祁连山七-冰川流域各类环境介质中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源研究

从祁连山七-冰川流域各介质中总共检测出2～7环的多环芳烃50多种,其中16种美国EPA优控物质中,只有二氢苊和二苯并[a,h]蒽没有被检测到．雪冰和冰川融水样品中相对富集3环和4环,雪冰不溶微粒和冰尘以及七-冰川周围表层土壤样品主要以4～6环为主,这是由PAHs自身的物理化学性质决定的．荧蒽／芘,菲／蒽比值表明,研究区检测出来的多环芳烃可能主要来自于化石燃料的高温燃烧,特别是煤的燃烧和机车尾气排放产生．大气污染传输与干湿沉降是七-冰川及其周围土壤中PAHs的主要输入途径．     

祁连山七一冰川雪冰和冰川融水中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分布特征及来源研究

2008年6月,在祁连山七一冰川采集雪坑、冰川融水和冰川末端冰样,经过大孔吸附树脂富集后,用GC-MS对样品中的正构烷烃(nC14～nC32)和多环芳烃进行了分析.结果表明,正构烷烃的含量在冰川融水中最高,雪坑次之,冰中最低;多环芳烃的含量在雪坑中最高,冰中最低,冰川融水界于二者之间.正构烷烃与多环芳烃都具有很强的疏水性,在固-液相分配过程中倾向于保留在残留固相中.由于冰川融水样品距冰川末端约1km,沿途地表土壤和植被会贡献部分正构烷烃,所以冰川融水中正构烷烃的含量最高.与正构烷烃不同,多环芳烃较易挥发,而且易被沿途土壤和植被所吸附,导致冰川融水中多环芳烃的含量降低.冰川末端冰中正构烷烃与多环芳烃的含量都很低,可能是由于冰川末端冰年代比较古老,受人类活动的污染较轻.正构烷烃的碳优势指数(CPI值)表明,七一冰川中的正构烷烃主要来自高等植物蜡和化石燃料燃烧产物的混合物,多环芳烃的荧蒽/芘(Fla/Pyr)和菲/蒽(Phe/Ant)比值表明,七一冰川冰雪和冰川融水中检测到的多环芳烃主要来自化石燃料的不完全燃烧.     

典型岩溶区多介质中多环芳烃的环境存在特征——以广西大石围天坑群为例

选择典型岩溶地区广西大石围天坑群为研究对象,采用2007-2008年同期采集的大气干湿沉降、空气、土壤、地下河水和沉积物样品测试数据,运用16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的成分谱、分布特征和特征比值,结合其物理化学性质进行对比分析.初步研究结果表明,全年大气干湿物/土壤/地下河沉积物均以屈(Chr)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BkF)、苯并[a]芘(BaP)4种4～6环PAHs为主;同期天坑空气/秋冬季于湿沉降物/地下河水以萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)、菲(Phe)和蒽(Ant)4种2～3环PAHs为主;各组介质中的PAHs存在特征具有较好的一致性,但也有一定的差异.利用这种方法初步解释了岩溶地区土壤、地下河水和沉积物中PAHs污染的来源(或输入);同时证明了大气干湿沉降物是偏远岩溶地区土壤和地下河中PAHs的主要来源.因此建议在污染源调查过程中应把大气干湿沉降物列为PAHs污染源.     

典型岩溶区多介质中多环芳烃的环境存在特征

选择典型岩溶地区广西大石围天坑群为研究对象,采用2007—2008年同期采集的大气干湿沉降、空气、土壤、地下河水和沉积物样品测试数据,运用16种多环芳烃（PAHs)的成分谱、分布特征和特征比值,结合其物理化学性质进行对比分析。初步研究结果表明,全年大气干湿物/土壤/地下河沉积物均以屈（Chr）、苯并\[b]荧蒽（BbF）、苯并\[k]荧蒽（BkF）、苯并\[a]芘（BaP）4种4～6环PAHs为主;同期天坑空气/秋冬季干湿沉降物/地下河水以萘（Nap）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）和蒽（Ant）4种2～3环PAHs为主;各组介质中的PAHs存在特征具有较好的一致性,但也有一定的差异。利用这种方法初步解释了岩溶地区土壤、地下河水和沉积物中PAHs污染的来源（或输入）;同时证明了大气干湿沉降物是偏远岩溶地区土壤和地下河中PAHs的主要来源。因此建议在污染源调查过程中应把大气干湿沉降物列为PAHs污染源。     

长江三角洲典型农用地土壤多环芳烃的空间分布及源解析——以华东某地区为例

为研究长江三角洲典型农用地土壤多环芳烃的组成及来源,系统采集华东某地区农用地表层土壤样77个,对16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)单体含量进行测定。结果表明:研究区农用地土壤中Σ16PAHs浓度范围为18.60~1278.67μg/kg,平均浓度为233.57μg/kg;PAHs组成以2环至4环的中低环组分为主,占85.05%;同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法显示研究区农用地土壤中多环芳烃主要来源于石油泄漏及煤与生物质燃烧。     

祁连山七一冰川区表层沉积物中生物标志化合物的组成特征及来源研究

利用GC和GC—MS的分析方法,对祁连山七一冰川冰雪不溶微粒、冰尘和七一冰川流域表层土壤中的烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯和长链酯、酮以及多环芳烃等生物标志化合物进行了分析,研究了它们的组成和分布特征,讨论了它们的环境地球化学意义。结果表明,生物标志化合物分布特征组成和分布特征指示了七一冰川地区的有机质具有藻类、高等植物、化石燃料燃烧产物等多种来源。冰雪不溶微粒和七一冰川流域表层土壤中有机物的来源相似,且这两种介质中的有机污染物种类多于冰尘,表明快速的工业化已经对七一冰川及其周围环境产生明显影响。     

水体悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜与X射线能谱显微分析

通过对湖州地区74个土壤样品多环芳烃含量的测定,分析了湖州市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明,湖州地区PAHs各组分的含量均有检出,各种土地利用类型表层土壤均受到一定程度的PAHs污染,但均小于荷兰土壤修复标准;湖州市区耕地中PAHs的含量最高;从PAHs低环/高环比值小于1以及芘/苯并(a)芘比值小于2,反映了湖州地区土壤中PAHs主要是由燃煤和生活污染产生的。     

多环芳烃在水稻籽粒中的分布及其与环境介质含量的关系

介绍了江西南昌某郊区采集的成熟期(2008年9月)和收割期(2008年10月)的水稻籽粒中多环芳烃(PAHs)的富集情况,并与同时期的环境介质(土壤、空气气相以及颗粒物)中多环芳烃的含量及分布情况作了相关性分析。结果表明,研究区水稻籽粒中16种多环芳烃(∑PAHs)总量平均为(74.8±13.6)ng/g,水稻土壤中∑PAHs含量平均为(203.7±14.3)ng/g,空气气相样品中∑PAHs含量平均为68.25 ng/m3,以3环和4环多环芳烃为优势化合物;颗粒物样品中∑PAHs含量平均为42.28 ng/m3,以4环、5环和6环多环芳烃为优势化合物。各介质多环芳烃含量在国内同类地区中均位于中等偏下水平。将多环芳烃在水稻籽粒和各个介质之间的生物富集系数与化合物的辛醇分配系数KOC、KOA作对数变换后比较,发现水稻籽粒中多环芳烃的分布与水稻土和空气颗粒物中的多环芳烃没有太大关系;而与空气气相中的多环芳烃关系较明显,证实了前人得到的气相化合物对植物体内化合物的分配起着主要贡献的研究结论。     

太原市区土壤中多环芳烃污染特征研究

采用1个样/km2的密度,1个分析组合样/25km2的方法,对太原市区土壤中多环芳烃进行了调查。结果表明,太原市区土壤中多环芳烃的平均含量为8.65μg/g;空间分布上北高南低,高值点主要位于工业区及交通要道地段;组成上以四环及四环以上的多环芳烃为主。通过与国内外城市土壤的对比可知,太原市土壤PAHs污染已相当严重,其来源主要是煤炭的燃烧。太原市工业布局、能耗类型和地理位置是造成土壤PAHs污染的主要原因。     

北京市东南郊不同灌区表层土壤中PAHs来源解析

采用正三角形布点法在北京市东南郊污灌区、再生水灌区、清灌区分别进行了3个表土的样品采集,采样间隔为1 m,共采集9个样品,分别测试了样品中16种多环芳烃的质量分数。测试结果表明：大部分PAHs在3个灌区表土中均有检出,污灌区除了蒽和苯并[a]蒽外,其余均有检出;再生水灌区除二氢苊和苯并[a]蒽外,其余均有检出;清灌区16种PAHs均有检出。其中,污灌区的Σ_PAHs大约为730 μg/kg,再生水灌区Σ_PAHs大约为207 μg/kg,清灌区PAHs大约为43 μg/kg。分别利用比值法、聚类分析法和主成分分析法对研究区土壤中PAHs的可能来源进行解析,通过比值法和聚类分析法可以得出：污灌区表土PAHs污染主要来源于石油源,而再生水灌区和清灌区的PAHs主要来源于燃烧源。由主成分分析法可以定量地计算出各个污染源对PAHs的贡献率：在污灌区采样点,燃烧源/汽车尾气和焦炭源/石油源的贡献率分别为30％和70％;在再生水灌区,PAHs的主要来源为煤的燃烧、汽车尾气的排放和部分石油源的输入,贡献率分别为83.2％和16.8％;在清灌区,PAHs的主要来源为煤的燃烧和汽车尾气的排放,贡献率分别为83.6％和16.4％。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.