中国中、东部晚第三纪生物地层及古哺乳动物研究的新进展

本文是近年对中国中、东部晚第三纪生物地层及哺乳动物化石研究成果的综述。在河北泥河湾地区,根据小哺乳动物化石新建立了稻地组。其下是含哺乳动物化石的蔚县组(早上新世)及壶流河组(最晚中新世)。宁夏同心地区晚第三纪生物地层可划分为两部分:上部可能属上新统;下部属中中新统上部。二者皆含哺乳动物化石。在甘肃广河地区发现的小哺乳动物化石证明,车头沟组及咸水河组分别属于早中中新世及晚中中新世。在湖北钟祥地区,根据采集的哺乳动物化石,将罗汉寺组划归中新世。 根据上面4个地区哺乳动物群的研究和对比,广河车头沟组最老,其它依次是广河咸水河组、泥河湾壶流河组、蔚县组及稻地组。钟祥罗汉寺组可能相当于车头沟组或者时代稍早。同心下部地层的时代可能与咸水河组相同。     

中国北方晚侏罗世晚期—早白垩世早期的 新叶肢介化石

新叶肢介化石共有3属5种,其中2属4种产自新疆准噶尔盆地早白垩世早期的清水河组,包括Shiheziestheria pangi Wang（gen.et sp.nov.）,Nestoria jungarensis Wang(sp.nov.),Nestoria shawanensis Wang(sp.nov.),Nestoria donggouensis Wang( sp. nov.);另1属1种 Eosestheria yaozhanensis sp.nov.,产自冀北围场县腰站乡晚侏罗世晚期的大北沟组。     

新疆克拉玛依西部早石炭世晚期腕足类化石及地层意义

我们在新疆地质局区测队1966年于该区所定的早石炭世希贝库拉斯和包古图组中,采到腕足类化石,计10属,10种,其中1新属,2新种。希贝库拉斯化石点化石为:Avonia stepanovi Yang Chonetipustula fer ganensis(Janische-wsky),Overtonia elegans(M’Coy),Echinoconchus punctatus(Martin),Brachythyris ovalis(Phillips),Leptagonia analoga (Phillips),Dielasma sp.,Rhyncho-pora subtrinae Ding et Yao(sp.nov.)。时代为维宪晚期。包古图组的阿克库拉化石点化石为:Rhynchopora sp.,Fluctuaria undata(Defrance),Marginifera janischewskiana Yang,Paracompsita depressa Ding et Yao(gen.et sp.nov.)。时代为纳谬尔早期。这些腕足类化石,肯定了本区维宪晚期、纳缪尔期地层的存在和层序。与西欧和苏联的莫斯科盆地、乌拉尔和中亚地区同时代所产的腕足类化石可以对比。与新疆波罗霍洛山北坡关系最密切,腕足类化石大部分相同,可以对比。     

陕西镇安石炭纪四射珊瑚新属种

本文描述陕西镇安西口石门垭下石炭统顶部及中石炭统底部的四射珊瑚9属11新种。 1982年6月笔者随同中国地质科学院“石炭二叠系界线”专题研究队丁蕴杰等在陕西南部镇安县西口区石门垭测制剖面。该剖面中所采早、中石炭世四射珊瑚交由笔者鉴定。本文即为这批材料中的新属种,共9属(包括3新属、2新亚属)11新种。石门垭剖面中、下石炭统为连续沉积,岩性均为灰、浅灰色厚层灰岩。此界线上下发现有四个主要珊瑚化石层,自上而下产: 4.Acrocyathus xikouensis sp.nov.,Amandophyllum xikouense sp.nov.,Carruther-sella(Liuzhouia) shimenyaensis subgen.et sp.nov.,Koninckocarinia shaanxiensis sp.nov。,Kionophyllum sp.,Amygdalophylloides sp.和 pseudostaffella。 3.Liuia typica gen.et sp.nov.和pseudostaffella。 2.Semenoffia (pseudosemenoffia) typica subgen. et sp.nov.,Carruthersellazhenanensis sp.nov.。 1.paranemistium typicum gen.et sp.nov.,Cystilophophylloides typicus gen.et sp.nov.,C.shimenyaensis gen。et sp.nov.,C.xikouensis gen.et sp.nov,Arachnolasmaspp.,Amplexocarinia sp.,Zaphrentoides sp.,Siphonodendron sp.,Protocarcinophyllum sp. 上列层3-4内产蜓仅pseudostaffella,故时代为中石炭世早期pseudostaffella带。层1产产大量Arachnolasma种群及Protocarcinophyllum其时代定为早石炭世晚期似无疑问。层2中未采得蜓类,其时代据四射珊瑚Carruthersella的存在暂定为早石炭世末期。丁蕴杰同志给予笔者研究这批材料的机会并与夏国英、赵松银等同志共同采集化石,欧阳萱、金同安等同志给予笔者支持和帮助均此致谢。     

云南西部施甸地区中泥盆世四射珊瑚

本文描述的四射珊瑚采自云南省西部施甸地区中泥盆世马鹿塘组及何元寨组。描述了马鹿塘组珊瑚5属5种,2个未定种,并建立1个珊瑚组合:Metrionaxon yunnanense-Neaxon inopinata组合,包括Metrionaxon yunnanense sp.nov.,M.sinense sp.nov.,Neason inopinata(Prantl),Neaxon sp.,Metriophyllum gracile Schluter,Barrandeophyllum?sp.,Amplexocarinia yunnanensisn sp.nov.等。该组合的时代为中泥盆世早期(Eife lian)。描述了何元寨组1属,1个亚种:Peripaedium planum planumBirenheide.本组时代为中泥盆世晚期。这一珊瑚动物群与我国华南区珊瑚动物群截然不同,而与欧洲珊瑚动物群非常相似。     

辽宁西部阜新组化石木材的研究

本文报道了产自辽宁西部阜新地区早白垩世阜新组的化石木材3属4种,对2个化石木材新种：Sciadopityoxylon liaoningense Ding(sp.nov.),Protophyllocladoxylon haizhouense Ding(sp.nov.)做了详细描述。对阜新组木化石所反映的古生态环境等进行了讨论。     

湘西震旦系留茶坡组炭质宏化石初步研究

初步研究表明,留茶坡组中部黑色页岩中化石呈炭质压膜状保存,主要包括长绳状或带状宏观藻：Chenlidenella spiralis gen.et sp.nov.,Longifuniculum dissutum Steiner,Erdtmann and Chen,1992,Longitaenina triphyllus gen.et sp.nov.,L.rhodina gen,et sp.nov.,L.lanceolatus gen.et sp.nov.;直立不分枝的管状 宏观藻Longfengshania elongata Duan et Du,1985,L.elliptic-ulum sp.nov,Paralongfengshania oblong sp.nov.Miaohenella hunanensis(Steiner,Erdtmann and Chen,1992),M.rhomba Ding,1996,M.taenina sp.nov.,Cystoculum catenuatus gen.et sp.nov.;末端存在二歧式分的丝状宏观藻：Sectoralga bibarb atus sp.nov.,S,typica Hu,1996,S.capillaceus sp.nov.,S.umbellulata Hu,1996和水母状化石Taoyuania ovatoides gen.et sp.nov.,Liaonanella giganta sp.nov.,Wulingshania canopse gen.et sp.nov.及蠕虫状化石Wenshanwania simplex gen.et sp.nov.等。从地层对比上看,上述化石可能与伊迪卡拉动物群为同一时期的产物。晚震旦世晚期留茶坡组中类水母化石的出现是我国晚震旦世生物演化史上一次重要事件,以类水母等软躯体动物和高分异度的宏观藻类共同繁盛为特色的生物群与国内外同期地层中的已知生物群面貌不同,显示出一种新的伊迪卡拉庭园,为此,本文将棋其合名为武陵山生物群。     

湖北秭归泄滩沙镇溪组底部轮藻化石的发现

晚三叠世轮藻化石在世界各地发现很少，在我国南方亦尚属首次发现。报道了秭归盆地上三叠统沙镇溪组底部的轮藻化石，计有3属4种(包括2个新种)：Stellatochara subspaerica Kozur et Reinhardt,S.xietanensis sp.nov.,Cuneatochara sanxiaensis sp.nov.,Vladimiriella decora(Saidakovsky)。根据沙镇溪组轮藻化石在国内外地质时期的分布，结合同层中所产孢粉化石的组合特征，详细讨论了含化石层位的地质时代，认为属晚三叠世早期，并对当时的古植被、古地理、古气候做了初步探讨，对化石进行了描述。     

内蒙西乌珠穆沁旗哲斯组木化石

我们在哲斯组中采到木化石一属三种,即Dadoxylon(Cordaites)houtoumiaoense sp. nov.,D.xiuqiense sp.nov.,D. sp.。本文仅描述其中的两个新种。其木化石标本系我所郭胜哲等同志采自内蒙西乌珠穆沁旗猴头庙公社西北约三公里处的下二叠统哲斯组中。在木化石层的上下层位中,均产有丰富的腕足类、珊瑚、苔藓虫等动物化石及植物化石,它们指明其时代为早二叠世。     

河北抚宁付水寨附近早侏罗世中蠊科昆虫化石几个新种

描述了中蠊科昆虫化石4个新种:Rhipedoblattina jidongensis sp.nov.,Liadoblattina heishasyaoensis sp.nov.,Triassoblatta shimenzhaiensis sp.nov.Tr.longitriangulata sp.nov.通过岩性和化石保存特征分析,作者认为这些化石是经过短距离搬运后,在沼泽环境中保存下来的,与之共存的除少量植物碎片外,还未发现其它化石。     

A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana,eastern Peru

We provide a synopsis of ~ 60 million years of life history in Neotropical lowlands, based on a comprehensive survey of the Cenozoic deposits along the Quebrada Cachiyacu near Contamana in Peruvian Amazonia. The 34 fossil-bearing localities identified have yielded a diversity of fossil remains, including vertebrates, mollusks, arthropods, plant fossils, and microorganisms, ranging from the early Paleocene to the late Miocene–?Pliocene (> 20 successive levels). This Cenozoic series includes the base of the Huchpayacu Formation (Fm.; early Paleocene; lacustrine/fluvial environments; charophyte-dominated assemblage), the Pozo Fm. (middle + ?late Eocene; marine then freshwater environments; most diversified biomes), and complete sections for the Chambira Fm. (late Oligocene–late early Miocene; freshwater environments; vertebrate-dominated faunas), the Pebas Fm. (late early to early late Miocene; freshwater environments with an increasing marine influence; excellent fossil record), and Ipururo Fm. (late Miocene–?Pliocene; fully fluvial environments; virtually no fossils preserved). At least 485 fossil species are recognized in the Contamana area (~ 250 ‘plants’, ~ 212 animals, and 23 foraminifera). Based on taxonomic lists from each stratigraphic interval, high-level taxonomic diversity remained fairly constant throughout the middle Eocene–Miocene interval (8-12 classes), ordinal diversity fluctuated to a greater degree, and family/species diversity generally declined, with a drastic drop in the early Miocene. The Paleocene–?Pliocene fossil assemblages from Contamana attest at least to four biogeographic histories inherited from (i) Mesozoic Gondwanan times, (ii) the Panamerican realm prior to (iii) the time of South America’s Cenozoic “splendid isolation”, and (iv) Neotropical ecosystems in the Americas. No direct evidence of any North American terrestrial immigrant has yet been recognized in the Miocene record at Contamana.     

秦岭东部李官桥盆地玉皇顶组生物地层划分

长期以来,李官桥盆地始新统玉皇顶组的时代一直被认为是属早始新世。笔者通过野外追索,使盆地中原来分散的化石地点有了层位归属,并于玉皇顶组上部发现了新的哺乳动物化石群。本文将玉皇顶组分为上、中、下三段,并根据各层位哺乳动物化石性质,提出玉皇顶组的时代范围应为早始新世至中始新世早期。     

Marine mammals from the Miocene of Panama

Panama has produced an abundance of Neogene marine fossils both invertebrate (mollusks, corals, microfossils etc.) and vertebrate (fish, land mammals etc.), but marine mammals have not been previously reported. Here we describe a cetacean thoracic vertebra from the late Miocene Tobabe Formation, a partial cetacean rib from the late Miocene Gatun Formation, and a sirenian caudal vertebra and rib fragments from the early Miocene Culebra Formation. These finds suggest that Central America may yet provide additional fossil marine mammal specimens that will help us to understand the evolution, and particularly the biogeography of these groups.     

Magnetochronology of Late Miocene Mammal Fauna in Xining Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, China

The Xining basin is located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is a rift basin formed in Mesozoic and Cenozoic and structurally belongs to the intersection of Kunlun and Qilian Mountains. Cenozoic fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary strata are continuous in the Xining basin, with a thickness of more than 800 m, completely recording the deformation uplifting, weathering and denudation history and climate change process of the northeastern plateau. Currently, early Miocene Xijia fauna, early Middle Miocene Danshuilu fauna and late Middle Miocene Diaogou fauna are discovered in the Xining basin, which provide an important basis for the stratigraphic correlation of the Cenozoic strata in the Xining basin. However, in the next few decades, there are no reports about the large mammal fossils in the Xining basin, especially about late Miocene fauna. The author discovered a large amount of mammal fossils in the Neogene sedimentary strata in Huzhu area, Xining basin. According to the identification results of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, these fossils mainly included Hipparion dongxiangense, Chilotherium sp., Parelasmotherium sp., Stephanocemas sp. and Kubanochoerus sp. and their age was early Late Miocene. Since the discovery of this set of fossils directly filled the blank that there were no large mammal fossils in the Xining basin in Late Miocene, it was very important for studying the magnetic stratigraphic chronology of fossil-forming strata and establishing the paleomagnetic chronology scale plate of mammal fossils. In this paper, the paleomagnetic data of the fossil-forming stratigraphic profile, Banyan profile, were measured and the paleomagnetic records were collected through high density sampling, and finally the paleomagnetic polarity column of the profile was established. The results showed that five positive and five negative polarity segments were recorded in Banyan profile, which corresponded well to the polarity between C3Br.1n-C4n.2n in the standard polarity column. The age of profile top was about 7.25 Ma and profile bottom was about 8.4 Ma, with an age range of 1.15 Ma. The mammal fossils discovered this time were exposed between positive and negative polarities N5 and R5 at the bottom of the profile, corresponding to C4r.1r at negative polarity and C4n.2n at positive polarity in the standard polarity column. The age of mammal fossils was about 8.3 Ma. The paleomagnetic chronology of the strata and paleontological fossils determined the absolute age of late Miocene mammal fossils and expanded the upper age of late Miocene Xianshuihe Formation (N1xn) in the Xining basin, which had provided new basic data for further studying the stratigraphic deposition and correlation of late Cenozoic strata and regional environmental evolution.     

On some fabaceous fruits from the Siwalik sediments (Middle Miocene-Lower Pleistocene) of Eastern Himalaya

Four legume fruits (Fabaceae) from the Siwalik sediments (middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene) of Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh of Eastern Himalaya are described here. One fossil fruit, Dalbergia prelatifolia sp. nov., is recovered from the lower part of the Siwalik succession (Gish Clay Formation of Sevok Group; middle to upper Miocene) of Darjeeling foothills. Mastertia neoassamica sp. nov. and Acacia miocatechuoides sp. nov. are collected from the lower part of the Siwalik succession (Dafla Formation; middle Miocene to upper Miocene), while Pongamia kathgodamensis Prasad is recovered from the upper part of the Siwalik succession (Kimin Formation; upper Pliocenelower Pleistocene) of Arunachal sub Himalaya. Their presence indicates a warm and humid tropical environment in the region during the Siwalik sedimentation.     

New Discovery of Hipparion theobaldi Skull from the Late Miocene of Padhri, District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan and Associated Mammalian Fossil Assemblage

A fossil-bearing locality near Padhri village, Dhok Pathan, 55 km away from the tehsil Dina, Jhelum District, in the Potwar Plateau, Middle Siwaliks, Punjab, northern Pakistan, is significantly rich in mammalian fossils. This site has provided an abundant mammalian fossil fauna of Late Miocene age from the Dhok Pathan Formation (Fm.). The recovered material belongs to four families: Equidae (horses), Rhinocerotidae (rhinos), Bovidae (cows), and Suidae (pigs). We discovered a new skull of hipparionine Hipparion theobaldi from this locality along with 22 specimens from the associated assemblage of fossil mammals. The recovered material includes seven other species: the aceratheriine Chilotherium intermedium, boselaphines Tragoportax punjabicus, Selenoportax vexillarius, Pachyportax latidens, the antelope Gazella lydekkeri and suinine Propotamochoerus hysudricus. The specimens are isolated teeth, fragments of maxilla, mandibles and horn cores. The Dhok Pathan Fm. is generally composed of claystone, siltstone and sandstone beds and, based on the mammalian fauna, the Padhri fossil locality is dated as Late Miocene. Thi99s formation was deposited in a subtropical paleoenvironment and the predominance of fossil bovids indicates extremely moist conditions with small but frequent standing water bodies.     

新疆乌伦古河地区第三纪哺乳动物群初析及地层年代确定

新疆准噶尔盆地北缘乌伦古河地区第三纪含有 7个哺乳动物群 :可可买登动物群 ,哈拉玛盖动物群 ,索索泉组顶部动物群 ,索索泉动物群 ,索索泉组底部 990 0 5动物群 ,铁尔斯哈巴合动物群和乌伦古河动物群。依据动物群分析初步确定 5个岩石地层单元的地质时代分别为 :可可买登组——中中新世晚期 ;哈拉玛盖组——中中新世早期 ,索索泉组——最早中新世至早中新世最晚期或中中新世最早期 ;铁尔斯哈巴合组——晚渐新世 ;乌伦古河组——早始新世至早渐新世。     

塔里木盆地沙雅隆起托甫2井志留系划分对比

托甫2井志留系发育不全,仅残存下统(兰多维列统)柯坪塔格组与塔塔埃尔塔格组,柯坪塔格组分为三段:上下为砂岩段,中间为泥岩段,颜色以灰色、灰绿色为基调.塔塔埃尔塔格组为褐色、棕红色细砂岩与泥岩.在柯坪塔格组中下段获丰富的笔石、几丁石与疑源类化石,详细地讨论了这些属种的时代分布与地理分布,根据生物群特征,可将其归入3个化石组合(带),即Parakidograptus acuminatus,Belonechitinacf.postrobusta-Spinachitina sp.nov.与Dactylofusa cabottii-Cymatiosphaera densisepta-Leiosphaeridia组合,首次为主要勘探目的层之一的柯坪塔格组划分与对比提供了多门类的化石依据.托甫2井志留系可划分为1个Ⅱ级层序,4个Ⅲ级层序;Ⅱ级层序的顶、底界分别为区域不整合面T06与T07,具有明显的下削、上超特征.并以岩石地层为基础,生物地层为依据,结合测井地层与层序地层,厘定了托普2井志留系地层层序及组段的岩电特征,同时建立了覆盖区井下柯坪塔格组下段与上奥陶统桑塔木组的划分标准.     

临夏盆地中中新统虎家梁组的建立及其特征

甘肃临夏盆地上中新统柳树组红黏土之下为一套以河流相砂砾岩为主的地层 ,现命名为虎家梁组 ,下伏中中新统东乡组紫红色泥岩。虎家梁组含有丰富的铲齿象动物群化石 ,包括 Alloptox sp.,Pliopithecus sp.,H emicy-on teilhardi,Amphicyon tairumensis,Percrocuta tungurensis,Gomphotherium sp.,Platybelodon grangeri,Zy-golophodon sp.,Anchitherium gobiensis,Alicornopssp.,H ispanotherium matritense,K ubanochoerusgigas,L istri-odon mongoliensis,Palaeotragustungurensis和 Turcocerus sp.等。依据岩性及哺乳动物化石资料 ,在临夏盆地建立虎家梁组并确定其时代为中中新世通古尔期。通过哺乳动物化石及地层层序的对比 ,临夏盆地的虎家梁组与宁夏彰恩堡组、兰州盆地咸水河组上段、准噶尔盆地哈拉玛盖组、蓝田地区冷水沟组、房县地区沙坪组和内蒙古通古尔组相当。