产出受钙质千枚岩、大理岩岩性控制,矿化具有明显分带性,矿石类型有含金石英脉型、含银铅锌硫化物型和含银铜硫化物型。矿床成因为岩浆－地层双源的中高温变质（岩浆）热液充填交代成矿。     

西藏昌都赵发勇溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床地质特征与矿床成因

赵发勇铅锌矿床位于三江成矿带中段昌都地区,铅锌矿化发育在新生代区域逆冲推覆构造中,以逆冲断层相关的古溶洞构造为主要控矿构造,代表了逆冲褶皱系MVT铅锌矿床中一种新的成矿模式——溶洞控矿成矿模式。因此,笔者在对赵发勇矿区详细地质填图基础上,对其成矿流体特征、成矿期方解石和硫化物的同位素组成进行了系统研究,以期对逆冲褶皱系MVT铅锌矿床中这一新成矿模式的成因机制进行探讨。赵发勇铅锌矿床矿体呈漏斗状-筒状发育在逆(冲)断层上、下盘的下二叠统和上三叠统灰岩古溶洞中,以角砾状、块状和皮壳状为主要矿石构造,以方铅矿、闪锌矿为主要矿石矿物,经历了硫化物期(I)和硫化物-碳酸盐期(II)两期成矿过程。I期成矿流体总体具低温度(130～140℃)、高盐度(23%～24%NaCl eq.)特征,部分呈现中高温度(约高达400℃)、中低盐度(约低达8%NaCleq.)特征;δDV-SMOW值介于–147‰～–94‰,δ18O流体值介于1.25‰～13.62‰;同成矿期方解石δ13CV-PDB值为–2.4‰～5.1‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为15.1‰～27.4‰。两期硫化物δ34S均为负值(–15.1‰～–1.6‰), 206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb组成分别为18.703 0～18.966 2、15.638 9～15.687 2、38.554 8～38.924 0。研究表明, I期铅锌矿化由①封存在地层中的蒸发浓缩的海水或/和区域古近纪—新近纪盆地下渗的盆地卤水形成的低温度、高盐度的本地流体和②由区域或矿区地层释放的蒸发浓缩海水和变质基底释放的变质水混合而成的中低温、中高盐度的区域流体两种流体组成;两期矿化的成矿金属来自造山带中从基底变质岩到盖层灰岩或/和碎屑岩等在内的多套地层,还原硫来自古近纪—新近纪盆地卤水中的硫酸盐±灰岩地层封存水中的硫酸盐的细菌还原作用;富还原硫的本地流体和富金属物质的区域流体的混合是铅锌硫化物沉淀的主要机制。结合对三江带区域溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床研究认识,笔者初步建立了逆冲褶皱系溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床成矿模型。     

多宝山铅锌矿床地质特征及地球化学研究

新疆和田县多宝山是西昆仑地区新发现的一处重要铅锌矿床,矿体呈似层状、不规则囊状、脉状,产于白垩系铁隆滩组碳酸盐岩岩溶角砾岩、生物碎屑灰岩中,围岩蚀变主要有碳酸盐化、白云石化、硅化及泥化等.矿石为块状、细脉状、浸染状、角砾状等构造.矿石矿物与脉石矿物中具极相似的微量元素组构,矿石中铅、锌硫化物δ34SV-CDT=-10.55‰～-1.01‰,矿石Pb同位素组成206Pb/204Pb=18.739 8～18.743 3,207Pb/204Pb=15.702 5～15.7040,208Pb/204Pb=39.092 9～39.097 1,成矿物质来源于白垩系铁隆滩组碳酸盐岩.矿石中方解石δ13CPDB=3.44‰～5.09‰,18OSMOW=23.09‰～26.79‰,热液中CO2来自海相碳酸盐岩去碳酸作用.流体包裹体均一温度为207℃～262℃,盐度为6.30%～7.73%,说明成矿流体来源于海水热卤水,矿床具MVT铅锌成矿特点.     

四川大梁子富锗铅锌矿床的控矿构造样式及成矿机制研究

大梁子富锗铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西南缘,是四川-云南-贵州(川滇黔)铅锌矿集区大型矿床之一,其矿石储量4.5 Mt,Pb+Zn平均品位10%~12%,矿体主要以筒状、脉状赋存于严格受断裂构造控制的富有机质破碎带“黑色破碎带”中,赋矿围岩为震旦系灯影组的白云岩。矿区断裂十分发育,主要发育NWW向断裂、NW向断裂和NE向断裂。通过详细分析各组断裂的几何学和运动学特征,厘清了成矿前、成矿期和成矿后断裂活动特征及构造动力学特征。成矿前,该矿区受近N-S向挤压应力作用,形成NWW向逆断层;成矿期,受古特提斯洋的俯冲消减和碰撞造山作用,研究区构造应力场转变为NW-SE向挤压应力,形成矿区的NWW向张扭性断层、NW向扭张性断层和NE向逆断层;成矿后,区域构造应力场转变为近EW向,形成NWW向、NW向和NE向的破矿断裂。NWW向断裂是矿区的主控断裂,是流体运移的通道;NW向断裂是NWW向断层的主要配套断裂,是流体混合和矿体就位的空间,NWW向断裂和NW向断裂组成的负花状构造是大梁子富锗铅锌矿床最具特色的控矿构造样式。来自深部的富金属离子的流体与来自寒武系富有机质地层的还原型流体在NWW向断裂和NW向断裂控制的张裂空间的混合,是该床的主要成矿机制。矿区南部和西部类似的构造样式区是下一步找矿的方向。     

云南巍山笔架山锑矿床成因

矿区褶皱和断裂相互重叠交错,为含矿热气液的运移提供了导矿及储矿构造。微量元素测定,确定上三叠系地层为锑的矿源层,矿体严格受层位控制,三合洞组灰岩破碎带为含矿层位,是找矿主要标志。依据矿床产出特点及物理化学条件,确认该矿床属中低温热液富集层控矿床。     

西南天山国营马场果尔沟—克勒特白克恰特一带铁锰矿地质成矿特征

西南天山国营马场地区果儿沟—克勒特白克恰特一带铁锰矿与区内分布的玄武岩夹硅质岩类关系密切,矿体赋存于下石炭统玄武岩组(C1xw)中的硅质岩中,成矿严格受玄武岩组地层、区域性大断裂及其旁侧的次级断裂以及物化探异常控制,矿体呈层状、似层状,矿石具隐晶质—微晶结构、胶状结构,不规则条带状、脉状、浸染状、皮壳状构造,属火山喷流沉积型矿床。区域上沿托什罕深大断裂带及其南北侧分布有大量的火山岩,具有重要的找矿意义。     

Setting,sulfur isotope variations,and metamorphism of Jurassic massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization associated with arc‐type volcanism (Skra,Vardar zone, Νorthern Greece)

Massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization appears conformable with felsic volcanism, developed in an Upper Jurassic volcanic arc to the Southwest (SW) of the Serbo‐Macedonian continent in Northern Greece. The host volcanic sequence of the mineralization comprises mylonitized rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lavas, pyroclastics, quartz‐feldspar porphyries, and cherty tuffs. A “white mica—quartz—pyrite” mineral assemblage characterizes the volcanic rocks in the footwall and hanging‐wall of massive sulfide ore layers, formed as a result of greenschist‐grade regional metamorphism on “clay‐quartz‐pyrite” hydrothermal alteration haloes. Massive ore lenses are usually underlain by deformed Cu‐pyrite and quartz‐pyrite stockworks. Most of the sulfide ore bodies have proximal‐type features. Ductile deformation and regional metamorphism have transformed many of the stockwork structures. The mineralization is characterized by high Zn, Pb, and Ag contents, while Cu and critical metals are low. Primary depositional textures, for example, layering, clastic pyrite, colloform, and atoll textures were identified. The overall textural features of the mineralization indicate it has undergone mechanical deformation. The most prominent features of the effects of metamorphism, folding and shearing, are modification of the ore body morphology toward flattened and boudinage structures and transformation of the ore textures toward the dominance of planar fabrics. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides along with textural observations are consistent with a dual source of sulfide sulfur. Sulfur isotope values for sphalerite, non‐colloform pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite fall in a limited range from ?1.6 to +4.8‰ (mean δ³⁴S + 2‰), indicating a hydrothermal source derived from the reduction of coeval seawater sulfate in the convective system. Pyrites with colloform and atoll textures are characterized by a ³⁴S depletion, indicating a bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulfate. The morphology of ore beds, the mineralogy, sulfide textures, and ore chemistry along with the petrology and tectonic setting of the host rocks can be attributed to typical of a bimodal‐felsic metallogenesis. Although similar in many respects to classic Kuroko‐type volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization, it has some atypical features, like the absence of barite ore, which is possibly a result of significant temporal depletion in sulfate due to bacterial reduction, a conclusion supported by the widespread occurrence of colloidal and atoll textures of pyrite.     

甘肃省宕昌县代家庄铅锌矿的发现 及物探化探找矿效果

甘肃省宕昌县代家庄铅锌矿床以氧化矿石为主,矿体赋存在浅海台地相、生物礁滩相形成的生物碎屑灰岩、硅质岩中,受北西向张扭性断裂及其次级断裂的控制;区內岩(矿)石电性差异较显著,圈定的激电异常呈北西向带状展布,与以Pb、Zn、Ag、As、Sb、Au、Hg等为组合特征的土壤地球化学异常、矿化构造带吻合,通过分析物、化探异常发现了矿体;提出了地质—地球物理—地球化学综合找矿标志。     

大兴安岭北段岔路口斑岩Mo-热液脉状Zn-Pb成矿系统硫化物微量元素的分布、起源及其勘探指示

岔路口斑岩Mo-Zn-Pb矿床位于大兴安岭北段,是近年来新发现的超大型斑岩-热液脉状Mo-Zn-Pb成矿系统,脉状Zn-Pb矿化直接叠置在斑岩Mo矿化顶部。本文挑选岔路口斑岩型矿化及热液脉型矿化的黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿,通过EMPA、ICP-MS等多种方法分析硫化物的主微量元素组成,发现岔路口各阶段硫化物均富集Mo元素,相比于斑岩型矿化各阶段中的黄铁矿,Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd、Ga、Ag、Bi等元素在铅锌矿阶段内相对富集;相比于过渡阶段,铅锌阶段闪锌矿中Mo、Co元素及方铅矿中的Bi、Cd和Ag元素含量下降。微量元素在不同阶段内的变化可能是流体降温和天水混合的结果。黄铁矿的稀土总量与成矿岩体最接近,且与成矿岩体和围岩有相似的稀土配分模式,并有较明显的Eu负异常;黄铁矿宽广的Y/Ho比值(25.0~39.0)与成矿岩体的Y/Ho比值范围(27.4~38.7)最接近,同时包括了围岩相对较窄的Y/Ho比值(25.7~31.3),这表明成矿物质主要与成矿岩体同源,可能加入了一定量的围岩物质,岔路口硫化物富Mo的特征受控于深部斑岩Mo矿化岩浆-热液系统。对比东秦岭-大别W-Mo-Pb-Zn矿集区的远源热液脉状Pb-Zn矿床,岔路口浅部近源脉状矿化中的黄铁矿具有更高含量Mo/Ag-Bi/Sb比值和Mo/Pb-Sn/Sb比值,因此浅部硫化物的高Mo含量以及黄铁矿中相关元素比值的高值,可为脉状Zn-Pb矿化附近隐伏斑岩钼矿化的勘探提供新线索。此外,与其他热液脉状和斑岩型矿床相比,岔路口矿床硫化物更富集中高温元素;且综合分析多类矿床的硫化物的微量元素后,本文还初步查明不同矿床类型硫化物富集的微量元素,这一尝试可为矿床成因的判断提供新的思路。     

安徽铜陵矿集区铜官山矿田胶状黄铁矿矿物学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

铜官山矿田是铜陵矿集区内五大矿田之一,矿田内顺层产出的层状硫化物矿体是铜金矿床的主矿体,矿体内含有较多的胶状黄铁矿,其成因的争议制约了对铜金矿床成矿作用的解析。本文主要利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等纳米矿物学手段,并结合光学显微镜、粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)、微区激光拉曼光谱分析等方法,对矿田内铜官山矿床及天马山矿床内层状硫化物矿体中胶状黄铁矿矿石的矿物组成、微形貌、微结构等特征进行系统研究,结果表明胶状黄铁矿矿石多呈胶状、鲕状结构,具有同心环状构造,同心环被赤铁矿、菱铁矿与黄铜矿脉穿切。同心环主要由白铁矿+有机质与胶状黄铁矿交替组成。胶状黄铁矿的黄铁矿颗粒粒径从纳米至亚微米均有分布,以自形-半自形立方体为主,少数呈他形,脉体边部胶状黄铁矿颗粒较大,自形程度较高,重结晶显著。矿石中含有少量白云石、伊利石微晶体,与胶状黄铁矿紧密共存,显示典型沉积特征。共存石英磨圆度较高,存在次生加大现象,表面存在胶状黄铁矿印模,显示为碎屑成因。这些综合信息表明胶状黄铁矿非岩浆热液成因,而是与石炭系地层同沉积成岩成因,并可能有微生物作用参与。高孔隙率、高化学活性及较高有机质含量的胶状黄铁矿可能为燕山期岩浆热液演化的含铜成矿流体提供了沉淀剂,对矿田内铜金硫化物矿体的层控性发挥了重要的控制作用。     

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.     

Fluid inclusion and carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope study of the Polaris Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: implications for ore genesis

The Polaris deposit is one of the largest Mississippi Valley-type deposits in the world, with 22 million tonnes of ore at 14% Zn and 4% Pb contained in a single, compact orebody surrounded by dolomitized host rocks. Using detailed sampling of carbonates in the orebody and the dolostone halo, this paper aims to characterize the temporal and spatial evolution of the mineralizing system, and to understand the mechanisms that controlled the accumulation of this large, compact Zn–Pb deposit. Five types of dolomite have been distinguished, including three replacement (RD) and two pore-filling dolomites (PD). The paragenetic order is RD1, RD2, RD3, PD1, and PD2. Pore-filling calcite (PC) postdates all other minerals. In most cases, sulfides and dolomite did not co-precipitate, but sphalerite and galena largely overlap with RD3 and PD1. Various dolomites are dissolved or replaced by sulfide-precipitating fluids; sulfides in turn can be overgrown by dolomites. Colloform texture in sphalerite is widespread. Fluid inclusions were studied in RD3, PD1, PD2, sphalerite, and PC. The overall ranges of homogenization temperatures (T _h) and last ice-melting temperatures (T _m-ice) for fluid inclusions in dolomites and sphalerite are from 67 to 141 °C and from −46.7 to −27.0 °C, respectively, consistent with warm basinal brines with high salinities and Ca/Na ratios. Gas chromatographic analysis of these fluid inclusions indicates low concentrations of hydrocarbons (<0.06 mol%). C, O, and Sr isotopes were analyzed for all dolomites and PC, as well as for the fine-grained host limestone and early diagenetic calcite (SC–RC). The isotopic values of RD2, RD3, PD1, and PD2 cluster tightly and form largely overlapping domains. With respect to the host limestone, they are depleted in ¹⁸O, similar in δ¹³C, and slightly enriched in ⁸⁷Sr. There are no regular spatial variations for fluid inclusion and isotope data, indicating an overall geochemical homogeneity in the hydrothermal system. However, certain samples close to the fracture zones in the orebody with slightly elevated T _h and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values and depleted δ¹⁸O values suggest that the fracture zone was the conduit for the hot brines. Based on the geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit, we propose that sulfide precipitation at Polaris was caused by mixing of a reduced, metal-rich, sulfur-poor fluid with a reduced, metal-poor, sulfur-rich fluid at the site of mineralization. The metal-carrying fluid ascended along fractures from below the deposit and was hotter than the host rocks, whereas the reduced sulfur-carrying fluid was delivered to the site of mineralization laterally and was in thermal equilibrium with the host rocks. This model can readily explain the dissolution of dolomite during sulfide precipitation and the abundance of colloform sphalerite, as well as the low concentrations of hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions. Accepted: 20 December 1999