天然裂缝对页岩储层井周诱导缝形成扩展的影响

页岩储层物性极差,必须通过体积改造形成网状裂缝系统才能实现经济有效开发,掌握页岩地层中诱导裂缝延伸规律是成功实现缝网压裂的基础。借助基于细观损伤力学和弹性力学研发的岩石破裂分析系统RFPA2D,开展了页岩储层在水力压裂过程中的裂缝形成及延伸规律研究。在考虑到地层非均质的前提下,结合页岩本身的力学特性,分析了井周天然裂缝长度及密度对井周诱导缝形成及发展的影响。结果表明,井壁天然裂缝越长、密度越大,其开启可能越大,开启后伴生诱导缝发育程度越高。另外,对不同地应力差下天然裂缝长度影响开展的研究表明,低应力差下,即使天然裂缝较短,也会被打开,伴生诱导缝延伸具有较强的随机性,在天然裂缝长度较长的情况下,伴生诱导缝倾向于沿天然裂缝方向继续发展。     

封堵评价用微裂缝岩心的模拟及模拟封堵实验

采用不同厚度的金属箔片和胶凝材料浇筑出了微裂缝岩心,配合高温高压失水仪外筒和泥浆杯,通过监测30 min内的漏失量,即可开展微裂缝岩心封堵评价实验,评价钻井液的封堵效果。通过微观观察法和流量计算法对制作的微裂缝的表面形态和开度进行了验证,结果表明岩心缝面具有一定的粗糙度,裂缝开度符合实验设计,最小3.33 μm,且岩心具有5～10 cm的裂缝行程。微裂缝岩心制作方法简单,重复率高,通过室内实验验证了制作的微裂缝岩心可以用于钻井液封堵材料的封堵性能评价,为微裂缝封堵评价实验提供了岩心模块,弥补了使用缝板模拟裂缝表面光滑和采用砂床钢珠砂盘等孔隙介质换算裂缝开度的不足。     

人工裂缝与天然裂缝耦合关系及其开发意义

通过野外露头、成像测井、古地磁定向岩心以及岩石差应变测试等资料, 对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组超低渗储集层天然裂缝的发育特征进行了系统研究, 并结合微地震监测资料, 对压裂缝展布规律及其与现今地应力和天然裂缝的关系进行了分析。人工压裂缝与天然裂缝具有较好的耦合作用, 在陕北地区, 由于天然裂缝发育, 岩石的不均一性使得人工压裂缝主要沿着天然缝扩展; 而在陇东地区, 天然裂缝的发育程度相对较差, 压裂缝的延伸方向及其形态主要受现今地应力的控制。因此, 超低渗油田的开发井网部署时, 既要考虑天然裂缝的发育程度, 还应该考虑天然裂缝方位与地应力的匹配关系。      

预制横缝条件下水力裂缝的起裂和扩展

针对高角度天然裂缝发育地层中的水平井水力压裂问题,开展了水力裂缝自天然裂缝处起裂扩展的理论和试验研究。尝试将天然裂缝简化为与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,基于线弹性断裂力学理论和最大拉应力准则,给出了水力裂缝起裂压力和扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算方法。利用预制横缝模拟高角度天然裂缝,开展了室内水力压裂试验,对水力裂缝的扩展形态和起裂压力进行了研究。理论计算表明,（1）水力裂缝自预制横缝端部起裂后,扩展距离超过1倍的预制横缝端部半径时可将预制横缝和水力裂缝合并起来,整体视作一条横向裂缝来计算应力强度因子;（2）水力裂缝尖端距井壁处的距离大于4倍的井筒半径时,应力强度因子的计算可忽略井筒的影响,近似采用硬币形裂缝的计算公式。试验研究发现,（1）水力裂缝在预制横缝端部起裂并扩展,形成与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,裂缝的扩展呈现出Ⅰ型断裂的特点,形态近似呈圆形,未发现与井筒轴线平行的纵向裂缝的起裂和扩展;（2）排量对破裂净压力和起裂净压力有重要影响,大排量会导致较高的破裂净压力和起裂净压力,在大、小两种排量下起裂净压力的离散性均较小,计算得到的KⅠ临界断裂值的离散性也较小。研究结果可为改善裂缝发育储层的近井裂缝形态提供指导,也可为煤矿开采中预制横向切槽的水力压裂设计提供参考。     

四川长宁地区页岩储层天然裂缝发育特征及研究意义

页岩气是非常规天然气的一种,具有极低的孔隙度和基质渗透率,在勘探开发过程中势必要进行天然裂缝研究和评价。通过对长宁地区大量野外露头及岩心的观测统计,采用了页岩天然裂缝的地质成因、力学性质和形态特征相结合的页岩裂缝分类方案,将该区天然裂缝划分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝三类,其中构造裂缝进一步依据形态及力学性质划分为穿层剪切缝、层内扩张缝和顺层滑脱缝;成岩裂缝进一步依据形态特征划分为层理缝和收缩缝。本文论述了分类方案的合理性,并分别阐述了页岩中各天然裂缝类型的特征。在此基础上,总结了页岩天然裂缝研究对页岩气勘探开发的作用及意义。层内扩张缝和页理缝影响页岩气的富集,而穿层剪切缝和顺层滑脱缝则在不同地质背景中影响页岩气的保存。     

鄂尔多斯盆地Y区块长6致密油层裂缝特征

长6致密油层是鄂尔多斯盆地Y区块的主力产层,裂缝发育。目前单井产能低,水淹和水窜现象严重,部分水井注水困难,严重影响了开发效果。为了解决影响开发效果较为严重的裂缝问题,本文通过野外露头和岩心宏观、微观观察,注水指示曲线和压力降落试井资料分析,应力测定,停泵压力梯度与上覆应力梯度关系研究,结合沉积环境,对天然裂缝、人工裂缝发育特征,人工裂缝影响因素,天然裂缝对人工裂缝性质的影响、人工裂缝形态及分布规律等方面进行研究。结果表明：研究区长6油层宏观裂缝主要是以垂直缝为主的区域性构造裂缝,微裂缝主要是以水平缝为主的成岩缝;人工裂缝主要受控于天然裂缝,天然裂缝主要受控于砂体厚度与泥质体积分数,砂体厚度越薄越易形成天然裂缝,泥质体积分数越高越易形成变形构造。     

致密砂岩气藏天然裂缝发育特征及有效性评价——以四川盆地元坝地区须家河组为例

天然裂缝发育特征及有效性是制约致密砂岩气藏有效勘探开发的瓶颈。以四川盆地元坝地区须家河组为例,运用野外露头、岩心、薄片、成像测井、实验分析以及生产动态等资料,对须家河组天然裂缝发育特征及有效性开展综合研究。结果表明：元坝地区须家河组天然裂缝比较发育,以构造剪切缝为主,裂缝有效性较好。按倾角划分,裂缝以高角度缝为主,多与岩层面垂直,主要走向为：NW-SE向、近E-W向、近S-N向以及NE-SW向;天然裂缝可划分为4期：Ⅰ成岩期;Ⅱ燕山构造运动中-晚期;Ⅲ喜马拉雅构造运动早-中期;Ⅳ喜马拉雅构造运动晚期;裂缝的有效性受控于裂缝的充填程度和开度、裂缝形成时期以及现今最大主应力等。结论认为,不同类型、不同产状裂缝有效性差异性明显,其中高角度缝、直立缝以及NW-SE向、近E-W向裂缝有效性最好,对致密砂岩气藏的开发具有重大意义。     

川西新场地区须二气藏天然裂缝分布综合预测及评价(上)

川西新场须二气藏天然裂缝发育,成因期次复杂,是影响开发产能的一个重要因素。这里通过对野外、岩心、薄片中天然裂缝的调查、鉴定及统计等工作,对天然裂缝的发育特征进行了归纳和总结;从岩层厚度、构造变形、断层、岩性、物性等不同地质因素,分析了其对天然裂缝发育的控制作用,并了解了天然裂缝发育的主要控制因素。在天然裂缝特征、主控因素认识的前提下,通过对比分析单一因素裂缝预测结果与单井裂缝解释结果的吻合率,确定了各因素的影响权值,并综合考虑主控因素建立了适合新场须二气藏天然裂缝分布预测的综合评价因子。通过生产动态资料对裂缝分布预测结果进行了评价,吻合率达到80%以上,预测结果满足了开发应用的精度要求。     

川西新场地区须二气藏天然裂缝分布综合预测及评价(下)

川西新场须二气藏天然裂缝发育,成因期次复杂,是影响开发产能的一个重要因素。通过对野外岩心、薄片中天然裂缝的调查、鉴定及统计等工作,对天然裂缝的发育特征进行了归纳和总结;从岩层厚度、构造变形、断层、岩性、物性等不同地质因素,分析了其对天然裂缝发育的控制作用,并了解了天然裂缝发育的主要控制因素。在天然裂缝特征、主控因素认识的前提下,通过对比分析单一因素裂缝预测结果与单井裂缝解释结果的吻合率确定了各因素的影响权值,并综合考虑主控因素建立了适合新场须二气藏天然裂缝分布预测综合评价因子。通过生产动态资料对裂缝分布预测结果进行了评价,吻合率达到80%以上,预测结果满足了开发应用的精度要求。     

四川盆地泸州地区海相页岩天然裂缝特征及主控因素

天然裂缝的特征是评价页岩气富集和保存规律中重要的地质指标.以四川盆地南部泸州地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于地震、测井、岩心、薄片、扫描电镜及分析化验资料,深入开展了天然裂缝成因类型、发育特征和主控因素的研究.结果表明：泸州地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝按照地质成因可分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝3种类型,构造裂缝按照裂缝的力学性质和与岩石力学层的关系细分为穿层剪切裂缝、顺层剪切裂缝和层内张开裂缝,成岩裂缝分为页理缝和收缩裂缝.泸州地区构造裂缝和页理缝大量发育,收缩裂缝和异常高压裂缝发育程度较低.构造裂缝的分布和发育程度受到断层、褶皱、岩石力学层和脆性的控制,页理缝的发育主要受脆性、有机质含量和纹层的控制.     

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment, due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources. Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area. The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area. The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity. The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8% and 60.67% in two different core samples. This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples. Based on the field geological data and the experimental results, it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×10¹³ m³, with a resource abundance of 8.67×10⁸ m³/km². This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

考虑三维形貌特征粗糙裂隙加卸载渗流规律研究

裂隙岩体在天然地质因素和人工扰动作用下处于加卸载环境是普遍存在的,裂隙面的几何特征和加卸载环境对裂隙渗流特性的影响在实际工程中不可忽视。采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用热-流-固三场耦合渗流试验系统,开展了应力加卸载作用下不同粗糙度裂隙岩芯试件的渗透试验,自主开发程序将激光扫描裂隙面的三维形貌信息导入到ABAQUS软件,模拟应力作用下的粗糙裂隙渗流。试验和数值模拟一致表明,粗糙裂隙的宽度和渗透率都随载荷的增加而减小,随着载荷的增加,裂隙接触刚度增大,裂隙的宽度和渗透率对载荷变化的敏感性降低;由于点接触产生的塑性变形不可恢复,卸载阶段的裂隙宽度和渗透率增加幅度减小,且小于加载阶段同载荷条件下的宽度和渗透率;裂隙渗透率、宽度与粗糙度呈正相关关系,且粗糙度越大,接触应力分布越不均匀;裂隙内流场符合群岛流,粗糙度越大群岛流现象越明显。     

X-ray CT based numerical analysis of fracture flow for core samples under various confining pressures

The X-ray CT based numerical analysis of fracture flow for core samples, recently developed by the authors, was applied to two granite core samples having either a mated artificial or a mated natural fracture at confining pressures of 5 to 50 MPa. A third-generation medical X-ray CT scanner was used to image the samples within a core holder consisting of an aluminum liner and a carbon fiber overwrap. Fracture models (i.e., aperture distributions) were obtained by the CT images, the resolution of which was coarser than the apertures, and a single-phase flow simulation was performed using a local cubic law-based fracture flow model. Numerical results were evaluated by a fracture porosity measurement and a solution displacement experiment using NaCl and NaI aqueous solutions. These numerical results coincided only qualitatively with the experimental results, primarily due to image noise from the aluminum liner of the core holder. Nevertheless, the numerical results revealed flow paths within the fractures and their changes with confining pressure, whereas the experimental results did not provide such results. Different stress-dependencies in the flow paths were observed between the two samples despite the similar stress-dependency in fracture porosity and permeability. The changes in total area of the flow paths with confining pressure coincided qualitatively with changes in breakthrough points in the solution displacement experiment. Although the data is limited, the results of the present study suggest the importance of analyzing fluid flows within naturally fractured core samples under in situ conditions in order to better understand the fracture flow characteristics in a specific field. As demonstrated herein, X-ray CT-based numerical analysis is effective for addressing this concern. Using a multi-phase flow model, as well as a core holder constructed of an engineered plastic, should provide a useful, non-destructive, and non-contaminative X-ray CT-based fracture flow analysis for core samples under in situ conditions in future studies.     

滴状流条件下非饱和交叉裂隙分流机制研究

交叉裂隙作为裂隙网络的基本结构是控制场地尺度非饱和渗流特性的关键。随着流量的减小,交叉裂隙非饱和渗流将从连续、稳定的线状流转变为非连续、非稳定的滴状流,但目前对后者的研究还很少。在滴状流条件下,开展了交叉裂隙非饱和流动特性的理论和试验研究,发现了交叉裂隙滴状流存在毛细力驱动以及重力与毛细力联合驱动两种分流驱动模式。基于瞬态静力平衡方法,提出了一套液滴分流理论及计算模型,实现了动态分流过程的定量化描述与预测。结合模型预测与可视化试验,详细探究了两种模式下液滴的分流过程,阐明了动态分流行为受重力、毛细力、黏滞力共同控制的细观机制,并揭示了液滴长度、裂隙倾角、通道中液体的累积等因素对界面流速、分流体积比例的影响。研究成果为低流量、低饱和度条件下非饱和裂隙岩体渗流的预测与控制提供了理论及试验支撑。     

Simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation near a natural fracture using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

A virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) model developed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fractures using the finite‐element method is formulated within the framework of the virtual internal bond theory (VIB) that considers a solid as randomized material particles in the micro scale, and derives the macro constitutive relation from the cohesive law between the material particles with an implicit fracture criterion. Hydraulic pressure is applied using a new scheme that enables simulation of hydraulically driven cracks. When the model is applied to study hydraulic fracture propagation in the presence of a natural fracture, the results show the method to be very effective. It shows that although the in situ stress ratio is the dominant factor governing the propagation direction, a natural fault can also strongly influence the hydraulic fracture behavior. This influence is conditioned by the shear stiffness of the fault and the distance to the original hydraulic fracture. The model results show that when the fault is strong in shear, its impact on hydraulic fracture trajectory is weak and the hydraulic fracture will likely penetrate the fault. For a weak fault, however, the fracture tends to be arrested at the natural fault. The distance between the fault and the hydraulic fracture is also important; the fault influence increases with decreasing distance. The VMIB does not require selection of a fracture criterion and remeshing when the fracture propagates. Therefore, it is advantageous for modeling fracture initiation and propagation in naturally fractured rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同煤体结构煤的水力压裂裂缝延伸规律

查明不同煤体结构煤水力压裂时裂缝延伸规律能为合理井网部署奠定基础。以沁水盆地柿庄区块为研究对象,对钻井煤心裂隙进行观测,划分出4种裂隙发育程度煤。基于岩体力学理论,建立了水力压裂过程中裂缝尖端应力场计算模型和水力裂缝能否穿过天然裂隙的判断准则。根据煤层气井实测资料,验证了理论分析的可靠性,得出了不同煤体结构煤的水力压裂裂缝延伸规律。结果表明:考虑诱导应力前后,2组天然裂隙发育煤的水力裂缝延伸规律不同,随着缝长增加,诱导应力随之增大,水力裂缝单一延伸方向变为双向延伸;1组天然裂隙发育煤的发育方向与最大主应力方向夹角较小,导致考虑诱导应力前后水力裂缝的延伸方向变化不明显,整体延伸趋于天然裂隙发育方向;在粒状偶见及粉状无裂隙发育煤中,水力裂缝总是沿着最大主应力方向延伸。研究成果为该区不同应力和裂隙发育下井网合理布置提供了理论依据。      

岩体裂隙网络非稳定渗流分析与数值模拟

针对裂隙岩体的非稳定渗流问题,通过将Darcy定理扩展到包含干区的整个裂隙网络区域,并令潜在溢出边界条件为Signorini型互补边界条件,将湿区上的非稳定渗流问题转化为全域上的一个新的初边值问题。为降低试探函数选取的难度,建立与定义在整个裂隙网络区域上的偏微分方程（PDE）提法等价的抛物型变分不等式（PVI）提法,并给出裂隙网络非稳定渗流分析的有限元数值分析格式和迭代算法,与砂槽模型试验数据的对比分析,验证其有效性。最后,将文中发展的计算方法应用到含复杂裂隙网络的边坡非稳定渗流分析,计算结果很好地反映出边坡内部自由面随库水降落的变化规律,并能准确地描述裂隙网络内部渗流运动特征及流量分布的不均匀性。     

Regional fracture network permeability using outcrop scale measurements

Estimating the hydraulic properties of fractured aquifers is challenging due to the complexity of structural discontinuities that can generally be measured at a small scale, either in core or in outcrop, but influence groundwater flow over a range of scales. This modeling study uses fracture scanline data obtained from surface bedrock exposures to derive estimates of permeability that can be used to represent the fractured rock matrix within regional scale flow models. The model is developed using PETREL, which traditionally benefits from high resolution data sets obtained during oil and gas exploration, including for example seismic data, and borehole logging data (both lithological and geophysical). The technique consists of interpreting scanline fracture data, and using these data to generate representative Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models for each field set. The DFN models are then upscaled to provide an effective hydraulic conductivity tensor that represents the fractured rock matrix. For each field site, the upscaled hydraulic conductivities are compared with estimates derived from pumping tests to validate the model. A hydraulic conductivity field is generated for the study region that captures the spatial variability of fracture networks in pseudo-three dimensions from scanline data. Hydraulic conductivities estimated using this approach compare well with those estimated from pumping test data. The study results suggest that such an approach may be feasible for taking small scale fracture data and upscaling these to represent the aquifer matrix hydraulic properties needed for regional groundwater modeling.     

A shear‐dilation‐based model for evaluation of hydraulically stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs

The role of shear dilation as a mechanism of enhancing fluid flow permeability in naturally fractured reservoirs was mainly recognized in the context of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir stimulation. Simplified models based on shear slippage only were developed and their applications to evaluate HDR geothermal reservoir stimulation were reported. Research attention is recently focused to adjust this stimulation mechanism for naturally fractured oil and gas reservoirs which reserve vast resources worldwide. This paper develops the overall framework and basic formulations of this stimulation model for oil and gas reservoirs. Major computational modules include: natural fracture simulation, response analysis of stimulated fractures, average permeability estimation for the stimulated reservoir and prediction of an average flow direction. Natural fractures are simulated stochastically by implementing ‘fractal dimension’ concept. Natural fracture propagation and shear displacements are formulated by following computationally efficient approximate approaches interrelating in situ stresses, natural fracture parameters and stimulation pressure developed by fluid injection inside fractures. The average permeability of the stimulated reservoir is formulated as a function of discretized gridblock permeabilities by applying cubic law of fluid flow. The average reservoir elongation, or the flow direction, is expressed as a function of reservoir aspect ratio induced by directional permeability contributions. The natural fracture simulation module is verified by comparing its results with observed microseismic clouds in actual naturally fractured reservoirs. Permeability enhancement and reservoir growth are characterized with respect to stimulation pressure, in situ stresses and natural fracture density applying the model to two example reservoirs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.