球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡随机重构与其失稳破坏模式研究

球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡高度的非均质性、非连续性以及土-球接触界面的复杂性致使其失稳破坏复杂多变,综合运用几何学、计算机随机模拟技术等,以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,基于Python开发了球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡的随机结构模型程序,研究了球状风化体的含量、空间分布、粒度组成以及土-球接触界面等作用下球状风化体类土质边坡的失稳破坏模式。结果表明：球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡破坏模式复杂多变,且由于球状风化体的存在,使得该类边坡的潜在滑动面极其不规则,甚至出现多条滑动面;位于滑动面附近的风化体阻碍了滑动面的发育,迫使其出现“绕石、分流或者包含”的塑性扩展模式。随着球状风化体含量的增长,坡体内部越来越难以形成单一的、上下贯通的滑动面,安全系数随之逐步提高;(0.22～0.3)L_c粒径风化体含量越多,Ⅱ区风化体所占面积越大,越有利于边坡稳定;土-球接触界面最有可能发展为滑动面,界面接触类型显著影响着球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡的失稳演化过程。研究成果可为合理准确地评价球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡的稳定性提供科学依据和理论支撑。     

赣南边坡变形破坏模式与防治对策

赣南地质环境复杂,沉积岩、岩浆岩与变质岩交叉并存;岩浆岩广泛分布,岩体破碎;褶皱、断裂构造发育;风化作用强烈,边坡稳定性差。研究这一地区的变形破坏模式,可以科学有效地对边坡进行防治。大量的野外调研显示,赣南边坡常见的类型主要有土质边坡、类土质边坡、岩质边坡和岩土二元结构边坡4类;赣南边坡常见的变形破坏模式主要有:沿原有结构面滑动、沿顶部拉裂-滑动、土体拉裂-崩塌、圆弧形滑动、坡面冲刷5类。沿原有结构面滑动破坏多见于岩质边坡、类土质边坡中;其余破坏模式多发生于土质边坡、类土质边坡、岩土二元结构边坡的土体部分。根据赣南边坡不同的变形破坏模式,分别提出了科学的防治对策;并针对赣南地区降雨量大、降雨持时长等特点,强调了在边坡的施工过程中应及时修建边坡排水系统,及时进行坡面防护。     

松散堆积体工程边坡变形机理分析及支护对策研究

合理选择开挖坡比、正确认识变形破坏机理是影响松散堆积体边坡稳定性和施工安全的前提, 本文研究了西南地区某松散堆积体工程边坡的结构特征, 根据地形条件确定了合理的开挖坡比, 采用二维有限元研究了开挖边坡的变形机理并根据模拟结果确定潜在滑动面, 在此基础上, 提出支护对策。研究结果表明, 边坡由厚度达70m 的坡洪积、泥石流块碎石堆积体组成, 斜坡下部缓中部稍陡, 开挖平台位于缓坡部位, 根据地形条件结合坡体结构特征确定边坡开挖坡比为1: 0. 75; 数值模拟结果表明, 边坡变形开挖面附近及坡顶拉应力和坡体下部最大剪应力控制, 坡顶部位将首先产生拉张裂隙, 开挖边坡内部产生从坡脚部位向上发展的剪切变形, 滑面一旦与坡顶拉裂缝贯通, 边坡将产生整体失稳; 边坡采用锚拉桩、锚索框架、锚杆框架、排水相结合的综合治理措施进行支护。     

球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡土-岩界面优势流潜蚀特性研究

受降雨作用,球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡的土-岩差异风化界面极易演化为优势渗流通道而发生渗流潜蚀,进而加速该类边坡的变形失稳,然而当前有关其渗流潜蚀作用特征、细颗粒迁移规律等的研究仍鲜见开展。基于多孔介质非饱和渗流理论,综合考虑细颗粒运移、潜蚀启动响应与非饱和渗流的耦合关系,提出一种可准确描述土-岩界面渗流潜蚀过程的数值计算框架。采用有限元方法,构建优势流作用下非饱和花岗岩残积土的渗流潜蚀模型,并以均质土柱的渗流潜蚀过程为参考,系统研究3种典型土-岩界面埋藏状态下的优势流潜蚀特性。结果表明：球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡的土-岩界面与基质渗透性存在高度差异性,湿润锋形成向下凹陷的渗透漏斗,且随着降雨的持续,湿润锋的凹陷程度愈发明显;细颗粒流失程度与土-岩界面的埋藏状态相关,其中下填土体工况的优势流潜蚀最为显著,其界面处甚至出现超孔隙水压力,最不利于该类边坡的稳定性。研究成果可为降雨条件下球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡稳定性的准确评价提供科学依据。     

金沙江某水电站引水洞出口边坡稳定性分析

金沙江某水电站引水洞出口边坡为千枚岩类软岩边坡,其地质条件复杂、结构面发育。由于边坡特殊的岩体结构及其重要性,其稳定发展趋势便成为工程技术人员关心的主要问题。本文在地质调查的基础上,分析了边坡岩体结构特征,建立边坡地质模型,并采用3D-FLAC模拟边坡-洞室组合开挖后的应力、变形分布特征及破坏区范围。结果表明,洞室开挖主要影响6倍洞径范围内围岩应力分布状态,对边坡整体稳定性影响不大;但边坡开挖会使得坡面产生不同程度的受拉区域,对边坡稳定性影响较大。另外,在此基础上选取典型的边坡进行稳定性分析,分析表明,天然状态下,边坡开挖后局部岩体稳定性较差,存在块体失稳的可能,但整体稳定性较好;暴雨、地震条件下,边坡稳定性较差,边坡顶部岩土体有沿结晶灰岩与千枚岩的地层分界面发生失稳的可能。     

高边坡分级开挖与支护方案研究

高边坡在开挖过程中会造成坡体应力的重分布,如果对坡体进行一挖到底,势必会对坡体造成较大的潜在风险。采用两种开挖方案:(1)开挖坡比为1:1,分八级开挖,每级开挖深度为7.5 m,每级平台宽度为2 m;(2)开挖坡比为1:1.2,分六级开挖,每级开挖深度为10 m,每级平台宽度为2 m。对未支护下的边坡进行多级开挖,分析不同开挖时步下的坡体稳定性,根据时步开挖下坡体安全系数变化对边坡进行分级支护,分析支护后的坡体稳定性。对比结果表明,如果坡体开挖过程中采用及时支护方式,则边坡安全系数呈现先减小后变大的趋势,这种边支护边开挖方式对高边坡分级开挖极为有利。     

桩锚挡墙联合支护残积土边坡离心模型试验研究

利用土工离心机分别对钢轨桩、锚杆联合重力式挡土墙支护土质边坡的效果进行模型对比试验研究,分析了钢轨桩和锚杆在重力式挡土墙支护土质边坡中的作用。试验结果表明,强降雨诱发重力式挡土墙支护下的残积土边坡产生滑动变形,对边坡稳定构成威胁;挡土墙下打入钢轨桩联合支护土质边坡会大大降低因降雨产生的墙体偏移,但墙顶上部坡体的局部浅层滑动仍不可避免;植入墙顶上部坡体内并锚固于墙身的锚杆对边坡局部浅层滑动起到了很好的抑制作用。在不增加挡墙自重前提下,钢轨桩下延作用以及锚杆锚固作用提升了挡土墙的抗倾覆能力和边坡浅层抗滑塌能力,从坡体内部和浅层同时改善了重力式挡土墙的支护效果;钢轨桩和锚杆的使用均布了挡土墙背部土压力,有效避免了局部应力集中。     

边坡与滑坡坡工程治理

本书从工程治理的角度，详细阐述了边坡与滑坡产生机理、病害类型与处治方法，内容包括概述、边（滑）坡勘察、作用于边坡支护结构上的荷载、土质边（滑）坡稳定性分析方法、岩质边坡稳定分析方法、有限冗强度折减法及其在土坡与岩坡上的应用、监测与预报，以及建筑、水利、铁道与公路边（滑）坡工程实例等。     

水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场及河岸崩塌问题研究

针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。     

降雨条件下球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡渗流特性与稳定性分析

降雨作为边坡失稳破坏的最常见诱因,在非均质性、非连续性特征显著的球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡中具有更为复杂的影响特征。依托ABAQUS及其二次开发,通过构建降雨条件下球状风化体类土质边坡渗流模型,综合考虑降雨参数的影响,开展了降雨条件下球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡渗流特性与其稳定性研究。研究结果表明：受球状风化体影响,边坡浅层土体更快达到饱和,并且其饱和速率亦受风化体的埋藏深度、“迎雨”面横截面积和含量控制;降雨条件下球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡潜在滑动面仍表现出显著的复杂多样性,存在与无雨状态相似的滑面,也可能拓展形成新的浅层滑面;边坡安全系数与降雨历时和降雨强度为负相关,随着降雨的持续有趋于平缓的趋势,但也能在球状风化体的影响下失去平缓趋势而持续降低;在所设雨型中,渐变递增型对边坡稳定性影响最大。研究成果可为降雨条件下球状风化花岗岩类土质边坡稳定性评价提供科学依据。     

侵入岩脉风化壳对中林村残积土滑坡渗流场和稳定性的影响

岩脉侵入是一种普遍的地质现象,侵入岩脉及其风化壳对斜坡的渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响,但目前国内外在该方面的研究鲜见报道。我国东南沿海约50×104 km2的白垩系火山岩地层中广泛分布侵入岩脉及其风化壳,改变了该地区残积土斜坡的失稳机制。以浙江省文成县中林滑坡为对象,研究花岗岩脉风化壳对其渗流场和稳定性的影响。中林滑坡主要由凝灰岩及其残积土组成,后部有侵入的花岗岩脉及其残积土,利用室内土柱试验获取降雨作用下两种残积土渗透性质的差异,利用不同含水率下的直剪试验获取非饱和抗剪强度参数;利用Geo-studio软件中的Seep/W模块反演土柱降雨试验,获取两种土体的非饱和渗透参数;接着将上述参数应用于中林滑坡的渗流场模拟,获取降雨入渗下坡体的渗流场;将渗流场耦合到坡体稳定性计算中,获取了坡体的稳定性变化曲线及最危险滑面。结果表明,降雨通过侵入岩脉风化壳快速入渗,并顺着基覆面向凝灰岩残积土区侧向渗流,导致侵入区与原始斜坡的交界处以及基覆面附近的地下水位快速升高,孔隙水压力迅速增大,斜坡在该位置最易变形破坏,且失稳深度远大于普通的浅层残积土斜坡,可达6～10 m。该研究成果可为东南沿海地区有岩脉侵入的残积土斜坡的稳定性评价与防治设计提供理论依据。     

An engineering geological approach to road cutting slope design in Ghana

Summary Road cutting slope design in tropical terrains often tends to be conservative when based on the methods of classical slope stability analysis. This could be attributed to the difficulties encountered in the accurate characterization of tropically weathered rocks and soils, and the time-dependent improvement in soil properties resulting from haematite-hardening of the slope faces. A field-orientated approach, based on a slope performance survey of both natural and existing cutting slopes in similar geo-environmental settings, often tends to provide a more reliable alternative for the design of cutting slopes along new roads. This paper presents the results of slope performance studies carried out at selected locations in Ghana as a guide to designing cutting slopes along two proposed road projects in the southwestern sector of the country. It is recommended that slopes in competent lithologies along the proposed roads should be cut at steep inclinations of 72° and 80° while slopes in the less competent lithologies should be cut at flatter inclinations of 45°.     

黄土边坡开挖与支护效应的离心模拟试验研究

黄土边坡在开挖卸载过程中的稳定性分析及其防护在边坡工程中占有重要地位。采用西南交通大学土工离心机进行了1组非支护边坡和2组土钉支护边坡的离心模型试验,研究了开挖卸载过程中黄土边坡的变形特性、稳定性变化规律及土钉的加固效应。离心模型试验研究表明,土钉能够显著提高黄土边坡的稳定性。土钉支护的边坡土体,因土钉的锚固效应,边坡的变形范围更大,但变形量较小,最大变形量并不在坡面,而是发生在坡面下的锚固区域内,非支护黄土边坡的潜在滑移面产生于距坡顶约40 cm处,土钉支护后,黄土边坡基本不会发生破坏。对于抵抗边坡发生变形而言,不等长土钉支护的效果要优于等长土钉支护,研究成果为黄土边坡的开挖与防护提供了参考。     

Analysis and Design of an Underground Portal in Lateritic Soils

This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year.     

膨胀土边坡稳定性非连续变形分析新方法

许多膨胀土边坡在长期的地质和干湿循环的自然气候作用下裂隙逐渐发展,以致被裂隙分割成块体系统。将膨胀土边坡看成是一个具有非饱和土本构关系、块体间存在摩擦力和膨胀力和具有牵引式滑动及时空效应特点的块体系统,建立了一种新的边坡稳定性非连续变形分析方法,并应用于某高速公路段膨胀土边坡稳定性的分析中,获到了很好的效果。     

Earth pressure diagram and field measurement of an anchored retention wall on a cut slope

To utilize space more effectively for constructing apartments, roads, infrastructure, etc., excavation work is typically found in slope areas. An anchored retention wall has been installed because of the presence of soil slopes behind the walls and unsymmetrical excavation sections. An instrumentation system is normally applied on the anchored retention walls of slopes to observe and estimate lateral earth pressure acting on anchored walls. The earth pressure acting on the wall is decreased with increasing the deformation of the wall during the progress of excavation work. An earth pressure diagram acting on the anchored walls can be presented approximately as a trapezoid. The earth pressure at the ground surface is larger than zero. Also, the earth pressure is increased linearly from the ground surface to 15% of total excavation depth and then keeps constant. The earth pressure acting on the anchored retention walls installed on the cut slope is higher than that of the horizontal ground surface behind the wall, owing to the surcharge load of the slope soils.     

Rock Slope Stability Assessment Using Geomechanical Classification and its Application for Specific Slopes along Kodaikkanal-Palani Hill Road,Western Ghats,India

Linear infrastructure networks like roads play a vital role in the socio-economic development of hill towns centered on tourism. Stability of the slopes along the hill roads are therefore a major concern and slope failures lead to disruption of traffic and loss of property/life or both. This study analyses the stability of cut-slopes along the Kodaikkanal – Palani hill road in the Western Ghats, India using rock mass classification systems like rock mass rating (RMR), slope mass rating (SMR) and continuous slope mass rating (CSMR). These geomechanical classifications provide a preliminary assessment of rock quality based on rock strength, discontinuity properties, hydrogeological condition of the slopes and slope stability based on the inherent rock strength parameters, discontinuity orientation and method of excavation. The results showed that both rock quality and discontinuity orientation contribute to type of failure in rock slopes with RMR > 40. SMR results are conservative while CSMR classification is matches more closely to the failures obtained from the field survey. CSMR classification represents continuous slope stability conditions and hence are more suitable for development of spatial database. Cutting of roads, thereby, steepening slopes has a definite influence on the stability of slopes.     

Numerical Simulation of Moisture Movement in Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slope Suffering Permeation

INTRODUCTION Theinfiltrationandevaporationofwaterinasoil slopeareofparamountimportanceindetermining slopestability.Previousengineeringcasesandstud ieshaveshownthatrainwaterisoftenamajorfactor intheslopefailureofexpansivesoils.Expansivesoils intropicalandsubtropicalzonesareoftenunsaturat ed,andsoilslopesareinastablestateinnormalcli mateconditionsbecauseofthehighsuctionandshear strengthofthesoilmass.However,oncepermeation happensrainwaterwillinfiltrateintothesoilmasswhichleadstoanincreasein…     

饱和度对风化花岗岩边坡土体抗剪特性的影响

强降雨易诱发风化花岗岩边坡浅层滑坡,其滑坡滑动面多位于具有较大孔隙尺寸的强风化带。通过对广西玉林与梧州交界处风化花岗岩边坡浅层滑坡的现场勘查和对不同层位的土体进行物理力学试验,研究了饱和度对湿热地区风化花岗岩双层土质边坡抗剪强度的影响,发现两个风化带土体都存在一个“最优饱和度”使抗剪强度达到峰值,但饱和度对抗剪强度指标的影响规律不同,即饱和度对黏聚力影响很大,对内摩擦角影响很小;花岗岩全风化带与强风化带土体性质差异明显,尤其表现在饱和度影响下抗剪强度特性方面,从基质吸力理论和颗粒间胶结作用角度分析所发现的现象,可以清楚地解释产生差异的机制,为风化花岗岩边坡的开挖和滑坡的防治提供理论基础。     

Influence of rainfall-induced wetting on the stability of slopes in weathered soils

Shallow failures of slopes in weathered soil are caused by infiltration due to prolonged rainfall. These failures are mainly triggered by the deepening of the wetting band accompanied by a decrease in matric suction induced by the water infiltration. This paper reports trends of rainfall-induced wetting band depth in two types of weathered soils that are commonly found in Korea. Both theoretical and numerical analyses for wetting band depth are presented based on the soil–water characteristic curve obtained using filter paper as well as tensiometer tests. It is found that the magnitude of wetting front suction plays a key role in the stability of slopes in weathered soils. Theoretical analysis based on modified Green and Ampt model tends to underestimate the wetting band depth for typical Korean weathered soils. It was also deduced that for Korean weathered soils, the factor of safety drops rapidly once the wetting band depth of 1.2 m reached.