近50a西北地区年径流变化反映的区域气候差异

应用我国西部主要河流1951-2000年年径流资料,分析径流变化的区域特征.结果表明:中国西部地区大部分河流径流呈增加趋势,特别是天山南坡逐河流增加最为显著,最高达14%·(10a)^-1,其年径流的变化过程相关分析和差积曲线显示,西北地区西部新疆地区与东部的黄河上游年径流变化呈反相变化特征,而西北地区东部河流径流变化则与黄河上游的径流呈正相关关系.西北地区东部黄河年径流和西北太平洋夏季季风指数及其差积曲线表现出一致的变化过程,这表明了黄河上游径流变化主要受东亚季风的影响,同时由于东亚季风与西风在西北地区的相互作用,间接的影响到了新疆地区的径流和降水.这从一个侧面反映的西风带、东亚季风和高原季风的相互作用.     

1950~2005年大通河流域径流变化特征及影响因素

以大通河流域享堂水文站1950~2005年实测径流数据为基础,综合运用趋势分析、累积距平、R/S分析、Morlet小波分析、降水-径流深度双累积曲线等数理统计方法,研究了大通河流域径流的年内分配、年际变化和周期振荡特征、并定量分析了气候因素和人类活动因素对径流变化的影响。结果表明:（1）大通河径流年内主要集中在510月,占年径流总量的82%左右。1950~2005年,大通河流域年径流呈微弱减少趋势,递减率为-0.55×10⁸m³/10a（R2=0.025,P=0.249）,Hurst指数为0.58,表明未来一段时间内径流仍可能呈减少趋势;（2）1950~2005年,大通河流域年径流在27a时间尺度上周期震荡明显,经历了"多-少-多-少-多-少-多"7个循环交替;（3）大通河流域降水-径流深度双累积曲线在1994年发生显著偏移,1994年之前径流变化主要受降水影响,1994年以后,径流变化主要受人类活动影响。     

100多年来东亚地区主要河流径流变化

应用东亚地区8条主要河流100多年来的径流观测资料, 用线性趋势分析不同时段径流变化趋势.结果表明: 1870年来东亚南部 (主要发源于我国境内)的河流径流均表现出减少趋势;而最近1930年以来, 东亚南部河流均为减少趋势, 北部河流(西伯利亚3条大河)则表现为增加趋势, 但年际变化存在着较大差异;1951年以来大部分河流径流变化趋势基本与1930年以来相同, 但长江下游大通站由于中下游地区90年代降水增加表现为增加趋势.     

河西内陆干旱区主要河流出山径流特征及变化趋势分析

根据相关水文气象台站的降水、气温和径流观测资料,分析了以黑河、昌马河、西营河等河流为代表的河西内陆区出山径流的变化特征和规律,研究表明：河西内陆干旱区诸河流出山口径流的季节变化主要受地理位置和河流补给来源的影响,而年际变幅则受山区降水量年际变幅的影响十分明显,总体上讲,本区出山径流变化相对稳定。区内梨园河以西河流水量处于上升阶段,梨园河以东的河流则处于下降的他人阶段;以黑河干流莺落峡水文站年径流为     

1961—2006年叶尔羌河上游流域冰川融水变化及其对径流的影响

叶尔羌河是塔里木河的主源之一,发源于喀喇昆仑山北坡,冰川融水是其主要补给.以叶尔羌河流域库鲁克栏杆水文站以上流域国家气象台站的月降水与月气温资料、90 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)以及1970年代的冰川分布矢量数据为基础,利用冰川度日因子融水径流模型重建了叶尔羌河上游流域平均冰川物质平衡、冰川融水径流序列,分析了叶尔羌河上游流域冰川融水径流变化的特征、趋势及其对河流径流的影响.结果表明:1961—2006年流域冰川平均年物质平衡为-163.1 mm,累积物质平衡为-7.5 m,平衡线平均海拔为5 395.7 m.1991年之后流域冰川物质平衡呈显著负平衡,平均年物质平衡为-301.2 mm,1991—2006年与1961—1990年相比平衡线平均高度上升了64.2 m.1961—2006年流域年平均冰川融水径流深为807.7 mm,冰川融水对河流径流的补给比重为51.3%;2000年之后冰川融水对河流径流的补给比重增大到63.3%,与多年平均值相比冰川融水对河流径流的贡献在2000年后明显增大.     

西北地区河川年径流量变差系数的研究

河流年径流量的变差系数Cv_y,是反映河流径流量年际变化的主要指标。研究我国西北地区河川年径流的Cv_y变化的规律,不仅可以给水利工程和农业规划提供参考,而且对了解冰川融水与河川径流的关系及有冰雪融水补给的河流水资源的利用问题,在科     

挠力河流域湿地水文特征变化研究

介绍了挠力河流域的基本情况和流域湿地变化特征。分析了1955-2000年挠力河流域主要水文站的径流变化特征及其相互之间的关系，得出了流域陆面蒸发呈增大趋势，而径流呈递减趋势。通过计算和分析菜咀子、宝清、保安和红旗岭4个水文站多年平均径流值，得出了挠力河流域现存湿地对径流的调节作用极为明显，但调节能力总体呈下降趋势。基于径流变化的特点，估算了现存湿地多年平均生态需水量。研究结论对流域湿地保护及水资源科学配置有重要参考价值和指导作用。     

浙江省主要河流水沙特征及变化趋势分析

以浙江省主要河流为研究对象,选取11个水文控制站1956~2013年的水沙序列资料,对径流、悬移质泥沙输沙量进行年内变化、年际变化、代际变化的特征分析。运用改进的M-K趋势检验及线性滑动回归分析等方法,系统分析了6大主要河流水沙变化趋势。研究表明:水沙年内、年际变化有一定的相关性,泥沙的变化幅度大于径流的变化幅度,径流变化趋势不显著,但73%的水文控制站的输沙量呈显著下降趋势。     

“西南河流源区径流变化和适应性利用”重大研究计划进展综述

西南河流源区是中国的水资源战略储备区,但其未来水资源演变趋势不明,为厘清气候变化下的径流变化规律以开展适应性利用,国家自然科学基金委于2015年启动了“西南河流源区径流变化和适应性利用”重大研究计划,本文对重大研究计划的总体情况和主要进展进行综述。重大研究计划实施以来取得了一系列研究成果:构建了西南河流源区天空地一体化监测体系,有效提升了西南河流源区的监测能力;创新了高原寒区径流水源组成的多元综合解析方法,揭示了高原寒区典型径流水源的形成机理及气候驱动下流域下垫面与水文系统的协同变化机理;创建了综合冰雪冻土寒区水文过程和示踪过程的分布式同位素水文模型,揭示了雅鲁藏布江径流变化的历史规律和未来趋势;提出了河流全物质通量概念,开展了大量取样检测,揭示了高原河流生源物质循环及生物响应规律,量化了澜沧江梯级水库运行的环境累积效应;发展了多目标互馈系统理论,从水量、水能、水质3个方面创新了梯级水库适应性利用技术,为西南水电消纳、澜沧江-湄公河水资源合作等国家重大需求提供了支撑。     

河南省主要河道径流年内分配规律探讨

基于河南省四大流域代表性河道控制站1950~2011年月径流序列,采用集中度Cd、集中期Cp、不均匀系数Cv等多指标分析方法,分析了各站径流年内分配特征和规律,并采用M-K趋势分析法,研究各站月径流序列变化趋势。结果表明:河南省自南向北各河流,月径流集中度和不均匀度有减小趋势,径流重心也逐次后移,且存在两个跳跃区间,黄河、伊洛河、卫河Cd、Cv处于低值区间,淮河干流及淮南支流、洪汝河、沙颍河、唐白河Cd、Cv处于高值区。1980年以后,各站径流集中度降低、集中期延后、不均匀系数变小。北部和西北部河流月径流呈显著减小趋势;南部河流4、5月份径流量有显著减小趋势,其它月份增加或减小的趋势不显著;中部、西南部河流各月径流量增加或者减小的趋势不显著。汛期径流总量,北部和西北部河流有显著减小趋势,其它河流增加或减少的趋势不显著。     

分布式水文模型子流域划分中界河、海岸线的处理研究

流域划分是分布式水文模型最重要的基础工作之一.有的区域以界河或者海洋为边界,界河、海岸线上河流出口点众多,如果按照传统流域划分方法,不仅出口点定位工作量大,而且容易遗漏部分小的河流出口点,导致模拟范围与研究区域偏离过大.针对这些问题,本文提出了一种子流域划分过程中界河、海岸线的处理方法.即,通过对DEM进行特殊处理,生成界河、海岸线的模拟河网,然后选择界河的末端和海岸线的任意一端作为出口点,从而大大减小了出口点选择的工作量,提高了模拟范围与研究区域吻合的程度.该算法被成功应用到松辽流域,该区域西北面、北面、东面、东南通过国际界河和跨境河流与蒙、俄、朝三国相邻,南面比邻黄、渤海.     

Study of Ecological Water Demand of Rivers in Shenyang City,Northeastern China

The ultimate goal of the protection and restoration of water ecosystem is intended to facilitate the healthiness of ecosystems in rivers and lakes, and the basic premise of river healthiness is to ensure the ecological water demand of rivers. Shenyang City is the economic and cultural center of Northeastern China, and most rivers in the territory of Shenyang City are plagued with the ecology and environment problems such as dry-up of river way, wetland shrinkage and groundwater overdraft. In protection and restoration of water ecosystem, Shenyang City should first study the ecological water demand of rivers. In this paper, we first defined the connotation, composition and calculation method of ecological water demand of rivers and selected eight major rivers in Shenyang City for ecological water demand study and calculation according to the characteristics of the rivers and water resources conditions in Shenyang City. We calculated the basic eco-environmental water demand and consumptive water demand for evaporation and seepage of river ways respectively and thus obtained the total eco-environmental water demand for eight rivers. In total eco-environmental water demand of rivers, consumptive water demand for evaporation and seepage of river ways accounts for 51% and the eco-environmental water demand of rivers accounts for 49%     

古岩溶流域内地表河与地下河成因联系与储层特征——以塔河油田奥陶系岩溶为例

在岩溶缝洞储层精细描述过程中，利用钻井校正地震的方法恢复岩溶末期的岩溶地貌，发现塔河油田奥陶系岩溶区内东西两侧发育由走滑断裂形成的地貌高带（分水岭），其间为一向南开口的喇叭口状洼地，南接岩溶盆地；利用钻井、测井与地震综合解释方法，发现洼地北部较陡（坡度为2.9°左右）、南部较缓（坡度为1.5°），发育由众多支流汇聚的2条岩溶水系，西侧一条在北部以地表河为主，在南部转入地下河，东面一条地表河与地下河交替发育，由3段地表河和2段地下河组成。由于强烈的侵蚀与溶蚀作用，形成了不同规模及充填物的5种地表河，但多数地表河内没有发现河流砂岩充填，只有岩溶湖泥灰岩沉积；而地下河溶洞内充填了大量的砂岩和泥岩，成为重要的油气储层。地表河原本是有砂泥沉积的，当下游发育地下河时，洪水把原有的砂泥岩冲入地下河，形成了溶洞砂泥岩沉积，除少数下游地表河残留砂泥岩外，塔河地区奥陶系岩溶地表河基本不存在砂质储层。      

中国东部主要河流稀土元素地球化学特征

在2007年底至2008年初的枯水期间,系统采集了中国东部流域面积和径流量较大的33条河流沉积物、悬浮颗粒物和水样,采用等离子质谱法、X荧光光谱法等方法测定了14种稀土元素含量以及常量组分和水体pH值等理化指标。研究发现中国河流稀土元素浓度总体高于世界均值,且南方河流沉积物、悬浮物稀土元素含量高于北方河流,南方河流悬浮物态中稀土、重稀土呈现一定程度的相对富集,与我国上地壳稀土丰度和稀土矿产种类的南北分异相吻合。展示了以中国东部泥质岩稀土元素丰度标准化后的稀土配分模式及Ce、Eu异常特征,发现河流沉积物的中、重稀土元素相对富集,悬浮物轻稀土相对富集,溶解相重稀土富集的特征;北方河流溶解相稀土元素浓度明显大于南方河流,且除小清河外,溶解相Eu不同于沉积物与悬浮物而呈强烈的正异常,主要与河水理化性质影响下的稀土分异有关。研究发现小清河等少数河流沉积物中稀土元素为异常高值,经Al标准化处理、计算拟合剩余值后,认为小清河等河流稀土元素已受人为污染的影响。     

Seasonal and spatial variations in water chemistry and nitrate sources in six major Korean rivers

Seasonal and spatial variations in water chemistry and contaminant sources were investigated in six major rivers in South Korea that vary widely in drainage area and length. The dissolved-load content of the rivers varied seasonally, and some dissolved ions such as Cl^? and NO₃ ^? showed large spatial differences in all of the rivers. The water type changed from Ca–HCO₃ in the upper reaches to Na–Cl–NO₃ in the lower reaches, indicating anthropogenic contamination in the lower reaches. Compared with two relatively pristine rivers (the Sumjin and Mankyung rivers), the other four rivers, which flow through agricultural and urban areas, registered much higher Cl^? and NO₃ ^? concentrations. Statistical analysis showed that seasonal and spatial variations in water chemistry occurred in all the rivers. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of dissolved nitrate indicated that the rivers flowing through urban and agricultural areas were significantly affected by manure, sewage, or both.     

Aliphatic petroleum and biogenic hydrocarbons entering Narragansett Bay from tributaries under dry weather conditions

The temporal variability of hydrocarbon inputs from rivers discharging into Narragansett Bay under dry weather conditions, as well as the elucidation of the types and sources of hydrocarbons found in urban rivers, has been investigated. The rivers studied, the Blackstone, the Pawtuxet, the Moshassuck, and the Woonasquatucket, constitute the majority of river flow to the estuary. The unfiltered river water samples were extracted and analyzed for total aliphatic hydrocarbons, including natural and petroleum-derived species. The results of the year-long study revealed consistent oil pollution in all of the rivers sampled. Crankcase oil was ubiquitous, but the presence as well of fuel oils and, particularly in the Moshassuck River, gasoline (or kerosene), demonstrate that these rivers are subject to considerable oil pollution stress. The average concentration of hydrocarbons was ≈37 μg l^?1 which, according to some toxicologists, indicates that sensitive organisms may be under stress. In addition, most samples showed evidence of small amounts of terrigenous plant wax hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations are comparable to those in other urban rivers but are higher than in rivers from rural areas; moreover, they did not vary in any systematic way with season. The mass transport of hydrocarbons in each of the rivers generally mimicked trends in river discharge, thereby emitting the lowest mass to the estuary in the summer and increasing throughout the remainder of the year. Moreover, due primarily to relative discharge differences, the Blackstone and Pawtuxet rivers constitute 90% of the total calculated flux of hydrocarbons from all four rivers. By combining the results from this investigation with those from previous studies, it was possible to obtain an estimate of the total annual inputs of these contaminants to Narragansett Bay. Total annual loads from rivers and wastewater treatment facilities were approximately 240 mt. When sources such as wet weather inputs were included, the total increased to 420 mt yr^?1. This value represents direct current inputs to the system and is considerably lower than previously published estimates. The current direct input estimate, while indicative of an improving situation, differs from previous estimates in that the latter were based upon calculations that approximated the long-term loadings from the watersheds, most of which are likely accumulating above the fall-lines of rivers throughout the watershed. Nevertheless, the current loadings represent a significant chronic flux of hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. For example, this estimate indicates that an amount equal to approximately 43% of the oil discharged into Narragansett Bay from the recent World Prodigy oil spill enters the estuary from chronic sources every year.     

Geochemistry of dissolved and particulate elements in the major rivers of China (The Huanghe,Changjiang, and Zhunjiang rivers)

The relationship between the geochemistry of dissolved and particulate materials and geographic conditions was investigated. Samples of water and suspended particulate matter were collected from five locations in three of the major rivers of China (the Huanghe, Changjiang, and Zhunjiang rivers). Because these rivers generally flow parallel to latitudes and flow through diverse geologic and climate zones, they provide excellent opportunities for comparisons of solute transport. The geochemistry of these rivers is influenced strongly by climate. The low discharge of the Huanghe River influences the character of the major ionic materials (Cl^?+SO₄ ^2? and Na⁺+K⁺) as well as the high degree of mineralization within the system. Dissolved concentrations of both major ions and trace elements are lower in the southern reaches of the rivers. The highly mobile ions, such as, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, are depleted from the suspended particulate material in the southern regions, while the relatively immobile ions of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, and trace metals are concentrated within the suspended mateiral. The relative mobility of some elements as measured by the Dissolved Transport Index (DTI) changes with climate. The geology of the area drained by the rivers has a major influence on the geochemistry in areas of similar climate. Lowest leaching rates in the southern climates occur in areas dominated by granite, which is resistant to weathering. The composition of both cations and anions among the three tributaries of the Zhujiang River are dependent on the rocks that dominate each eregion. Some particulate forms of the rare earth elements are present in the highest concentrations in regions dominated by granite. The DTI calculated for the major rivers in China are much smaller than those computed for other major rivers of the world. The low concentration of heavy metals in the particulate material suggests that pollution in the rivers of China is less serious than in rivers of other industrialized countries.     

Groundwater and surface-water interactions in a confined alluvial aquifer between two rivers: effects of groundwater flow dynamics on high iron anomaly

In a confined alluvial aquifer located between two rivers, discrete zones of anomalously high concentrations of redox species such as iron, are thought to be a result of groundwater flow dynamics rather than a chemical evolution along continuous flow paths. This new hypothesis was confirmed at a study site located between Nan and Yom rivers in Phitsanulok, Thailand, by analyzing concentrations of redox species in comparison with dynamic groundwater flow patterns. River incision into the confined alluvial aquifer and seasonally varying river stages result in truncated flow paths. The groundwater flow dynamics between two rivers has four phases that are cyclic, including: aquifer discharge into both rivers, direct flow from one river toward another, aquifer recharge from both rivers, and reverse of river-to-river flow. The resulting groundwater flow direction has a zigzag pattern and its general trend is almost parallel to the river flow. High iron anomaly appears as discrete zones in the transition areas of the confined alluvial aquifer because the lateral recharge from rivers penetrates into the aquifer only by tens of meters. The high iron anomaly, which is nearly constant in space and time, is a result of groundwater/surface-water interactions and related groundwater flow dynamics.     

中国东部主要入海河流As元素分布、来源及影响因素分析

为查明中国河流中As等重金属元素的分布规律,于2007—2008年分丰水期和枯水期对中国东部30余条入海河流水体、悬浮物统一进行采样分析。结果表明:东部河流中As元素溶解态含量均值为3.1μg/L,同世界河流相比,明显偏高;且频率分布直方图具有多个峰值,反映出明显的人为污染。利用富集系数的研究表明,悬浮物同样受到较明显的人为污染。As在河水中的迁移形式以溶解态为主,pH值和温度对As的迁移形式有明显影响。流域内岩石类型对河流中As含量影响显著,火山岩、火山碎屑岩类广泛分布的流域河水中As含量明显偏高,花岗岩及中、深变质岩广泛分布的流域河流中As含量则偏小。利用生活、工业污水作为As元素人为来源端元,对海河、黄河、长江、珠江等河流人为源进行了估算,分别为46.7%、18.7%、13.5%、8.3%。     

Relationships Between Geochemical Parameters (pH, DOC, SPM, EDTA Concentrations) and Trace Metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) Concentrations in River Waters of Texas (USA)

Water samples from eight major Texas rivers were collected at different times during 1997–1998 to determine the dissolved and particulate trace metal concentrations, expected to show differences in climate patterns, river discharge and other hydrochemical conditions, and human activities along the different rivers. Specifically, two eastern Texas rivers (Sabine, Neches) lie in a region with high vegetation, flat topography, and high rainfall rates, while four Central Texas rivers (Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and San Antonio) flow through large population centers. Relatively high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the eastern Texas rivers and lower pH led to higher Fe and Mn concentrations in river waters. The rivers that flow through large population centers showed elevated trace metal (e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn) concentrations partly due to anthropogenically produced organic ligands such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) present in these rivers. Trace metal levels were reduced below dams/reservoirs along several Texas rivers. Statistical analysis revealed four major factors (suspended particulate matter [SPM], EDTA, pH, and DOC) that can explain most of the observed variability of trace metal concentrations in these rivers. SPM concentrations directly controlled particulate metal contents. Variation in pH correlated with changes of dissolved Co, Fe, Mn, and Ni, and particulate Mn concentrations, while DOC concentrations were significantly related to dissolved Fe concentrations. Most importantly, it was found that, more than pH, EDTA concentrations exerted a major control on dissolved concentrations of Cd and Zn, and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Ni, and Pb.